Energy Efficiency Requirements Research Articles

USE OF PULVERIZED COAL FUEL FOR PREHEATING SCRAP

Preheating of scrap in the converter is an actual area of ​​research in modern metallurgy. The growing requirements for energy efficiency and the reduction of raw material costs encourage the development of new technological solutions to increase the share of scrap metal in the charge of converter production. Traditional methods are often limited to the use of no more than 25% of scrap, which is associated with difficulties in its uniform heating and the possible formation of a liquid phase as a result of local overheating. The work evaluates the effectiveness of traditional and experimental technological solutions, such as two-tier and fuel-oxygen nozzles. The stages of ignition and burning of lump coal and pulverized coal fuel and their influence on the uniformity of scrap heating were studied. Experimental studies have shown that with a specific oxygen consumption of 1-1.35 m³/kg of pulverized coal fuel, uniform heating of scrap metal is ensured without the risk of melting the upper layers. During the use of a fuel-oxygen lance, the following features of heating scrap metal using pulverized coal fuel, which was blown in an oxygen ring shell, were discovered: - during the combustion of coal dust in an oxygen environment, due to the significant total surface of coal particles, the bulk of volatile СmНn does not have time to separate before the beginning particle ignition, and carbon burns at the same rate as volatiles. This contributes to the formation of high-temperature torches with great luminosity, which effectively affect the surface of the scrap; - the coefficient of use of blown oxygen and pulverized coal fuel is significantly higher than when using lump gas coal during heating of any duration. This is due to the greater luminosity of the formed torches, which contributes to the intensive absorption of thermal energy by the surface of the scrap; - the time required to heat the surface of the scrap metal to the specified temperature is reduced, which allows you to avoid the formation of a liquid component that can lead to undesirable consequences, such as uneven heating or damage to the converter lining. Based on the results of experimental studies, the relationship between the specific oxygen consumption and the flame temperature was established. The ability to control the temperature regime during the heating of scrap metal indicates the prospects of using a fuel-oxygen nozzle made of PVP to optimize the converter production process. For the full implementation of the technology, additional research and industrial testing are needed to optimize processes and increase production efficiency.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF METAL SCRAP HEATING IN THE CONVERTER WITH A COAL TORCH

Increasing requirements for energy efficiency and the level of competitiveness of domestic metal products led to the development of new technological solutions to increase the share of scrap metal in the charge of oxygen-converter melting. Data on temperature distribution in the working space of the converter and in the layer of scrap metal during its pre-heating using standard oxygen or special fuel-oxygen nozzles are limited and do not go beyond the scope of scientific assumptions. The results of numerous simulations of the process of heating metal scrap in the working space of an oxygen converter with a high-temperature torch formed by burning pulverized coal fuel in an oxygen stream using a fuel-oxygen nozzle are presented. A mathematical model of heating scrap metal in the working space of the converter with a pulverized coal torch was built and its software implementation has been done in the Visual Studio 2022 environment in the C# language. With the help of the model, a series of RO-calculations was carried out, which proved its qualitative adequacy of the process under consideration. The results of the calculation with the determination of the fields of velocities and temperatures in the working space of the converter during the heating of scrap metal are presented. It was established that the direction of heat transfer is determined by gas flows caused by a high-temperature torch. Upon reaching the metal scrap, the gas flows lead to its gradual heating, which generally corresponds to the qualitative picture of the simulated process.The dependence of the distribution of gas flows on the shape of the surface of the scrap loaded into the converter is shown. It was established that local vortices can form in the depths of the scrap surface during heating by a high-temperature torch. But the general characteristic of the gas-dynamic picture in the working space of the converter is the formation of two global vortices: one near the torch with counterclockwise rotation (in the sections shown), and the other clockwise with the formation of downward gas flows near the inner surface of the converter. These vortices mainly determine the thermal pattern in the working space of the converter and, in particular, the fact that the scrap near the wall of the converter will warm up less.

