Requirements Of Multimedia Applications Research Articles

Supporting Immersive Video Streaming via V2X Communication

With the rapid advancement of autonomous driving and network technologies, future vehicles will function as network nodes, facilitating information transmission. Concurrently, in-vehicle entertainment systems will undergo substantial enhancements. Beyond traditional broadcasting and video playback, future systems will integrate immersive applications featuring 360-degree views and six degrees of freedom (6DoF) capabilities. As autonomous driving technology matures, vehicle passengers will be able to engage in a broader range of entertainment activities while on the move. However, this evolution in video applications will significantly increase bandwidth demand for vehicular networks, potentially leading to bandwidth shortages in congested traffic areas. This paper presents a method for bandwidth allocation for vehicle video applications within the landscape of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks. By utilizing a millimeter-wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz) frequency band, and cell-free (CF) extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) wireless communication technologies, we provide vehicle passengers with the necessary bandwidth resources. Additionally, we address bandwidth contention issues in congested road segments by incorporating communication methods tailored to the characteristics of vehicular environments. By classifying users and adjusting according to the unique requirements of various multimedia applications, we ensure that real-time applications receive adequate bandwidth. Simulation experiments validate the proposed method’s effectiveness in managing bandwidth allocation for in-vehicle video applications within V2X networks. It increases the available bandwidth during peak hours by 32%, demonstrating its ability to reduce network congestion and ensure smooth playback of various video application types.

Design and evaluation options of multimedia applications to support the care of people with mild dementia

In order to cognitively and physically activate people with dementia (MMD) in institutional settings, there are numerous touch-based multimedia applications specifically designed for this target group that are actually being used in practice. In contrast, the use of similar applications in domestic settings has been relatively limited. This study is based on 11expert interviews guided by questions and examines design options and requirements for application content as well as requirements for study designs to provide evidence of the effectiveness of touch-based multimedia applications for MMD and their caregiving relatives (PA). There is ahigh degree of consensus regarding the criteria for requirements for touch-based multimedia applications. Acceptance is highly dependent on user competence, usage practices, experiences and incentive structures; however, there are diverse opinions about their structural and content-related design. The quality of life is mentioned as an essential evaluation parameter for multimedia applications. The highly variable individual life circumstances of MMD and their PAs, along with limited access options and alack of suitability of the multimedia applications, may be causal factors for their relatively limited use, especially in domestic settings. Daily performance capabilities and individual disease progression pose special requirements for the scientific evaluation and the demonstration of the effectiveness of touch-based multimedia applications.

Optimizing Energy Consumption and QoS in WMSNs Using Queueing Theory

The limited resources and enormous amounts of data generated by multimedia sensors require efficient strategies to extend network lifetime while taking into account quality-of-service requirements such as reliability and delay. In contrast, limited battery resources require new techniques to balance energy consumption and multimedia application requirements in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). These requirements are very critical, especially for network stability and performance. In this paper, an energy-efficient mechanism based on the M/D/1/B queueing model is proposed. According to the packets in the queue and the waiting time, the nodes decide their activation time, so the nodes wake up for a while to transmit the data in the queue and then go to sleep mode. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm show that the proposed mechanism achieves optimal values to reduce energy consumption while meeting the quality-of-service requirements under different conditions.

A Proposal Algorithm to Solve Delay Constraint Least Cost Optimization Problem

Traditionally, path selection within routing is formulated as a shortest path optimization problem. The objective function for optimization could be any one variety of parameters such as number of hops, delay, cost...etc. The problem of least cost delay constraint routing is studied in this paper since delay constraint is very common requirement of many multimedia applications and cost minimization captures the need todistribute the network. So an iterative algorithm is proposed in this paper to solve this problem. It is appeared from the results of applying this algorithm that it gave the optimal path (optimal solution) from among multiple feasible paths (feasible solutions).

