Hygienic Requirements Research Articles

«KEGOC» КОМПАНИЯСЫНДА ӨНДІРІСТІК ЖАРАҚАТТАНУДЫҢ АЛДЫН АЛУДЫ ТАЛДАУ

This article discusses the problem of occupational injury prevention at «KEGOC». The authors analyze the current situation and present their recommendations for improving the occupational safety management system. The main focus is on electrical safety, which includes protection measures against the effects of electric current, electromagnetic field, electric arc and static electricity. The article presents data on the most common ways of passing current in the human body and on the effects of electricity on the body. «KEGOC» strives to create working conditions that meet the requirements of safety and hygiene, and is actively developing, using modern technologies and striving to increase its value for all stakeholders. The company is also actively engaged in social responsibility, implementing energy efficiency projects and environmental programs. The authors pay special attention to occupational safety and industrial safety. In particular, they emphasize the need to create safe working conditions, minimize injuries, improve production and sanitary conditions, as well as reduce the impact of harmful and adverse factors. In this context, the use of a health and safety management system is mentioned, which covers all structural divisions and subsidiaries of the company. An important aspect is the conduct of a behavioral safety audit and the implementation of the «KEGOC» JSC program on the occupational safety and health management system in accordance with the international standard ISO 45001. It also mentions the annual and shift medical examinations of employees and the availability of special labor protection services in each branch of the company. The article discusses the results of the analysis of occupational injuries and concludes that there is a need for continuous improvement of the risk management system and the introduction of innovative approaches to achieve maximum efficiency in the field of occupational safety and industrial safety.

DEVELOPMENT OF EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY SEPTIC TANKS

In many communities in Indonesia, there are still many areas where their homes do not have a toilet (water closet) that meets hygiene and health requirements. This is caused by many factors, including because there are still many people who live below the poverty line, both economically poor and poor in knowledge (human resources). Procurement of toilets (water closets) which also include a septic tank system with a minimum output that is environmentally friendly and of course cost efficient is very necessary to improve public health. Based on the description above, this research was created in order to provide procurement and development of efficient and environmentally friendly septic tanks. This research is very necessary because of the discovery of an efficient alternative material by using used drums which can be used as septic tanks in Lampung, but it has not deepened the issue of waste output that is safe for the environment. This research was carried out using a constructivist qualitative method with assistance from DIGILIB Digital Library & OPAC UB sources. is at Brawijaya University Malang, where the author is registered as a student in the environmental science doctoral program at Brawijaya University Malang.

Clinical signs and post-mortem lesions caused by clostridial enterotoxemia in rabbits

Enterotoxemia, accompanied by diarrhea and bloating, is still a matter of pressing concern to the rabbit farming. Clostridia bacteria are often isolated from the internal organs of rabbits that have died of an anaerobic infection. Clostridial infection, manifested in various forms, is a major problem for veterinarians. The following drivers contribute to the emergence of the infectious disease: malnutrition (insufficient fiber intake); non-compliance with hygiene requirements for animal handling; unsustainable use of antibacterial drugs; gastrointestinal congestion. All these drivers can disrupt healthy caecum microflora due to changes in the gastrointestinal environment. Low-fiber diets result in slow cecum motility, thus, delaying transit of the intestinal contents and eventually changing the microflora. Use of antibiotics together with stress make Clostridia accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract, at the same time, reducing the number of microorganisms of other groups. The first signs of toxicoinfection are observed when rabbit kits are weaned from does. Clinical manifestation begins with bloating, weakness, inappetence, which ultimately lead to death. Observations have shown that the risk group includes rabbit kits weaned from the 35–77-day old does. Mortality was less reported in breeding stock and among replacement young animals. Autopsy revealed signs of enterotoxemia: serous-catarrhal gastritis, serous-hemorrhagic lymphonodulitis, degenerated kidneys, liver and heart muscle; passive congestion of lungs and pulmonary edema. Microbiological diagnosis revealed Clostridium histolyticum and Clostridium perfringens species known for their pronounced toxigenic profile, most often bacteria were found in the stomach, intestines and heart.