Synergistic CO2 capture using PANI-polymerized UiO-66 embedded in PEBAX mixed matrix membranes

In this study, mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were fabricated using a composite of UiO-66 and polyaniline (PANI) integrated into a polyether-block-amide (PEBAX) matrix. The successful synthesis of the UiO-66 and PANI@UiO-66 composites and their incorporation into the PEBAX matrix were validated through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Quantitative permeation tests revealed that the CO2 permeability in UiO-66 based MMMs increased by 90 % at 30 % filler loading (from 82 to 156 Barrer), and by 45 % (from 82 to 119 Barrer) in PANI@UiO-66 based MMMs, alongside substantial improvements in selectivity. For UiO-66 membranes we observed a selectivity drop for both gas pairs (CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2) that led to our motivation to modify the MOF. The CO2/CH4 selectivity of the PANI@UiO-66 based MMMs enhanced from 22 to 29 (34%) and the CO2/N2 selectivity from 48 to 57 (18%). Mixed-gas permeation tests further confirmed the efficacy of the membranes in real-world separation scenarios. The diffusivity and solubility results provide insights into the gas transport mechanisms, revealing the synergistic effects of filler incorporation on membrane performance. The integration of UiO-66 and PANI with PEBAX offers a promising pathway for developing efficient and effective gas separation technologies, aligning with the industrial requirements for environmental sustainability and energy efficiency.

TECHNOLOGY OF QUALITY CONTROL OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS DURING PRINTING OF ELEMENTS OF ENERGY COMPLEXES

Additive manufacturing significantly impacts the energy sector through its ability to form complex geometries and optimize designs, enhancing the performance and reliability of energy systems and complexes. This type of manufacturing allows the creation of optimized parts considering energy efficiency and durability requirements, for example, heat exchangers can be designed and manufactured with a unique structure to improve their efficiency, and new energy devices and systems can be quickly prototyped for testing and optimization before mass production. The use of additive manufacturing can make parts production for energy complexes more localized and flexible, which is particularly beneficial when creating small and medium-sized energy systems. The paper discusses technologies for quality control of additive manufacturing products in the process of printing elements of energy complexes. Describes the state-of-the-art methods and controls used to ensure the high quality of 3D printed parts required for efficient operation of energy systems. Various aspects of inspection are covered, including printing process monitoring, flaw detection, material structure analysis, and geometric inspection. Examples are given of the use of various quality control methods in the context of the production of elements for energy complexes, making the article relevant for specialists in the field of additive manufacturing and energy. An analysis of existing printing technologies was carried out, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology that is used in the process of serial production of additive manufacturing products for elements of power plants and complexes were highlighted. Keywords: technologies ofadditive manufacturing, additive manufacturing quality control software,artificial intelligence, energy complexes.

Exploitation of extruded polystyrene (XPS) waste for lightweight, thermal insulation and rehabilitation building applications

The present article investigates the possibility of Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) waste to be used as a lightweight aggregate in cement-based materials for structural applications. The developed material offers a promising solution for rehabilitation and energy efficiency upgrades of existing civil infrastructures, providing thermal insulation without adding excessive weight to reinforced concrete structures. Through a comprehensive experimental approach, this contribution evaluates the mechanical and thermal performance of cement-based composites with varying XPS content (up to 100 %) as sand replacement. Results demonstrate a balance between enhanced thermal insulation and maintained mechanical robustness, with optimal XPS content ranges identified for specific application needs. The incorporation of XPS waste into construction materials supports sustainability by repurposing non-biodegradable materials, while meeting the dual requirements of structural performance and energy efficiency. This research supports the exploitation of XPS-modified cement-based materials in structural rehabilitation of existing structures and innovative construction applications, promoting greener and more efficient building materials that could be utilized in ground structures, such as buildings.

Developing administrative and process-related solutions for the benefit of residential construction projects

Housing construction is a key segment of economy in any country, as it satisfies the needs of population and ensures safe living conditions. This segment must take into account the requirements of safety, environmental friendliness, energy efficiency and limited mobility, resulting in high-quality construction products within pre-set deadlines. Due to the fact that many parties are involved in the construction of buildings, numerous processes are underway. As a result, various risk factors may arise. They may cause a failure to meet deadlines and lower quality of work. The authors propose administrative and process-related solutions aimed at eliminating the most substantial risk factors. The study solves the following tasks: analyzing the general contractor's activity in residential construction; studying risk factors that affect the building construction period; identifying actions aimed at mitigating risk factors by applying administrative and process-related solutions; developing and implementing a novel method developed on the basis of the research projects. An expert survey was conducted among the top specialists from the construction industry, and a list of risk factors arising during the construction of residential buildings was made. As a result, a method is developed that enables the pre-assessment of potential construction risk factors and elimination or minimization of their effect. This method reduces the period of construction, improves the quality of construction facilities and, on the whole, increases labor productivity.