Energy efficient multiply-accumulate unit using novel recursive multiplication for error-tolerant applications

The primary requirement for multimedia applications is energy efficient design along with computational efficiency of portable devices. This work proposes an energy efficient MAC with error compensating novel approximate adder and approximate multiplier. The proposed approximate hierarchical adder (AXHA – N) has the advantage of zero carry propagation and consists of only two gate levels which deliver very high speed and very low energy consumption along with the near to zero mean error distances. The proposed approximate 4 - bit multiplier also has no carry propagation from Least Significant Bit (LSB) to Most Significant Bit (MSB), which leads to high speed with very low energy consumption and acceptable error profiles. Higher bit size multipliers can be built using the proposed modified recursive multiplication scheme. This work proposes three variants AXMAC1, AXMAC2, AXMAC3 basing on one or both of adder and multiplier being approximate. The proposed AXMAC3 with any k, has energy savings ranging from 40% to 60% for different AxL when compared to accurate with Mean Error Distance between −358 and 4305. The MED for AXMAC3 with k=8, AXL=4 is only 0.7% of the maximum possible value with 60% energy savings. The MED for AXMAC3 with k=12s, AXL=4 is only 0.8% of the maximum possible value with 57% energy savings. Mean Relative Error Distance (MRED) and Normalised Mean Error Distance (NMED) are also evaluated and presented in the paper for wholesome evaluation of AXMAC. The (Energy savings, MRED, MED) tuple 8−bit MAC for design of Adams et al., (2019) with k=8 is (26.9%, 0.1, −15048), for proposed AXMAC3 with similar configuration has (57%, 0.01, 3663).

MEC-Based Cooperative Multimedia Caching Mechanism for the Internet of Vehicles

Multimedia applications are expected to widely deploy over vehicular networks. In order to meet the low-latency and high-speed transmission requirements of multimedia applications, edge caching is introduced to reduce the network traffic and the transmission delay. Due to the limited storage of the edge cache server, an efficient approach for the content management plays a decisive role for the edge cache performance. This paper proposes a vehicle-to-infrastructure-based cooperative caching mechanism for Internet of Vehicles to improve the edge cache utilization. The system model is established with the goal of maximizing the cooperative caching hit rate. To jointly consider the collaborations between macrobase stations (MBS) and multiple roadside units (RSU), we propose a reinforcement learning algorithm to adaptively control the cache management. According to the content popularity and the network status, the proposed algorithm can dynamically adjust cached content across relevant MBSs and RSUs. The simulation results show that the proposed cooperative caching mechanism significantly improve the cache utilization and the quality of services.

Experimental Performance Evaluation and Frame Aggregation Enhancement in IEEE 802.11n WLANs

The IEEE 802.11n standard promises to extend today’s most popular WLAN standard by significantly increasing reach, reliability, and throughput. Ratified on September 2009, this standard defines many new physical and medium access control (MAC) layer enhancements. These enhancements aim to provide a data transmission rate of up to 600 Mbps. Since June 2007, 802.11n products are available on the enterprise market based on the draft 2.0. In this paper we investigate the effect of most of the proposed 802.11n MAC and physical layer features on the adhoc networks performance. We have performed several experiments in real conditions. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of 802.11n enhancement. We have also examined the interoperability and fairness of 802.11n. The frame aggregation mechanism of 802.11n MAC layer can improve the efficiency of channel utilization by reducing the protocol overheads. We focused on the effect of frame aggregation on the support of voice and video applications in wireless networks. We also propose a new frame aggregation scheduler that considers specific QoS requirements for multimedia applications. We dynamically adjust the aggregated frame size based on frame's access category defined in 802.11e standard.

Wireless Networks Performance Monitoring Based on Passive-active Quality of Service Measurements

Monitoring of the performance of wireless network is of vital importance for both users and the service provider which should be accurate, simple and fast enough to reflect the network performance in a timely manner. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach which can infer the performance of wireless ad hoc networks based on Quality of service (QoS) parameters assessment. The developed method considers the QoS requirements of multimedia applications transmitted over these kind of networks. This approach is based on the ideas of combination of both active and passive measurement methods. This approach uses an in-service measurement method in which the QoS parameters of the actual application (user) are estimated by means of dedicated monitoring packets (probes). Afterwards, these parameters are combined to produce and assess the application’s overall QoS using the fuzzy logic assessment and based on the measured QoS parameters estimated using the probe traffic. The active scheme is used to generate monitoring probe packets which are inserted between blocks of target application packets at regular intervals. While the passive monitoring is utilized to act as a traffic meter which performs as a counter of user packets (and bytes) that belong to the application (user) traffic flow that is subjected to monitoring. After simulating the developed technique, it offered a good estimation for the delay, throughput, packet losses and the overall QoS when using different probe rates.