Systematic Layout Planning to Improve Facility Layout in Small and Medium Food Enterprise

The absence of a structured method for revamping current or introducing new production layouts in small and medium-sized enterprises may hinder the flexibility and competitiveness of the enterprise. This study aimed to assess the existing production layout and offer improvement recommendations for a small and medium-sized food enterprise in East Java, Indonesia. Data was obtained through interviews with the owner and observation at the production site. The research employed systematic layout planning, utilizing activity relationship charts and diagrams. The findings presented two alternative suggestions for the production facility layout, with the study recommending the second alternative based on an evaluation of criteria. The second proposed alternative exhibited a total material handling distance per week of 1,812 and a total material handling cost of 17,961.96 rupiah, lower than the first proposed alternative. The managerial implications of this study pertain to the construction of facilities with a focus on technical and hygiene requirements, the design and layout of buildings and rooms, and the requirements for machinery, equipment, and transportation to ensure product quality and safety.

Évaluation du dispositif Medpack® en médecine d’urgence préhospitalière

Introduction: The MEDPACK® workstation, which won the Lépine competition in 2018, was created with the aim of improving nursing practices in terms of hygiene and ergonomics in pre-hospital emergency care. With an adapted nomenclature, it aims to provide the majority of care by itself, thus lightening the intervention bag.Method: We carried out a monocentric observational prospective study from 23/06/2018 to 01/03/2019 in the 6 resuscitation ambulances of the Paris Fire Brigade. A self-administered data collection notebook was filled in by the nurses after each intervention. It included an assessment of the hygiene and ergonomics of care with MEDPACK®, as well as a list of the medical devices and medicines used in the intervention bag, in addition to those used in MEDPACK®.Results: Seventy-two percent of the nurses felt that their care was more in line with good hygiene practices, with 76% perceiving an ergonomic gain when using MEDPACK®. The MEDPACK® was used in 69% of Vascular Access Placement (VAPP) procedures, while the intervention bag was useless in 75% of procedures. When the bag was used, it was used in 34% of cases for intubation equipment and in 15% of cases for onboard biology equipment. Forty-eight percent of the materials in the intervention bag were used in less than 1% of the interventions.Discussion: The MEDPACK® enables pre-hospital emergency paramedical care to be carried out in a way that is more in line with hygiene requirements, with ergonomics more suited to this context. An adjusted nomenclature of MEDPACK® makes it possible to carry out a large proportion of interventions and to rethink the materials making up the intervention bag. A period of adaptation to its use is necessary to modify nursing practices in order to allow its acceptance and appropriation. Moreover, its nomenclature is modular, which is why it could be adapted to fields other than pre-hospital emergency care, such as private practice or disaster medicine.:The MEDPACK® enables pre-hospital emergency paramedical care to be carried out in a way that is more in line with hygiene requirements, with ergonomics more suited to this context. An adjusted nomenclature of MEDPACK® makes it possible to carry out a large proportion of interventions and to rethink the materials making up the intervention bag. A period of adaptation to its use is necessary to modify nursing practices in order to allow its acceptance and appropriation. Moreover, its nomenclature is modular, which is why it could be adapted to fields other than pre-hospital emergency care, such as private practice or disaster medicine.

Implementing an Internal Audit: Evaluating Hand Scrub Compliance in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Background Aseptic protocol adherence and sterilization are the most important factors in a patient's satisfactory recovery after surgery. The standard hand scrubbing procedure helps control infection and keeps the surgical site clean by adhering to aseptic principles. Methods Thirty-six young residents and house officers participated in this prospective audit after ethical clearance was obtained. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard criteria were adhered to both before and after the intervention. Participants were observed in the surgical operation theatre (OT) without prior notice to ensure hand hygiene compliance before surgical procedures. The intervention included a video presentation as well as a live demonstration. Results Only 64.41% (n=23) of residents and house officers followed the recommended standard hand hygiene procedures before the intervention. This percentage rose to 93.92% (n=33) following the intervention, suggesting a noteworthy improvement. Conclusion Significant changes in the acceptance rates for the essential requirements of hand hygiene were observed after the evaluation in the second cycle. Adhering to WHO guidelines for procedures will help reduce the risk of infections and promote awareness of asepsis in practice.