Comparative Study of Different Alternative Fuel Options for Shipowners Based on Carbon Intensity Index Model Under the Background of Green Shipping Development

The International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s annual operational carbon intensity index (CII) rating requires that from 1 January 2023, all applicable ships meet both technical and operational energy efficiency requirements. In this paper, we conduct a comparative study of different alternative fuel options based on a CII model from the perspective of shipowners. The advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuel options, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ammonia, and hydrogen, are presented. A numerical example using data from three China Ocean Shipping (Group) shipping lines is analyzed. It was found that the overall attained CII of different ship types showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the ship’s deadweight tonnage. A larger ship size choice can obtain better carbon emission reduction for the carbon emission reduction investment program using alternative fuels. The recommended options of using LNG fuel and zero-carbon fuel (ammonia and hydrogen) on Route 1 and Route 3 during the study period were analyzed for the shipowners. Carbon reduction scenarios using low-carbon fuels (LNG and methanol) and zero-carbon fuels (ammonia and hydrogen) on Route 2 are in line with IMO requirements for CII.

Comparative Analysis of Next-Generation Space Computing Applications on AMD-Xilinx Versal Architecture

Space computing has unique considerations that limit the achievable performance capabilities of onboard processing. Due to these limiting factors, current state-of-the-art devices for space computing are unable to meet the performance and energy-efficiency requirements for next-generation communication, navigation, and artificial-intelligence applications planned for future science and exploration missions. Space designers are transitioning to domain-specific architectures with specialized acceleration hardware, such as the AMD-Xilinx Versal Adaptive System-on-Chip, to address these issues. This heterogeneous platform provides developers with several processing subsystems that allow for mission-specific customization, including scalar processing units, programmable logic, and AI engine technology enabled by vector processing units. In this paper, performance, power-consumption, energy-efficiency, and resource-utilization tradeoffs for each Versal processing subsystem are evaluated by benchmarking a suite of representative next-generation artificial-intelligence and communication applications for space. This evaluation yields a design tradespace that mission designers can use to determine the Pareto-optimal solution for an artificial-intelligence or communication application based on performance requirements and power constraints. Additionally, this evaluation demonstrates that the performance and energy-efficiency benefits of the AI engines for space computing are significant; however, they are curtailed by considerably more power consumption than the scalar processors and programmable logic.

Analysis of methods for reducing the signal PAPR under the influence of the Doppler effect in hybrid communication networks

Background. For further development of communication networks, it is planned to use hybrid satellite networks for traffic transmission. However, satellite communication channels have features such as distortion caused by the Doppler effect and increased energy efficiency requirements. Aim of this study is to analyze variants of orthogonal frequency multiplexing methods and modulation methods in order to choose the most stable technology, taking into account destabilizing factors. Method. Comparing different signal processing technologies and studying their resistance to bit errors is the imitation modeling of the communication channel in the Matlab environment. This approach allows creating a model of the communication network, taking into account the main parameters of communication channels, such as the Doppler effect, energy deficiency and destabilizing factors. Results. The distribution of the bit error coefficient for various signal processing technologies, depending on the signal-to-noise ratio, is compared. The method of frequency multiplexing is defined, providing the minimum peak factor and the most resistant to bit error. It is also noted that the effectiveness of all the studied technologies depends on the spacing and modulation constellations, and that it is necessary to adjust the characteristics of the system for each case. Conclusion. The results of this study can be used to improve the quality of communication in difficult interference conditions of hybrid mobile networks of 5 and 6 generations using the satellite segment.

