Environmental Protection Requirements Research Articles

Future-Proof Homes. Design Support System for Selecting Age-Adaptive Building Elements and Finishes.

The paper illustrates the definition of a home adaptation design support tool for selecting interior finishes and partition systems based on multicriteria evaluations. In line with Universal Design principles, the selection criteria promote the creation of homes that respond to the changing needs of people over their life course, allowing for aging in place. Based on a literature review on the design of age-friendly living spaces, optimal requirements for safety, comfort, usability, management, environmental protection and integrability related to partitioning elements and interior finishes were identified. Then, through the multicriteria analysis technique of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, selection criteria were established, and weights were assigned to classify market-available products according to performance, thereby informing the choices of designers and end users.

Energy harvesting properties for potassium-sodium niobate piezoceramics through synergistic effect of phase structure and texturing engineering

In order to address the energy dilemma and meet environmental protection requirements, it is an urgent need to develop lead-free piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs). However, the low output power density has seriously hindered the application of lead-free piezoceramics as high efficiency energy harvesters. To solve above question, the combination of phase structure regulation and texturing technique in the K0.5Na0.5NbO3-xBi0.5Na0.5ZrO3-0.5%wtBiFeO3 (KNN-xBNZ) ceramics was adopted in this work. Because of both the Rhombohedral-Orthorhombic-Tetragonal (R-O-T) multiphases coexistence and texturing engineering, an ultrahigh piezoelectric activity quality factor d33×g33 ∼ 18324 ×10-15 m2·N-1 was achieved in the textured KNN-0.05BNZ (T-KNN-0.05BNZ) ceramics, which is about third times higher than that of random KNN-0.05BNZ (R-KNN-0.05BNZ) (d33×g33 ∼ 6672 ×10-15 m2·N-1) ones. A high output power of ∼ 0.32 mW was also obtained in the T-KNN-0.05BNZ ceramics by cantilever beam-based energy harvester devices under the resonance frequency of 75 Hz and matched RL of 1.2 MΩ, suggesting that the T-KNN-0.05BNZ ceramics have a great potential for application in the PEHs devices. This result also reveals that the combination of phase structure regulation and texturing technique is an effective way to achieved a high energy harvesting performances.

Comparison and Alternative Feasibility of Biofuels with Other Fuels

In modern society, with the gradual rise of environmental protection requirements, various industries have paid attention to green environmental protection and sustainable development. Among them, the direction of fuel is particularly important. The renewable, environmental protection and high energy characteristics of biofuel make it a promising alternative fuel. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of biofuels compared with other fuels and the feasibility of alternative fuels are major issues that need to be understood. According to the existing research data, compared with other fuels, there are still some problems related to the cost and immature technology of biofuel, and there are also problems in its promotion and application. However, biofuel has excellent environmental protection, low carbon and sustainable characteristics, through policy support and technological development, most of the above problems will be solved, biofuel is still the most promising alternative fuel. Therefore, biofuels will replace other fuels to become the main energy in the future, sorting out the advantages and key development directions of biofuels compared with other fuels, and providing new ideas for fuel replacement and environmental protection.

Trimetallic MOF–derived Fe–Mn–Sn oxide heterostructure enabling exceptional catalytic degradation of organic pollutants

Developing efficient and environmentally benign heterogeneous catalysts that activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of persistent organic contaminants remains a challenge. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)–derived metal oxide catalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have received considerable attention research fraternity. Herein, we report an innovative magnetic trimetallic MOF-derived Fe-Mn-Sn oxide heterostructure (FeMnO@Sn) with adjustable morphology, size and Sn content, prepared through an impregnation–calcination strategy. The formation of a novel magnetic Fe2O3/Fe3O4/Mn3O4 heterostructure induces the generation of abundant Fe2+ and Mn2+ sites on the FeMnO@Sn surface. Meanwhile, the introduction of SnO2 into the Fe2O3/Fe3O4/Mn3O4 heterostructure facilitates the cleavage of the OO bond in adsorbed PMS. The synergy among the different functionalities of each metal oxide plays a vital role in the swift and effective degradation of pollutants. In addition, the uniquely designed catalyst exhibits magnetic properties that facilitate easy recycling and repeated use, thereby meeting environmental protection requirements. Overall, this research highlights the design of heterogeneous catalysts for the effective activation of PMS and provides valuable insights for the advancement of future environmental catalysts.