Quality of cow’s milk as a raw material in the dairy industry from the Pelagonian region in North Macedonia

This scientific work provides a comparison and analysis of the quality and hygiene requirements of raw cow’s milk obtained from individual producers of large and small farms in three regions of Pelagonia in accordance with the Rulebook on requirements for quality, safety and hygiene of milk. The examinations include analysis of the parameters of the chemical composition, determination of the number of somatic cells and total number of bacteria from milk samples taken throughout the year from small and large farms. The best results (p<0.05) for the protein content are observed in the milk coming from small and large farms from the Southern part of the Pelagonia region, compared to the Northern part of the Pelagonia region and Prilep region. The amount of dry fat-free matter in the milk from small farms in all three regions did not show a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The results for the lactose content of milk from all three examined regions are within the limits of the Rulebook for raw milk. A significant difference (p<0.01) was found for the content of somatic cells in small farms. It is noteworthy that small farms deviate significantly from the safety and hygiene requirements outlined in the Rulebook, primarily due to the hygiene practices concerning dairy cows. The results obtained will be valuable for the dairy industry, as they will identify weaknesses among domestic producers. Professional services will implement measures and activities to help farmers meet EU standards in milk production. Additionally, these findings will provide a significant basis for establishing strategies in this agricultural sector.

Legal responsibility in agricultural relations

In modern conditions of modernization of state agricultural policy, the role of agricultural law, subject of legal regulation, protection of the interests of the entities of agricultural sector, and ensuring food security of the republic is increasing. The goal is to study the features of agricultural legal relations, identifying main problems associated with the application of legal liability. Analysis of the state, use of rules and norms of agricultural legislation and development of measures aimed to support, stimulate, and protect the rights of agricultural producers in Kazakhstan. The methods are based on materials from domestic and foreign scientists, scientific publications, and changes in legislative regulations. A comparative analysis and assessment of legal relations in agro-industrial production were used. Results - the state of affairs is considered and important issues of application of legal responsibility in the context of lawful actions and its features are identified. Various types of violations of legal obligations are analyzed: non-compliance with land use rules, sanitary and hygienic requirements, environmental standards - illegal use of pesticides, abuse of antibiotics in raising livestock, violation of environmental standards that can pollute water or damage the soil. Conclusions - the authors propose a number of effective measures to improve legal behavior in agricultural entities: strengthening control by the state law enforcement agencies, creating more effective punishment mechanisms, increasing awareness of participants in agricultural legal relations, which will prevent unfair practices and will promote conservation of natural resources and environment. Agricultural law presupposes land, property, labor, financial, and management relations in agriculture. This contributes to organizational, production and economic activities of agricultural production entities in accordance with the goals of entrepreneurship in agricultural sector.

Identifikasi Kualitas Fisik dan Kimia Air Sumur Gali di Wilayah Produksi Terasi di Dusun Jor Desa Jor Kecamatan Jerowaru Kabupaten Lombok Timur

This research aims to determine the physical and chemical quality of dug well water in the area where shrimp paste (terasi) is produced at Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency. The research method used was experimental, focusing on parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS, and hardness based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) guidelines. Three sampling points of community dug well water were selected with sampling conducted twice, considering the sampling points based on the distance between the dug wells and the shrimp paste production area being less than 10 meters, and due to the absence of proper wastewater disposal systems at the shrimp paste production site. From the results of the examination of the physical and chemical water quality around the shrimp paste production area in Jor Hamlet, Jor Village, Jerowaru Subdistrict, East Lombok Regency, it was found that several parameters met the requirements according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017 concerning the Standard of Environmental Health Quality and Health Requirements for Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Bathing. Parameters such as temperature, pH, and TDS met the standards. However, the examination revealed that the hardness of the dug well water exceeded the standard in one out of the three sampling points. Specifically, samples A and B met the standard for hardness, whereas sample C did not meet the standard because it exceeded the established quality standard of 500 mg/l.