Analytical and Experimental Study of the Start of the Chip Removal in Rotational Turning

The present challenges in the automotive industry require the development and practical implication of novel machining procedures, which will provide appropriate solutions. These procedures should still meet the requirements of productivity, surface quality and energy efficiency. The further development of novel machining procedures introduces new problems that did not occur (or occurred to a lesser extent) with traditionally applied procedures. Rotational turning has come to the attention of production engineers in the previous decade since it can be used to machine ground-like surfaces in an ecologically friendly and highly productive manner. However, the chip removal characteristic is slightly different from traditional turning due to the applied special kinematic relation and complex tool edge geometry. The run-in phase will take longer, which is the time period between the first contact of the tool and the formation of a constant chip cross-sectional area. The clarification of the chip formation is important in any machining procedure. To achieve this goal, the geometric parameters of the chip must be determined. Since the start of the chip removal is a crucial stage in rotational turning due to its length, the chip height, chip width and the cross-sectional area of the chip should be separately defined in the initial stage. Therefore, in this paper, the initial phase of chip removal in rotational turning is studied. The increasing cross-sectional area of the chip is determined analytically by the application of the previously elaborated equation of the cut surface. Calculating formulas are defined for the different stages of the start of the chip removal, which could be used in the forthcoming studies to analyze the chip formation. The effects of different determining parameters are analyzed theoretically by the deduced formulas of the run-in phase and practical experiments are also carried out. The analytical and experimental analyses showed that increasing feed also increases the dynamic load on the cutting edge, while the depth of cut lowers the growth of the characteristic parameters of the chip, which results in a lower dynamic load on the tool.

Optoelectronic Reconfigurable Logic Gates Based on Two-Dimensional Vertical Field-Effect Transistors.

Optoelectronic reconfigurable logic gates are promising candidates to meet the multifunctional and energy-efficient requirements of integrated circuits. However, complex device architectures need more power and hinder multifunctional device applications. Here, we design vertical field-effect transistors (VFET) based on the two-dimensional (2D) graphene/MoS2/WSe2/graphene van der Waals heterojunction forming ohmic and Schottky contact. The modulation of the Schottky barrier via gate bias enables the device to switch between positive and negative photocurrents, which can effectively achieve optoelectronic reconfigurable logic gates (XNOR, NOR, NAND, AND, OR, and Inhibit) in a single device. Particularly, the transistor number is reduced by 75% for ("XNOR", "NOR", "NAND") and 83% for ("AND", "OR") gates compared to traditional logic circuits. This work provides a promising route for using a single device to realize optoelectronic reconfigurable logic gates, which can advance the development of high-speed, high-throughput, and intricate data processing in future optical computing applications.

A cotton waste reinforced composite for automotive applications: development and thermal characterization

Fibre-reinforced composites are largely used in automobiles and building materials in various forms. Thermal insulation and acoustic characteristics are being mainly considered in building construction and automotive applications to meet overall comfort conditions as well as fulfil energy efficiency requirements. It is critical to look for new and sustainable approaches to increasing the thermal characteristics of the composites. Integration of various wastes is one of the most sustainable and efficient methods for increasing the thermal characteristics of composites. The present work is aimed to investigate the thermal insulation performance of cotton waste-reinforced composites using both epoxy and modified epoxy using the C-THERM thermal conductivity analyzer according to ASTM C518 standards. A computational model of randomly dispersed epoxy matrix interphase with cotton fibers is developed and validated with experimental results. It was observed that the thermal conductivity is higher when the combination of 40% flake cotton waste and 60% matrix material is used, both for epoxy and modified epoxy. The thermal conductivity for epoxy composites is 0.5715 W/mK, while for modified epoxy composites it is 0.4935 W/mK. The results indicate that modified epoxy composites exhibit better thermal insulation properties, as they have lower thermal conductivity values compared to epoxy composites. The modified epoxy composite is considered the best for thermal insulation, can be utilised in various automotive applications, such as partitioning panels, automotive panels, brake pads, and similar applications.

A Study on Energy Efficiency Requirements of Indian Green Building Council Green Homes and Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment under Cold Climate

A Study on Energy Efficiency Requirements of Indian Green Building Council Green Homes and Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment under Cold Climate

New electric starter system based on on-board power network with hydrogen energy storage

Current trends in industries related to autonomous, mobile objects, such as aircraft manufacturing, are aimed at increasing the share of electrification or completely replacing all units in favor of electric ones. Replacing components and assemblies with fully electric ones corresponds to the concept of a fully electric aircraft, which is based on new power sources and sources of electric propulsion, such as lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen batteries, and sources based on renewable energy. At the same time, the requirements for energy efficiency and weight and size parameters of components and assemblies are increasing. These needs can be met through the multi-purpose use of equipment, as well as through new systems that combine a number of functions.The article discusses the use of an aircraft three-stage synchronous generator as a starting device for a gas turbine engine. The problems associated with the use of a three-stage generator are analyzed and a method for solving them is proposed. The article presents a method for creating a starting torque using the reactive component of the electromagnetic torque for a synchronous salient pole generator. The analysis was carried out from the point of view of the formation of electromagnetic torque in an aircraft generator using a voltage inverter. A generalized expression for the torque is obtained, regulated and controlled by the electrical parameters of the frequency converter.