Production and properties of kraft pulp from aspen logging waste

One of the pressing problems of the modern timber industry is the formation and accumulation of logging waste. The waste is branches and tops, which can be used as additional raw materials for the pulp and paper industry. As a solution to this problem, the possibility of using waste represented by branches and tops as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production enterprises was considered, which in turn has high environmental and economic significance, and is also one of the key aspects of compliance with environmental protection requirements and rational use of natural resources. Despite the differences in the physical properties and chemical composition of wood from aspen branches and trunks, high-yield kraft pulp obtained from them by separate cooking has similar characteristics in terms of yield and lignin content. Unlike knots in the wood structure, wood from branches does not cause difficulties during kraft cooking, and the resulting fibrous product from branches, according to its chemical composition, is suitable for use as raw material for the production of cardboard.

Smart Product-Service System for Parking Furniture—Sale of Storage Space in Parking Places

Growing competition, changing customer needs, and growing environmental protection requirements mean companies are forced to change their approach to business. Traditional product sales are being replaced by systemic solutions focused on meeting specific customer requirements while reducing negative impacts on the environment. One such solution is the Product-Service System (PSS). This allows manufacturers to offer their products’ functionalities and features through related services. By extending the life of products, promoting the reuse of materials, and reducing the amount of waste, the implementation of PSS strongly supports sustainable development. The paper focuses on a new product group—garage boxes (GB). It discusses a new PSS business model that responds to the needs of people living in blocks of flats with no tenant storage lockers or rooms in the basement. The new business model sells the function (storing various possessions) and eliminates problems faced by tenants due to the lack of sufficient storage space. It provides customers with high-quality GB for as long as they need them. Customers can pick and choose equipment with additional services depending on their needs. The idea of the model is the outcome of a nationwide study carried out in Poland on a group of 500 residents of blocks of flats and consultations with manufacturers, homeowner associations, wholesale and retail traders, and the financial sector. The study provided us with information and data that provided a comprehensive picture of the problem of the absence of storage lockers or rooms for residents and the needs connected with GB. The results of the conducted research indicate that the developed business model responds to the diverse requirements of residents and supports sustainable solutions. It is an alternative to the lack of a storage unit assigned to each apartment. The business model developed in the paper is highly innovative and comprehensive. This makes it an attractive solution for residents of apartment blocks, and its implementation can significantly reduce the environmental impact.

Promising areas of slag processing in ferrous metallurgy

The characteristics of promising areas of slag processing in ferrous metallurgy are given. An increase in requirements for environmental protection was noted. Modern slag processing includes primary and secondary processing, which differ in the physical state of the slag. The technological foundations of mass processing of slag have been formed at the Ural Institute of Metals. An assessment of the state of slag processing shows that the capacity of crushing and screening plants, mainly due to complexes purchased abroad, exceeds the yield of slag of current production and leads to a decrease in dumps. Modern areas of economics and environmental protection require the creation and implementation of new technologies and equipment for the processing of slag in liquid and solid form, improving the quality of products at all stages of processing. Processing of slag in liquid form at furnace (or located near melting furnaces) plants will make it possible to organize the technological process in highly economical environmentally friendly small-sized units, to adjust the composition and properties of slag, to expand the range and quality of the resulting products, to create conditions for the utilization of melt heat and the recycling of slag processing products. These processes reduce the environmental burden on the environment, reduce material, energy and operational costs, and expand the range and quality of the products obtained

Evaluation of Biosurfactants to Preflush for Offshore Wells.