Determination of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Strains from Kindirmo in Nasarawa Town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study examined the antibiotic resistance patterns of beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Kindirmo, a traditional fermented milk product, in Nasarawa town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. It identifies the prevalence of beta-lactamase-producing E. coli in Kindirmo, highlighting a 5.92% contamination rate and revealing complete resistance to six antibiotics among the isolates. The study underscores the public health risks associated with consuming Kindirmo and calls for stringent hygiene measures during its production and sale to protect consumers. Full Abstract This study investigates the antibiotic resistance patterns of beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Kindirmo in Nasarawa town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Over five months, 169 samples were collected from four sampling points. Escherichia coli was isolated using the streak-plating method and identified through biochemical tests. All isolates tested positive for beta-lactamase production. The agar-disc diffusion technique assessed the beta-lactamase-producing E. coli strains' susceptibility to 10 antibiotics. Out of 169 samples, 10 were contaminated with E. coli, resulting in a prevalence of 5.92%. The isolates showed complete resistance to six antibiotics, while 70% and 50% demonstrated susceptibility to ofloxacin, pefloxacin, and gentamicin, respectively. Six antibiotic-resistance phenotypes were identified among the E. coli isolates. The presence of beta-lactamase-producing E. coli in Kindirmo suggests that consuming the product in the area poses a risk to consumers. Authorities should enforce basic hygiene requirements during production and sales to safeguard public health.

One Year of Mandatory Reusable Packaging in Germany: Opportunities and Obstacles from the Perspective of Consumers and Companies

Since the beginning of 2023, the so-called reusable packaging obligation has been in place in Germany in order to reduce the amount of waste from takeaway packaging. Catering companies will then be obliged to offer reusable packaging as an alternative to disposable plastic takeaway packaging. As part of the pilot project ‘Mehrweg Modell Stadt’ (‘Reusable city model’), an open infrastructure for reusable cups is in trial in Mainz and Wiesbaden. The project was subjected to a scientific monitoring process, which included the implementation of quantitative surveys among various stakeholders within the value chain, namely consumers, catering companies, and other companies engaged in the project. This was conducted over two time periods: August 2023 to September 2023, and February to March 2024. The results show a discrepancy between consumers’ attitudes and their actual behavior: Despite a high level of sustainability awareness and perceived positive benefits of reusable packaging, perceived barriers stand in the way of actual use. The biggest challenges for companies are the lack of consumer demand, practical handling and hygiene requirements. The results of this quantitative social research provide important insights for the development of targeted measures to promote the use of reusable packaging in takeaway catering and contribute to the discussion on closing the attitude–behavior gap along the entire value chain.

Specific Personal Hygiene Procedures and Practices in Food Handlers—A Cross-Sectional Study in Butcher and Fishmonger Shops in Almada

Good manufacturing practices play an important role in obtaining safe food and preventing foodborne diseases. To achieve this goal, food handlers must receive appropriate training to be aware of their responsibilities. In this work, compliance with specific personal hygiene requirements by food handlers was assessed in a cross-sectional study of traditional small retail establishments, namely butcher (n = 56) and fishmonger (n = 17) shops in Almada, Portugal. Food handlers (n = 140, of which 113 worked in butcher shops, and 27 worked in fishmonger shops) were interviewed for data collection, and retail establishments were audited considering specific hygiene requisites. In fishmonger shops, most food handlers are women (89%), aged 18 to 45 years (70%), with a high school degree, having worked for less than 5 years in this activity, while in butcher shops most food handlers are men (90%) over 45 years old (58%), with a basic education level, and more than 26 years of experience. Most food handlers (>95%) attended recent food safety and hygiene training courses and were able to recognize that hand sanitizers cannot replace a proper hand wash, and to identify Staphylococcus aureus transmission routes to food. However, approximately 23% of retail establishments failed to provide hot water in the handwashing basin and exhibited improper placement of handwashing instructions. Furthermore, these establishments did not implement corrective actions following non-conforming microbiological results of hand hygiene monitoring. These findings reinforce the need for consistent management commitment, and for providing food handlers with regular training, which is crucial for maintaining a strong food safety and hygiene culture in these traditional small retail establishments.