Application of a cost-effective methodology for the refurbishment of DOCOMOMO buildings. A case study in Northern Spain

The energy rehabilitation of listed buildings guaranteeing heritage values but allowing a use that contributes to their conservation, supposes a challenge with the need of a holistic approach. Buildings of the Modern Movement, many of which are registered as DOCOMOMO (DOcumentation and COnservation of buildings, sites and neighbourhoods of the MOdern Movement), are a particular case since many of them are not yet listed or are under unclear requirements. This paper explores the inclusion of a cost-effective methodology as part of the decision-making in the energy rehabilitation of these DOCOMOMO buildings, applying it to the case study of an office building located in the north of Spain. Different scenarios were studied balancing cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency and rehabilitation requirements. In this case study, the analysis may allow policymakers to have supportive arguments to subsidize certain elements (as e.g., steel frames), or allow the use of alternative options with similar aesthetic characteristics, but at a much lower cost. This second option will constitute the unique cost-effective scenario, with energy savings of between 25.36 % and 38.8 %. The inclusion of a cost-effective methodology as part of the mechanics for decision-making in the energy refurbishment of DOCOMOMO buildings permits the optimisation of the intervention guaranteeing their use and the conservation of heritage values.

Spent Coffee Grounds-Based Thermoplaster System to Improve Heritage Building Energy Efficiency: A Case Study in Madonie Park in Sicily

This study reports on the application of an innovative plastering system that reuses organic waste, namely spent coffee grounds (SCG), to improve energy efficiency in historical buildings according to the European Green Deal. The case study was conducted in the village of Polizzi Generosa, selected from 21 small villages located in the extensive UNESCO Geopark of Madonie Park in Sicily. Over time, traditional plasters used in Madonie buildings have shown durability issues due to thermal and hygrometric stresses caused by significant temperature fluctuations in the area. Moreover, much of the considered architectural heritage lacks energy efficiency. Given the global increase in coffee production and the need for more sustainable waste management systems, this investigation proposes an ecological method to reuse SCG in plaster formulation, thereby enhancing the circular economy. To achieve this, many thermoplaster formulations were developed, and the best-performing one, considering both material and aesthetic compatibility with historical buildings, was selected for a real-world application. Additionally, virtual modeling and energy simulations were conducted to test the energy performance of a traditional building in Polizzi Generosa using SCG-based thermoplaster in comparison to traditional lime mortar and commercial alternatives. The real-world application demonstrated the technical feasibility of the process, and the energy simulations showed an improved building masonry energy performance of 0.788 W/m2K and an 11% improvement compared to traditional plaster. Results clearly indicate that SCG can be successfully reused to produce eco-friendly bio composite plasters, providing a more sustainable housing option. This approach offers a durable and cost-effective alternative for housing solutions that meet regulatory requirements for energy efficiency, serving as a smart, highly sustainable, and long-lasting choice for the construction sector. Finally, this result supports the research goal of transforming the 21 municipalities of Madonie into smart and green villages, with the “Smart Coffee-House” exemplifying intelligent rehabilitation processes of existing heritage buildings.

Bioclimatic design strategies and energy efficiency in an orthopaedic hospital in Nigerian cities: A cross-sectional study