With the improvement of environmental protection requirements in offshore oil and gas exploration, there is a great demand to find environmentally friendly surfactants for cementing preflush fluids. In the present paper, the application potential of three biosurfactants of rhamnolipid, lipopeptide, and sophorolipid in the preflush fluid was evaluated through a series of experiments. The experiments studied the interfacial tension (IFT) of the biosurfactants, resistance to temperature, salt resistance (sodium chloride and sea salt), and the influences of the studied biosurfactants on the rheological compatibility and capabilities to convert the wettability of the formation from oil-wet to water-wet, mud cake removal efficiency, and to improve the interfacial bonding properties of the preflush fluid. The results showed that rhamnolipid, lipopeptide, and sophorolipid exhibited excellent surface activities in high-temperature and sodium chloride (NaCl) environments. When exposed to sea salt, lipopeptides lost their function due to agglomeration, while rhamnolipids and sophorolipids maintained structural stabilities and high surface activities. When rhamnolipid was mixed with sophorolipid in a ratio of 2:1 at the same concentration, the combined biosurfactant had the best surface activity among the studied surfactants. The combined biosurfactant not only had good rheological compatibility with the drilling fluid and cement slurry but also showed excellent properties in the removal of mud cake. In addition, the effect of the removal of the mud cake was verified by the gas channeling experiment. The experimental results show that the presence of mud cake can reduce the bonding strength. When rhamnolipid was mixed with sophorolipid in a ratio of 2:1 at the same concentration, the removal efficiency of mud cake was the highest, and the interfacial bonding property of the cement sheath can be improved.

Studying the Characteristics of Tank Oil Sludge

Oil sludge is one of the main pollutants generated by the oil industry. Due to serious pollution and increasing oil production, problems arise every year in the effective treatment of oil sludge. The current study examines the composition and physicochemical characteristics of oil sludge, as well as traditional and new methods for processing oil sludge. With the tightening of environmental protection requirements, oil sludge quality reduction, recycling, and harmless treatment technologies will become necessary in the future. The primary task was to determine the composition of tank oil sludge, separate it from mechanical impurities, and study the influence of ultrasonic treatment and subsequent atmospheric distillation on the extract. The separation of the concentrate and the composition of the tank oil sludge, using an extracted mixture of hexane and benzene, are considered. The use of modern SEM methods, elemental analysis, NMR analysis, IR, ultrasound, and GC–mass spectrometry made it possible to characterize the organic part of reservoir oil sludge and its distillation products. First, 300 g of tank oil sludge was preheated and mixed with 300 mL of solvent (hexane:benzene = 1:1). After mixing with the solvent, the result mixture was filtered. Then, it was placed in an ultrasonic bath and exposed to ultrasound at a frequency of 100 kHz for 30 min. After processing, it was extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus at a temperature of 65 °C to isolate the extract. The resulting extract was analyzed on a gas chromatograph with mass detection. The composition of the extract was as follows (in %): hexane—83.99; total hydrocarbon isomers—7.12; n-hydrocarbons—2.52; benzene—6.37%. At a temperature of 85 °C, the benzene yield was 65.85%. It has been established that the fractions obtained through the distillation of oil sludge at temperatures of 65–85 °C have improved dissolving capacity. It has also been shown that the use of these fractions promotes an increase in the content of hydrocarbon isomers by 12–13% in the extract composition.