Safety and quality of different domestic manufacturers and determination of its falsification

At the current stage, the dairy industry in Ukraine is at a fairly high level, although in comparison with world standards, it does not meet the world level in a number of indicators. One of the main tasks for Ukraine as a member of the WTO and in connection with the prospect of its accession to the EU is the harmonization of national regulatory and legal requirements with international ones in the field of food safety and quality. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and quality of sour cream obtained from various domestic manufacturers, as well as to determine its adulteration according to generally accepted methods and developed patented express methods. Analytical, organoleptic, physico-chemical, microbiological, toxicological and statistical methods of research were used to implement the research goal. Sour cream produced by Ukrainian dairy enterprises according to organoleptic indicators (appearance, color, consistency, smell, taste) and physicochemical indicators (mass fraction of fat, titrated acidity, phosphatase, temperature during storage) met the requirements of the current national standard of Ukraine - DSTU 4418:2005. With the exception of sour cream of samples No. 1 and No. 5) - the fat content is reduced, and respectively 8.72±0.07% and 9.10±0.95% (according to the standards of 15−40%) and increased titrated acidity (sample No. 1) − 109.0±1.43 °T (according to standards of 60–100 °T). According to the microbiological tests of sour cream, the content of viable lactic acid bacteria was significantly lower - from (1.16±0.21)x102 to (1.42±0.21)x103 CFU/g compared to the normative indicators (1.0x107 CFU/g), which indicated a significant reduction in the contamination of the product by microorganisms as a result of compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements for sour cream production. The content of coliform bacteria, Salmonella bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, yeast, mold fungi in sour cream met the regulatory requirements of the current national standard of Ukraine - DSTU 4418:2005. During the determination of product falsification, the presence of impurities of starch, sodium hydrogen carbonate, alkaline detergents, hydrogen peroxide, gelatin, and vegetable fats in the sour cream of the producers (samples No. 1 and No. 5) was found; no impurities were detected in the sour cream of other producers. The content of toxic elements (heavy metals), mycotoxins, antibiotics and hormonal drugs in sour cream did not exceed the maximum permissible level (MRL). Express and optimized methods for determining adulteration of sour cream have been developed. Key words: dairy industry, food product, sour cream, organoleptic, physicochemical, microbiological, toxicological indicators, safety, quality, consumer.

Feline Calicivirosis in the catteries

Cat breeding has become very popular nowadays. The presence of these animals in catteries, especially in conditions of imperfect compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, often causes outbreaks of viral diseases, the causative agents of which are transmitted mainly by the aerogenic transmission mechanism. Calicivirosis is the most common kennel disease; it can occur as a mono-infection and can also be associated with other viral respiratory diseases. The study aimed to evaluate the epizootic features and clinical course of feline calicivirus in catteries. It was found that the disease's stationary focus was in the experimental cattery. Depending on the year's season, the morbidity increase begins in April, peaks (40 %) in July, and gradually decreases until September. The most vulnerable age group is kittens aged 2–6 months due to imperfect immune mechanisms at this age. The disease occurs mainly manifestly in this age group, with characteristic pronounced clinical signs. Sick cats have sub febrile or pyretic fever, lack of appetite, and salivation with viscous saliva. Ulcers develop on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Also, erosions and ulcers are noted in the nasal mirror and on the mucous membrane of the larynx. There was conjunctivitis with serous to catarrhal-purulent exudate. Laboratory tests revealed leukopenia, acceleration of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, left shift of the nucleus, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis, which indirectly determine the viral disease and stimulation of immune functions, and the development of a systemic inflammatory response. Biochemical tests revealed the development of intoxication syndrome, hepatitis liver failure, and renal failure. The data obtained prove the systemic nature of the impact of calicivirus infection, the development of complications in the form of a systemic inflammatory response, which affects various organs and systems, particularly the liver and excretory system. The development of multiorgan pathology in feline calicivirus infection requires an integrated approach to treatment, including pathogenetic and symptomatic measures in the treatment protocol.

Cook's Role in Hygiene and Sanitation Improvement in Hot Kitchen at Ascent Premiere Hotel Malang

This study was undertaken to learn how the kitchen management at Ascent Premiere Hotel Malang attempts to improve the level of cleanliness and sanitation. The study method employed is a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observation, interviews, and recording. The research subjects are sous chefs and junior sous chefs who can supply research-related information. The goal of this study is to focus on efforts to improve kitchen cleanliness and sanitation in order to provide a sense of security, comfort, and job efficiency for all staff members. According to the study's findings, several employees expressed dissatisfaction with the maximum execution of hygiene and sanitation requirements due to the low quality of the standard operating procedures (SOP) that were implemented. To address these problems, the cooks took immediate action by expanding the number of personnel, holding daily briefings before work, and doing other things that can help improve the hygiene and sanitation at the Ascent Premiere Hotel Malang kitchen.