Q-Learning-Based Spectrum Access for Multimedia Transmission Over Cognitive Radio Networks

In order to meet the dramatic wireless bandwidth demands of emerging multimedia applications, cognitive radio has been proposed as one of promising solutions to improve the spectrum efficiency. This article aims at pursuing high spectrum efficiency via accessing the idle spectrum intelligently without information exchange among users. Different from infrastructure-based wireless networks, users in cognitive radio networks tend to compete with each other to access limited idle spectrum, thus leading to a dynamically heterogeneous radio environment. In this article, a Q-learning based spectrum access scheme is proposed to adaptively allocate multimedia data over multiple idle spectrum holes. Taking into consideration the rigorous delay and throughput performance requirements of multimedia applications, we integrate these two indicators into the definition of reward function in the proposed Q-learning algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can quickly converge to a stable state in terms of throughput, power efficiency, and collision probability. Furthermore, the proposed learning rate adjustment strategy makes the performance of the spectrum access algorithm converge the quickest and only consumes 78% time to achieve the targeted collision probability, i.e., 0.1, compared with two other typical parameter adjustment strategies.

A novel energy-efficient data aggregation protocol for cognitive radio based wireless multimedia networks

In recent days, wireless multimedia cognitive radio networks (WMCRN) become a hot research topic due to its wide range of delay intolerant and time-critical applications. However, the increasing requirement of multimedia applications by cognitive radio networks (CRN) poses several design issues like energy efficiency, interferences, computational speed and memory. Due to the battery operated sensor nodes in WMCRN, it is very difficult to upload all multimedia information to the user in remote areas. Therefore, it is highly needed to design an energy-efficient data aggregation technique to minimize the data traffic and lengthen the network lifetime. But the conventional data aggregation schemes are not adaptable to the requirements of WMCRN due to the handling of massive sized multimedia data. In this view, this paper presents a new energy efficient Link Selection with Data Aggregation (EELSDA) Protocol for WMCRN. The proposed EELSDA model makes use of data aggregation factor in the link selection process of the graph routing technique. The proposed EELSDA model increases the possibility of data fusion at the intermittent routing nodes and minimizes the amount of data transmission in the network. The proposed EELSDA model utilizes link quality, communication energy and transmission frequency to select the optimal set of links. Consequently, reliability links to parent nodes with maximum remaining energy will be chosen for ensuring the success ratio for data transmission and total energy balancing of the network. Moreover, the relation among the transmission frequencies of the child as well as parent nodes represents the significant packet delay for data fusion in the specific parent node. A series of simulation results are carried out to ensure the effective performance of the EELSDA protocol over the compared methods in a significant way. The maximum network lifetime has been attained by the EELSDA model than all other models under diverse number of nodes. For sample, under the presence of 350 nodes, the EELSDA approach has obtained maximum lifetime of 2240 while the SPEED, MMSPEED, RAP and SAP technologies have resulted in lower lifetime of 1400, 1690, 1790 and 2100 correspondingly.

FreeBW-RPL: A New RPL Protocol Objective Function for Internet of Multimedia Things

Most of the current research has been restricted to scalar sensor data based IoT applications. However, today’s research and development activities rely on multimedia-based services and applications while this kind of applications has several requirements in terms of storage, bandwidth, latency, etc. Furthermore, protocols dedicated to IoT applications have proved their weakness in multimedia environments. Hence, a new paradigm called internet of multimedia things (IoMT) has been proposed to fulfill the requirements of multimedia applications. In this paradigm different multimedia things can interact and cooperate with each other over the Internet. Moreover, IETF ROLL working group standardized an IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL for LLNs) for resource constrained devices. In this paper, we propose an enhanced version of RPL for IoMT called free bandwidth (FreeBW)-RPL in which the sensed data is essentially provided by multimedia devices. FreeBW-RPL protocol proposes a new objective function called FreeBW that takes the FreeBW calculation in the network layer. We set the QoS routing challenge as the amount of the bandwidth while selecting the routing path in order to measure the maximum FreeBW so as to deliver better performance of the multimedia applications. Simulations have been conducted over COOJA simulator. The obtained results proved that our proposal outperforms the basic ones in terms of end-to-end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption and provides better performance than other protocols.