Trends and drivers of land abandonment in Poland under Common Agricultural Policy

The results of existing research predict that the area of abandoned land will increase in many European regions. One of the countries that are the most prone to this process is Poland where agriculture, after many transformations, is still an important sector of the economy. It is essential to determine drivers of the abandonment of agricultural land use in order to effectively counteract this process. Through the Common Agricultural Policy, the European Union financially supports farmers who use agricultural land in accordance with the environmental protection requirements. This study investigated to what extent the land use, the characteristics of agricultural holdings, the demographics as well as economic factors impacted the process of land abandonment in Poland during the period 2002–2020. The analysis was carried out using statistical and spatial data pertaining to the period before and after Poland’s accession to the European Union. Our results demonstrate that the share of abandoned land within the country's agricultural area has decreased from 9.7 % to 1.2 %. Direct payments to farmers and the agrarian structure of farms were the most significant factors affecting this process. Spearman’s rank order correlations between the share of abandoned arable land and the two mentioned variables are close to or higher than 0.5 in each analysed year. The obtained results did not confirm the common conviction that environmental factors play a decisive role in the process of cultivation abandonment.

Оценка эффективности завихрения воздуха при распылении водоугольных суспензий пневматической форсункой

Due to modern requirements for environmental protection, introduction of environmentally friendly power engineering technologies involves search and development of new energy sources. One of the ways to meet these requirements and maintain the same level of energy production by thermal power plants is to use multicomponent fuels. The most promising and affordable heavy fuel oil from the point of view of energy, ecology and economy are coal-water slurries (CWS). In this regard, the study of the properties and characteristics of such fuels is relevant. The coal-water slurries have been prepared in a rotary hydrodynamic cavitation generator. A pneumatic atomizer with external mixing is used to spray the coal-water slurries. Interferometric Particle Imaging method is used to determine the average size of fuel droplets after atomization. The authors have conducted experimental studies of the characteristics of atomization of coal-water slurries based on lignite and pyrogenetic liquid with a pneumatic atomizer with a tangential supply of a spraying agent. A three-stage method to prepare lignite-based slurries with pyrogenetic liquid has been tested. It has been established that when using this technique, the fluidity of coal-water fuel is maintained even with the introduction of 20 % by weight of pyrogenetic liquid into the composition of coal-water slurries when replacing both water and coal in equal proportions. The kinematic viscosity of coal-water suspensions increases when pyrogenetic liquid is added, despite a decrease in the concentration of the solid component. The change of suspension density is insignificant. The results of the study of atomization process have shown that the tangential air supply to the atomizer leads to an increase of the jet spraying angle by 6° compared with direct supply. At the same time, the average droplet size in the jet of a two-component CWS with direct air supply is 8 % smaller. The results of the study have made it possible to obtain completely new knowledge that can significantly advance domestic and world science and technology in the field of power engineering, namely the technology of coal-water fuels atomization. Experimental studies have determined the main patterns of influence of the CWS properties and the method of spraying agent supply on the formation of a gas-drop jet. Such patterns will provide conditions for the effective atomization of quite viscous CWS in the combustion chambers of energy boilers. The results obtained will enable designers and constructors to develop highly efficient designs of steam and hot water boilers and gasifiers fueled by CWS.

Прокурорский надзор за исполнением законов в сфере охраны окружающей среды в Арктической зоне Российской Федерации

Federal executive authorities, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, the Environmental Prosecutor's Office of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) pay special attention to the state of the Arctic environment. However, the situation in this region is far from normal. The results of the prosecutor's inspections indicate the presence of numerous violations of environmental legislation in the field of subsoil use, marine and river transport, construction, land use and reclamation, and the elimination of accumulated damage as a result of past years. There are cases of industrial safety violations. A serious problem for the Arctic regions is the lack of an effective waste management system in the Arctic zone. Global warming and disruption of the Arctic environment leads to climate change and can lead to even more tangible and severe environmental consequences. The Environmental Prosecutor's Office has a significant impact on correcting the situation in the Arctic, which conducts inspections of enterprises, organizations and citizens for compliance with environmental legislation, prevents and suppresses environmental offenses, and ensures compliance with environmental protection and environmental management requirements.