2050 building stock might be buildings that already exist today. A large percentage of these buildings fail today’s energy performance standards. Highly inefficient buildings delay progress toward a zero-carbon-building goal (SDGs 7 and 13) and can lead to investments in renewable energy infrastructure. The study aims to investigate how bioclimatic design strategies enhance energy efficiency in selected orthopaedic hospitals in Nigeria. The study objective includes Identifying the bioclimatic design strategies that improve energy efficiency in orthopaedic hospitals, assessing the energy efficiency requirements in an orthopaedic hospital in Nigeria and analysing the effects of bioclimatic design strategies in enhancing energy efficiency in an orthopaedic hospital in Nigeria. The study engaged a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research method. The investigators used case study research as a research design and a deductive approach as the research paradigm. The research employed a questionnaire survey for quantitative data while the in-depth Interview (IDI) guide and observation schedule for qualitative data. The findings present a relationship between bioclimatic design strategies and energy conservation practices in an orthopaedic hospital building. Therefore, implementing bioclimatic design strategies might enhance energy efficiency in hospital buildings. The result of the study revealed that bioclimatic hospital designs may cost the same amount to build but can save a great deal on energy costs. Despite the challenges, healthcare designers and owners are finding new ways to integrate bioclimatic design strategies into new healthcare construction to accelerate patient and planet healing.

The evolution of 2D vdW ferroelectric materials: Theoretical prediction, experiment confirmation, applications

Since J. Valasek first discovered ferroelectric materials in 1920, researchers have been exploring continuously in various fields through theory and experiments. With the rapid development of the computing technology, energy efficiency and size requirements of semiconductor devices are becoming increasingly demanding. However, the conventional ferroelectric materials, which have been limited by physical size restrictions, can no longer satisfy the above requirements. Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials can effectively overcome the size limitation of traditional ferroelectrics due to the weak van der Waals force between layers, which is easy to thin while retaining their own unique properties. Currently, a small number of 2D materials have been proved to be ferroelectric properties by experiments and have shown great application potential in nanoscale electrical and optoelectronic devices, expected to become the leaders of next-generation computing. In this review, the current 2D ferroelectric materials are summarized and discussed in detail from seven aspects: theoretical prediction, fabrication methods, ferroelectric characterization methods, principles of typical 2D ferroelectrics, optimization methods of ferroelectric performance, application, and challenges. Finally, the development of 2D ferroelectric materials looks into the future.

Literature Review on Experimental Analysis of Domestic Refrigerator

Abstract: This literature review paper delves into the experimental analysis of the performance of domestic refrigerators, a cornerstone of modern household appliances. The review synthesizes a broad spectrum of studies that examine the efficiency, energy consumption, cooling capacity, and overall performance of various domestic refrigerator models. Key focus areas include the impact of different refrigerants, advancements in compressor technology, insulation materials, and the role of smart technologies in enhancing refrigerator performance. The review highlights experimental methodologies employed to assess refrigerator performance, such as standardized testing protocols, real-world usage simulations, and advanced diagnostic techniques. It also discusses the influence of external factors like ambient temperature, door opening frequency, and load variability on refrigerator efficiency. Comparative analyses within the literature reveal trends in energy efficiency improvements, driven by regulatory standards and consumer demand for environmentally friendly appliances. The integration of alternative refrigerants, such as R600a (isobutane), is examined for its environmental benefits and performance implications. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in current research and suggesting directions for future experimental studies. Emphasis is placed on the need for continued innovation in refrigeration technologies to meet growing energy efficiency and environmental sustainability requirements. Overall, this literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the experimental evaluation techniques and findings related to domestic refrigerator performance, offering insights that can guide future research and development in this vital field.

ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTIONS OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN HOT-DRY AND HOT-HUMID REGIONS OF IRAN

Iran is characterized by a diverse climate spectrum, covering a temperate and humid climate in the north of the country and in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea, a cold climate in the west and in the Zagros mountain range, as well as hot dry and hot-humid conditions prevailing in the central part , in the east, in the Persian Gulf region and in the south of the country. This article focuses on the analysis of architectural features of school buildings in hot-dry and hot-humid regions of Iran, taking into account the specifics of the climate of these areas. The main attention is paid to effective orientation of buildings in relation to the sun, optimization of air conditioning systems, adaptation of lighting to the needs of educational spaces, use of green spaces to create shading, as well as selection of the form and design of school interiors and selection of appropriate building materials. Architectural solutions determined by the climatic features of these regions are being considered in order to increase energy efficiency and ensure user comfort. Considering that schools belong to the category of buildings with a high level of energy consumption, such as electricity, water and gas, adaptation of architectural design to climatic conditions can significantly reduce energy costs. The article offers an overview of suitable climate-adapted architectural solutions for school buildings in certain regions of Iran, emphasizing the importance of an integrated design approach in the context of modern requirements for energy efficiency and sustainable development.