The main directions of prevention of occupational infection viral hepatitis with a contact transmission mechanism in hospitals in Saint-Petersburg

The high level of hepatitis B and C infection in the modern period in the general population increases the frequency of contact of hospital specialists with patients with this infectious pathology. A significant concentration of infection sources in medical organizations and violations in the implementation of disinfection and sterilization algorithms and requirements for hand hygiene of medical workers create conditions for the nosocomial spread of viral hepatitis pathogens with a contact transmission echanism.The aim. Substantiation of the main directions of prevention of occupational infection viral hepatitis with a contact transmission mechanism in hospitals of Saint Petersburg.Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the annual reports of Saint-Petersburg hospitals was carried out, which contain information on the number of new cases chronic forms of viral hepatitis among specialists of medical organizations and on the number personnel under dispensary supervision for these infectious diseases, as well as on the number of injuries received by hospital staff while performing functional duties, as well as vaccination coverage against viral hepatitis B, measles and diphtheria for the period from 2009 to 2022. The assessment of the equipment of megapolis healthcare institutions modern washing-disinfecting and sterilization equipment was also carried out.Results and discussion. The realization of the possibility of infecting hospital specialists viral hepatitis with a contact transmission mechanism is predetermined by the high concentration of patients with this pathology in healthcare institutions; the presence of occupational injuries during the implementation of medical and diagnostic procedures and disinfection and sterilization measures.Conclusion. A set of measures for early detection of sources of infections with a contact transmission mechanism among patients and staff; disinfection of medical devices using modern disinfection and sterilization equipment; revaccination against hepatitis B and equipping workplaces of specialists with personal protective equipment in full remains relevant for the prevention of occupational infection of medical workers.

On the issue of resolving disputes about the compliance of the research object with regulatory requirements

Conclusions on the fulfillment or violation of regulatory requirements ensuring the hygienic safety of the research object of the supervised object are carried out by state sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies based on the results of laboratory studies of controlled indicators. These are, in particular, conclusions on the safety of drinking water sources for the population. The composition and properties of this water, on the instructions of sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies and water supply institutions, can be examined equally by accredited laboratories that comply with the accreditation criteria in carrying out their activities. At the same time, unfortunately, it is impossible to guarantee the same results of laboratory testing of controlled microbiological, chemical, and other indicators, due to their variability and measurement errors. As a result, the conclusions about the quality and safety of water obtained by the supervisory authority and the supplier (user), primarily in cases concerning the boundary values of hygiene standards, may differ. For constructive resolution of controversial situations arising in this case, this paper proposes a method of tolerance control, the result of which is a logical judgment on the compliance or non-compliance of controlled quantities with established standards. It is shown how this reduces the risk of erroneous recognition of non-compliance of the composition or properties of water with hygienic requirements and guarantees safe water supply to the population. Authors suggested equations of admission control to assess compliance with the requirements of sanitary, epidemiological, and hygienic safety of controlled facilities. A method convenient for practical use is proposed, and using a specific example of monitoring the water quality of wells in the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region, it is shown how it is possible to establish the water safety of almost half of the initially rejected water sources. The use of tolerance control is recommended if it is necessary to increase the reliability of hygienic conclusions on the safety of a wide range of supervised facilities, for which convenient mathematical expressions are given.

Overview of Hygiene and Sanitation of Street Vendor Snacks at Campus IV UIN North Sumatra Medan Tuntungan 2023