Deep-Q-Network-Based Multimedia Multi-Service QoS Optimization for Mobile Edge Computing Systems

By offloading storage and computing resources to the edge of networks, mobile edge computing (MEC) is emerged as a promising architecture to reduce the transmission delay and bandwidth waste for mobile multimedia services. This paper focuses on a multi-service scenario in the MEC systems, where the MEC server can provide three multimedia services including live streaming, buffered streaming and low latency enhanced mobile broadband applications for edge users at the same time. In order to satisfy various quality of service (QoS) requirements for different multimedia applications, the 5G QoS model is applied. Notably, the packets from the multimedia applications with the same or similar requirements are mapped into the same QoS flow, and each QoS flow is processed individually. Therefore, how to effectively schedule the limited radio resource for QoS flows is an intractable problem. To address the problem above, a QoS evaluation model is designed, and a QoS maximization problem is formulated. Furthermore, a deep reinforcement learning method, deep-Q-network, is adopted to make decisions to allocate radio resource dynamically. Compared with round-robin and priority-based scheduling algorithms, the simulation results validate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other resource scheduling algorithms for multi-service scenario.

CARTEE: congestion avoidance with reliable transport and energy efficiency for multimedia applications in wireless sensor networks

Reliable data transport is an essential requirement for many multimedia applications in wireless sensor networks. Actually, an efficient transport protocol for these applications must take into account not only reliability and energy consumption factors but also memory occupancy and data delivery delay. Recently, many research works have been conducted in this area, however the proposed protocols treat some of these aspects and neglect others. Contrarily, in this paper we present a novel transport solution designed to provide 100% reliability without making light of other factors. Through different mechanisms, we attempt to reach this objective with congestion avoidance and good performances in terms of energy consumption, delivery delay, and memory storage. The proposed protocol, called congestion avoidance with reliable transmission and energy efficiency (CARTEE), attains these goals through several mechanisms, namely: fixed sliding window transmission, alternative implicit/explicit acknowledgement, a new congestion detection technique, and distributed transmission rate adjustment. To evaluate the proposed protocol, we have conducted simulations using ns-3. The obtained results confirm the efficiency and scalability of CARTEE and demonstrate that it outperforms the recent proposed transport protocols in terms of reliability, congestion avoidance, data cache occupancy, and latency.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Multimedia based intelligent network big data optimization model

The data of a city space is very large. In the city, there are tens of the thousands of sensors of video, audio and image at the same time. Real-time communication and reception of relevant information are carried out. Real-time monitoring of key areas and key persons and real-time warning information, of course, these operations are in the protection of the privacy and the security monitoring object under the premise of intelligent application analysis. To solve this challenge, this paper proposes the multimedia based intelligent network big data optimization model. To make the game decision between service behavior and ethnic behavior and to achieve a comparison between the specific behaviors in the action domain, two behavior comparison criteria need to be defined. The data level includes the data layer memory module and the forwarding module. The data layer memory module is used to store the content of the service, and the forward module is used to forward the data. Forward when the data flows through the module, the data layer memory modules can be according to the requirements of component control level and store the corresponding service content, and further described the service identification and service information notices to component level control. The intelligent multimedia information processing technology used in multimedia sensor networks should take into account two factors: one is the complexity of the processing, the computing power of the multimedia sensor nodes is limited, and the overly complicated processing technology is not suitable; and the second is the multimedia sensor network features and application requirements. The proposed method dealt with the challenges well, the validation proves the robustness.

Joint Optimization of Analog Beam and User Scheduling for Millimeter Wave Communications

Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology is a promising candidate for future wireless communication systems to provide gigabit data rates to meet the stringent quality of service requirements of multimedia applications. Analog beam selection and user scheduling are two key problems for realizing multiuser mmWave communication in practical systems. We focus on the joint optimization of analog beam selection and user scheduling based on limited effective channel state information. Two codebook-based effective methods are developed to address this problem. Numerical results show the developed suboptimal methods achieve a considerable achievable sum rate performance of the optimal exhaustive search method, but with a fairly low computational complexity.