Impacts of institutional pressures and internal abilities on green performance of transport and logistics companies

PurposeTransport and logistics companies (TLCs) have adopted green practices to reduce their emission and waste in support of environmental protection requirements. However, not all green practices of TLCs have resulted in green performance (GP) because of inherent variations in internal abilities and external factors affecting firms in different operational environments. Using institutional (INT) and resource-based view (RBV) theories we develop a model that shows how institutional pressures and internal abilities impact TLCs’ GP.Design/methodology/approach Underpinned by INT and RBV theories, this study utilised structural equation modelling on a cross-sectional survey of 222 TLC firms operating in the Philippines.Findings The study reveals that TLCs’ regulatory compliance, social obligations and competitor pressures have significant direct effects on TLCs’ GP while supplier integration and resource capabilities serially mediate the relationships. The findings indicate that institutional pressures and internal abilities that shape firms’ environmental policies and procedures explain TLCs’ GP.Research limitations/implications As a result of the cross-sectional nature of our data, findings may be time, population and prevailing situation dependent. The long-term validity of the research can be improved if longitudinal design is employed. We collected data from a single respondent considered as the best respondent. However, with time and resource availability, a jury of executives for each company would have been a better alternative respondent.Practical implications The findings of this research provide TLC managers, policymakers and other stakeholders with much-needed guidance for crafting policies and strategies for handling the challenges of caring for the planet and maintaining sustainable operations.Social implications Improving green practices of TLCs to enable waste and emission reductions is critical to the health and well-being of people and the planet. An environment free of pollution will result in fewer health challenges, fewer medical/insurance-related expenses, and, above all, enable a higher quality of life and a more productive workforce.Originality/value Studies have extensively explored the green practices of TLCs as well as the influences of both institutional pressures and internal abilities of TLCs on their green practices. This study identifies critical factors that significantly affect the GP of TLCs and provides a conceptual framework for a better understanding of the dynamics of strategic, tactical and operational issues that TCLs may face in their effort at greening the sector.

Waterborne Intumescent Fire-Retardant Polymer Composite Coatings: A Review.

Intumescent fire-retardant coatings, which feature thinner layers and good decorative effects while significantly reducing heat transfer and air dispersion capabilities, are highly attractive for fire safety applications due to their effective prevention of material combustion and protection of materials. Particularly, the worldwide demand for improved environmental protection requirements has given rise to the production of waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings, which are comparable to or provide more advantages than solvent-based intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings in terms of low cost, reduced odor, and minimal environmental and health hazards. However, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and in-depth overview of waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings. This review aims to systematically and comprehensively discuss the composition, the flame retardant and heat insulation mechanisms, and the practical applications of waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings. Finally, some key challenges associated with waterborne intumescent fire-retardant polymer composite coatings are highlighted, following which future perspectives and opportunities are proposed.

Review on Location of Fresh Cold Chain Logistics Distribution Center

This paper reviews the research status, existing problems and challenges, and future research directions of the location of fresh cold chain logistics distribution centers. The research background is based on factors such as the development of the fresh product market, the technological progress of cold chain logistics, the requirements of environmental protection and sustainable development, and the intensification of market competition. The significance of site selection includes improving transportation efficiency, reducing costs, improving customer satisfaction, optimizing supply chain networks, and achieving environmental sustainability.The former focuses on low-carbon, demand uncertainty, and competitive distribution center location, while the latter focuses on the new retail environment and cold chain distribution. The review of relevant literature points out that some progress has been made in the research, but there are challenges such as market demand uncertainty, incomplete data and limited model applicability.Future research directions include the location model of cold chain logistics distribution center based on big data, the location model considering sustainable development factors, and the location method of cold chain logistics distribution center integrating multi-index evaluation.In the conclusion, it is pointed out that in the past, the time window and the overall logistics network were rarely used as research evaluation indicators in the site selection problems, and the cost of reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain was rarely considered. In the prospect part, it is proposed that in the future, we should pay attention to the problems of reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain in the distribution of fresh agricultural products, consider the multi-objective optimization of low-carbon cold chain logistics network in different policies and fields, and combine full simulation technology and optimization technology to realize the system optimization research.