Hygiene is a health effort to maintain and protect the cleanliness of food, such as washing hands with clean water and soap to protect hand hygiene, washing dishes to keep plates clean, and throwing away damaged parts of food to protect the integrity of the food as a whole. Sanitation is an effort to prevent disease that focuses on emphasizing activities on human environmental health efforts. Sanitation is a health effort to maintain and protect the cleanliness of the environment of the subject. Cleanliness and clean sanitation will make the presentation of food provide added value and attract customers when it is distributed. Therefore, there are various technical methods for serving food to consumers as long as they pay attention to appropriateness or good hygiene and sanitation. According to BPOM, in 2017, 5,293 people were exposed to food poisoning, which was dominated by microbiology. Meanwhile, 2,041 cases of extraordinary events (KLB) have been reported and 3 people died. This research is a descriptive observational study with a quantitative approach. The variables used in this research are handler hygiene, equipment sanitation, serving sanitation, and vendor facility sanitation. In assessing hygiene and sanitation, this research is guided by the regulations of the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 92/MENKES/SK/VII/2003 concerning guidelines for hygiene and sanitation requirements for snack foods. This research was conducted on street vendors at Campus IV UINSU Tuntungan. The total sample was 30 street vendors using a simple random side sampling technique. In collecting data using observation and interview techniques. The data sources used are primary data which comes from interviews and observations, while secondary data comes from previous research. Data analysis uses univariate analysis to produce the distribution and frequency of each variable, namely a description of hygiene and sanitation, hygiene of handlers, sanitation of equipment, sanitation of serving, and sanitation of vending facilities is presented in the form of tables and tables. Suggestions are expected to avoid contamination of food equipment, especially germs, it is necessary to improve equipment sanitation such as washing equipment using clean water and using soap and drying equipment using a dryer or clean cloth. Handlers should wash their hands before and after work. The government and POM should carry out routine supervision and inspections in school canteens, catering services, and street snacks, especially around campuses.

РАЗВИТИЕ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ В СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ В ПОСТКОВИДНЫЙ ПЕРИОД И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЭКОНОМИКУ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

The coronavirus pandemic continues to pose serious challenges to agricultural production since 2020. Restrictions on trade in agricultural products affect marketing opportunities and the availability of operational resources. Seasonal labor is becoming scarce, and new consumption patterns and hygiene requirements pose new challenges for the industry. Restrictions imposed due to the coronavirus pandemic have led to an unprecedented market situation. In this work, to study the digital divide between rural and urban areas, the profile indicators of rural residents of the Russian Federation who did not have access to the Internet in 2019-2021 were analyzed. The research substantiated the service components of the digital potential of rural areas, which together will allow the development of information and communication technologies in rural areas and agricultural organizations, the skills of people who are participants in the digital transformation of processes in all spheres of rural life. Such service components include: 1) information and communication technologies and infrastructure; 2) digital management of business processes in an agricultural organization; 3) electronic digital business; 4) digital competence and literacy of rural residents and employees of agricultural organizations to assess the possibility of digital interaction with each other. A detailed analysis of trends in the digital gap in the use of the Internet through the construction of logit models made it possible to confirm the results obtained that in the absence of completed secondary education and work, the risk of a rural resident becoming one of those who do not use the Internet, that is, being in “digital isolation”, increases, and more significantly compared to other characteristics considered.

Evaluation of Sports Achievements of Participants in Cheerleading Competitions by Rationalizing Refereeing

Cheerleading is a popular sport that is developing and increasing the number of fans. Cheerleading is a subjective sport and therefore it requires a lot of attention. The aim of the study is to investigate, identify and scientifically substantiate effective ways of rationalizing the refereeing of cheerleading competitions. 105 cheerleading judges took part in the study. Based on the results of the survey, an experimental group of judges of II and III categories was formed, which consisted of 73 young judges (hereinafter referred to as novice judges), who were involved in the experiment. Among them, 35.6% have the II judge category, 64.4% – III. Among novice judges, 23.3% have 3 years of experience as judges, 42.5% – 2 years, the rest – 31.2% – 1 year. The conducted questionnaire of cheerleading judges showed that certain difficulties arise in the judging process: distraction of own athletes and their parents, judges or competition organizers (72.6%); a large number of athletes in the team (up to 24), a significant number of numbers in one nomination (11.0%); long and loud music (8.2%); violation of hygiene requirements (weak or significant lighting, unventilated room, draft, etc.) (8.2%). In addition, there is a need to store the performances in memory, for a qualitative assessment of all competitive performances. As a result of the conducted research, methodical recommendations were developed, as well as developed evaluation symbols and marks for use during competition that will help judges to qualitatively and fairly evaluate competitive performances; remember performances and correctly distribute participants.