Design and Analysis of QoS Routing Framework integrated with OLSR protocol for Multimedia Traffic in Mobile Adhoc Networks

MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) is the self organizing wireless structure of mobile hosts. Wireless media is used for communication in MANETs. Considering the developing requirements for multimedia and real-time traffic applications in real world, QoS (Quality-of-Service) support is essential in MANETs. But most of the characteristics of MANETs make QoS support a difficult problem. It is challenging to support QoS routing in MANET due to dynamic behavior and mobility of the hosts. The OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) protocol can be efficiently used in MANETs to provide QoS routing because of its dynamic MPR (Multi Point Relay) selection criteria and proactive nature. In this paper, a design of QoS routing framework integrated with OLSR protocol is proposed and also analyzed using network simulator. Proposed QoS framework combines a bandwidth estimation algorithm with explicit resource reservation, QoS routing and connection admission control (CAC). OLSR protocol is extended for QoS framework to solve performance issues related to node mobility using cross layer approach. Results after simulation conclude about efficiency of the proposed QoS routing framework.

Modeling and performance analysis for multimedia data flows scheduling in software defined networks

Supporting diverse Quality of Service (QoS) performance for data flows generated by multimedia applications has been a challenging issue in Software Defined Network (SDN). However, the current available QoS provision mechanisms proposed for SDN have not fully considered the heterogeneity and performance diversity for multimedia data flows. To this end, this work presents a hybrid scheduling model by combining priority queueing with a packet general-processor sharing to provide diverse QoS guarantees for multimedia applications in SDN. Network Calculus is applied to develop modeling and analysis techniques to evaluate the QoS performance of the proposed scheme. Performance bounds guaranteed by the proposed scheme for heterogeneous data flows, including their worst-case end-to-end delay and queueing backlog, are thus determined. Both analytical and simulation results show that the modeling and analysis techniques are general and flexible thus are fully capable of modeling QoS for diverse requirements of multimedia applications in SDN.

An elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm for QoS multicast routing in wireless networks

Abstract Due to the increasing popularity of real time multimedia applications, Quality-of-Service (QoS) based multicast routing has emerged as an active area of research. The fundamental requirements of many multimedia applications are cost minimization and bounded end-to-end delay. In addition, video data traffic is sensitive to packet loss and delay variance. Hence, multiobjective optimization seems to be the most appropriate method for such complex problems. We, therefore, formulate QoS based multicast routing as a multiobjective optimization problem using Elitist Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). To enhance the performance of NSGA-II, we propose a new encoding scheme that aims to achieve a diversified solution set and faster convergence of search towards optimal Pareto front. It has also been observed that identical solutions cause loss of diversity which degrades the performance of NSGA-II algorithm. To overcome this drawback, the second enhancement based on replacement strategy is used. In this approach, one copy of identical solution is retained and new random solutions are introduced in the population to obtain a well distributed Pareto front. The results of new encoding scheme and replacement strategy are compared with other existing evolutionary multiobjective algorithms to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. To further strengthen the usefulness of modified algorithm, the experimental results are validated using statistical significance tests.

On Quality-of-Service Provisioning in IEEE 802.11ax WLANs

A revolutionary effort to seek fundamental improvement of 802.11, known as IEEE 802.11ax, has been approved to deliver the next-generation wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies. In WLANs, medium access control protocol is the key component that enables efficient sharing the common radio channel while satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirements for multimedia applications. With the new physical layer design and subsequent new medium access control functions under more demands on QoS and user experience, in this paper, we first survey the QoS support in legacy 802.11. Then, we summarize the IEEE 802.11ax standardization activities in progress and present an overview of current perspectives and expected features on medium access control protocol design to better support QoS and user experience in 802.11ax. We present the motivation behind, explain design principles, and identify new research challenges. To better satisfy customer needs on high bandwidth and low latency, emerging long-term evolution licensed-assisted access and its impacts to QoS provisioning in IEEE 802.11ax are further addressed given the collaboration between cellular and WLANs, and given the trend of 5G cellular over unlicensed bands.

Tapping TV white space spectrum for telemedicine applications in India

Telemedicine is defined as the delivery of health care services and sharing of medical knowledge over a distance using telecommunication means. In this paper, we investigate the opportunistic access of TV white space spectrum for telemedicine applications. The spectrum requirements for wireless multimedia applications increase exponentially, leading to spectrum scarcity. However, recent studies show that most of the licensed spectrum is underutilised. Cognitive radio (CR) has been recognised as a promising technology that bridges the gap between spectrum scarcity and underutilisation of the available spectrum. We propose a framework for the remote monitoring and analysis of patient's health based on CR. The proposed CR transceiver uses TV white spaces for the transmission of ECG signals. TV white spaces are the unused TV broadcast channels made available by the transition from analogue to digital TV in the near future in India.