Advanced orthogonal analysis of multi-factorial interactions influencing co-combustion performance and pollution reduction potential of coal gangue and biomass in oxy-fuel combustion conditions

In the current scenario of increasing energy scarcity and stricter environmental protection requirements, the utilization of coal gangue and biomass energy is gaining attention worldwide. Biomass and coal gangue are complementary in nature, and their co-combustion can improve the burnout efficiency of coal gangue and reduce pollutant emissions. In this study, coal gangue and wheat straw are selected as research subjects, the optimal process conditions for their co-combustion under the coupling of multiple parameters in oxy-fuel atmosphere through orthogonal experiments are investigated. The results indicate that the most significant factor influencing combustion characteristics is the heating rate. When the biomass content is 45 %, O2 concentration is 50 %, heating rate is 30℃/min and particle size is 180–250μm, the flammability and comprehensive combustion indexes of the samples are maximized, which indicates the optimum combustion characteristics. The primary factor affecting pollutant release is biomass content. When the biomass content is 45 %, O2 concentration is 75 %, combustion temperature is 700℃, and particle size is 180–250μm, the pollutant release concentration is minimized.

The influence of exploration activities of a potential lithium mine to the environment in Western Serbia

The proposed exploitation of the Jadar Valley lithium/borate deposit in Serbia, by the Rio Tinto Corporation, indicates that it would become large-scale processing of boron- and lithium-containing ore. It would be one of the world’s very first lithium mines in populated and agricultural area. The company claims that the envisioned mining will be in accordance with environmental protection requirements. The Jadar Valley deposits have been claimed to cover 90% of Europe’s current lithium needs. Yet, local opposition to the mining has arisen due to potential devastating impacts on groundwater, soil, water usage, biodiversity loss, and waste accumulation. Research drilling by the mining company has already produced environmental damage, with mine water containing high levels of boron leaking from exploratory wells and causing crops to dry out. Furthermore, our investigations reveal substantially elevated downstream concentrations of boron, arsenic, and lithium in nearby rivers as compared to upstream regions. Additionally, here we show that soil samples exhibit repeated breaches of remediation limit values with environmental consequences on both surface and underground waters. With the opening of the mine, problems will be multiplied by the tailings pond, mine wastewater, noise, air pollution, and light pollution, endangering the lives of numerous local communities and destroying their freshwater sources, agricultural land, livestock, and assets.

Ablation simulation of integral woven gradient three‐dimensional thermal protection structures for planetary exploration

AbstractFor the harsh entry environment and higher thermal protection requirements, two structures of three‐dimensional woven gradient thermal protection materials were designed and prepared with the deep space exploration thermal protection system as the object. They are 3D orthogonal woven, 2.5D layer‐to‐layer angle interlock woven, 2.5D layer‐layer angle interlock woven structure(OLL) composite and 3D orthogonal woven, angle 2.5D layer‐to‐layer angle interlock woven, honeycomb structure(OLH) composite. Two materials were prepared and examined by ablation in an oxygen‐acetylene flame. A three‐dimensional macroscopic ablation model was established on the basis of the experiment, and the model was verified to be accurate and effective, which can well respond to the pyrolytic ablation process of the materials. The two designed materials are applied to the outsole of MSL by simulation, and the three‐dimensional response during the entry into Mars is simulated and analyzed in comparison with the thermal protection performance of PICA material. Both materials show better thermal protection than PICA and can be used as a reference in the selection of thermal protection materials.Highlights Two kinds of 3D gradient woven thermal protection materials are designed. A 3D thermal protection system response model is established. The three‐dimensional response during entry was analyzed. Thermal protection of the material is superior to that of PICA.

Optimization of scale inhibitor and adsorption enhancer during squeeze process in offshore oilfields

To solve the problem that scale in oilfields can lead to a reduction of formation permeability and blockage of wellbore and production system pipelines, through the scale inhibitor-formation water compatibility experiment and the minimum effective scale inhibitor concentration experiment, three different types of surfactants are selected as adsorption promoters. Three different types of surfactants were selected as adsorption–desorption accelerators through dynamic core adsorption–desorption experiments. The results of the indoor experiment show that the three types of scale prevention agents selected can meet the environmental protection requirements of the sea area. The static scale prevention rate at high temperature (>120 °C) exceeds 80%, and the minimum effective concentration is less than 3.5 mg L−1. The preferred cation Gemini surfactant has a stable adsorption enhancement effect of the scale inhibitor under different water-bearing conditions and can effectively extend the squeezing life under complex formation conditions. The results improve the comprehensive economic benefits of the field and provide technical feasibility to significantly improve the scale prevention efficiency of the field.

Research on the Performance and Application of a Low-Carbon Waste-Recycling Cement

This paper mainly introduces the history of the formation and development of an ultra-high performance low-carbon waste-utilizing cement (fast-setting and fast-hardening high-belite sulphoaluminate cement). This cement not only uses a large amount of solid waste (fly ash, blast furnace slag, industrial waste gypsum, alkali slag, etc.) as raw materials, and the waste utilization can reach 40%~95%, but also has a calcination temperature of 150~200℃ and 50 ℃ lower than that of traditional ordinary Portland cement and sulphoaluminate cement, and the carbon emission is equivalent to 30%~60% and 50%~80%. Through the elaboration of its main mineral composition, chemical composition, physical properties and action mechanism, the reasons for its excellent properties such as good whiteness, fast setting and hardening, high late strength, and small dimensional deformation are analyzed. And the application research is focused on the fields of inorganic flooring, airports, road quick repair, prefabricated walls, ultra-light and efficient A-level fire insulation, cement crafts, inorganic artificial stone, and UHPC ultra-high performance concrete. At present, there are many types of low-carbon cement in the world, including Porsol cement, Alinit cement, Celitement cement, Japanese eco-cement, multi-component high-mixture cement, high-belite cement, Anther cement, BCT cement, etc., but most of the products have a slow coagulation and hardening speed, and cannot meet the needs of rapid demolding, turnover, and traffic opening for mortar, concrete, cement products or pavements; at the same time, the production process is complicated and cumbersome, the later strength is low, the deformation is large, and the durability is poor. Therefore, in the actual promotion process in the engineering field, there are great difficulties and many constraints. Among them, Aether cement and BCT cement belong to the belite-sulfoaluminate cement system. Aether cement has 6h early strength performance. Compared with Portland cement (burning temperature1400~1500℃), it can significantly reduce production energy consumption, reduce CO2 emissions by 25%~30% per ton of cement, and the 28-day compressive strength reaches the strength level of standard cement (CEMⅠ52.5R); the size shrinkage of this concrete is less than 50% of that of OPC concrete, but its raw materials still use limestone, bauxite, gypsum, iron raw materials and marl raw materials, without effective utilization of bulk industrial waste, and CO2 emissions are far from meeting the low-carbon environmental protection requirements. BCT cement can be produced at a lower temperature (1250~1300℃), and its raw materials use industrial waste residues such as limestone, marl, fly ash and industrial by-product gypsum. CO2 emissions are 30% lower than traditional OPC cement clinker, but there is no early hourly strength, and the strength after 1~2 days is higher than that of ordinary Portland cement. This is far from the goal of using bulk industrial waste as raw materials to produce green, low-carbon, energy-saving and high-performance cement materials, which is currently widely used at home and abroad. At the same time, the above-mentioned low-carbon cement cannot effectively and reasonably control key indicators such as cement whiteness value, early strength before 4 hours, and dimensional change rate, and cannot meet the requirements of high-performance cement. At the same time, the production process is not mature and stable enough, and there is still a long way to go to meet the comprehensive popularization of production industrialization and promotion scale.