Code Requirements Research Articles

Collapse-based seismic design method

Continuing the structural analysis until the model reaches its ultimate capacity using an incremental nonlinear time history analysis can incorporate all the behavioral complexities of the structure. This approach ensures that all factors influencing the seismic behavior of structures, which can be simulated in numerical modeling, are fully considered in the analysis. This technique addresses many shortcomings in seismic analysis and structural design, using simple criteria for the accurate design of members. With this perspective, this paper explores the collapse-based seismic design method and provides an approach to determine the ultimate tolerable seismic intensity for a structure, or an appropriate collapse seismic intensity. It also establishes design criteria based on the maximum capacity of structural members under maximum loading and utilizes the endurance time method to perform incremental nonlinear time history analysis quickly and easily. Evaluations show that models designed using this method achieve the desired performance level at different seismic hazard levels, provide sufficient seismic capacity, meet all minimum requirements of the seismic code and standards, and are optimized. Therefore, the procedure presented in this paper is introduced for the analysis, design, evaluation, and retrofitting of structures with simple, accurate, and uniform principles.

Adoption of quick response codes as a digital microlearning tool among clinical nurses: a quasi-experimental study.

The rapid growth of technology forced enormous changes in the provision of healthcare services. Different strategies are used to keep nurses up to date with rapid changes in health systems. Microlearning is one of the new methods of teaching professional skills to health workers. This method is effective in care settings that have many limitations in terms of time and place. However, it is very important to test the acceptability of this method among nurses before practical measures are taken for its widespread use. This study aimed to determine nurses' acceptance rate of quick response code as a microlearning tool in workplace. This is a cross-sectional study was conducted in medical and surgical wards in hospitals affiliated to Guilan University of Medical Sciences. 185 nurses participated in the study. A number of selected medical devices were labeled with quick response codes containing educational content. The eligible nurses were instructed how to use the QR codes. After two months, they were asked to complete a questionnaire adapted from the technology acceptance model 3. SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the data. 166 nurses and 19 head nurses with mean age of 34.26 ± 8.17 years and mean work experience of 10.46 ± 7.64 years completed the questionnaires. Most participants were female, married, with a bachelor's degree, worked on rotating shifts, in medical wards. The findings showed that the acceptance of the quick response code as a learning tool was at a moderate level (M = 66.1, SD = 16.6). Statistically, there was no significant relationship between nurses' demographic characteristics and the total acceptance rate (P > 0.05). However, the analyses at the multivariate level, using multiple linear regression, showed a significant superiority of the total acceptance score in head nurses compared to nurses (b = 7.97, P = 0.047) and in nurses who had previous experience of using quick response codes, compared to colleagues without such experience (b = 5.18, P = 0.036). Based on the coefficient of determination, only 6.1% of the changes in the total acceptance score of quick response codes of nurses are explained by their personal-occupational characteristics (R2 = 0.061). The provision of QR code requirements such as necessary infrastructure and training by the health authorities could increase the acceptance of this tool as a microlearning measure.

Ensuring Stable Operation of Wind Farms Connected to Distribution Networks

Wind farms with type IV wind turbines from various manufacturers are being massively put into operation. These wind turbines comply with the requirements of the grid codes of the countries where they are designed and/or manufactured, but do not factor in the specific features of the distribution networks of other countries to which they are connected. The study at issue involves a comparative analysis of the requirements of grid codes of different countries for the stable operation of wind turbines under standard disturbances. The low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic makes it possible to prevent wind turbine shutdowns in case of short-term voltage dips of a given depth and duration. The calculations of transient processes indicate that wind turbines may not meet the requirements of the grid code of a particular country for their stable operation. As a result, standard disturbances will block the reactive current injection and the wind turbine will be switched off. This is often caused by the relay protection devices with a time delay of 1–2 s, which are used in distribution networks and implement the functions of long-range redundancy. Excessive shutdowns of wind turbines lead to emergency rises in the loads for the generating units of conventional power plants, aggravating the post-accident conditions and disconnecting consumers of electricity. This article presents a method for checking the LVRT characteristic settings for compliance with the technical requirements for wind turbines. To prevent wind turbine outages, one should either change the configuration of the LVRT characteristic, upgrade the relay protection devices in the distribution network adjacent to the wind farm, or implement group or individual technical solutions at the wind farm. The performance of the proposed technical solutions is confirmed by the calculations of transient processes.

Synchronous LoRa sensor nodes for modal identification in footbridge vibration monitoring

AbstractThis article aims at presenting a preliminary investigation of using long-range and low-cost LoRa (Long Range) technology and two synchronous LoRa sensor nodes for cost-effective footbridge structural health monitoring (SHM). Two sensor nodes with LoRa modules and accelerometers were employed for vibration monitoring and a new attempt was made to use synchronous LoRa nodes for modal identification. In this article, a modal identification method based on a lightweight synchronization concept was proposed. This method is able to identify the fundamental mode of vibrating beam structures. Meanwhile, maximum accelerations can also be tracked periodically from the simultaneously recorded acceleration data by the synchronous LoRa nodes. Specifically, synchronization was achieved through the wireless peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between the two LoRa nodes, with the aim of initializing simultaneous acceleration recordings. The fundamental frequency and the phase information derived from the on-board calculation of the synchronized nodes can then be used to effectively identify the vertical bending mode and torsion mode. A series of laboratory tests were also conducted on a beam structure for the purpose of validation. The test results showed that the fundamental mode of the vibrating beam can be obtained rapidly and accurately using the synchronized LoRa nodes, with an average synchronization accuracy of 4.45 ms. The maximum acceleration data recorded by the LoRa nodes also showed high accuracy when compared with the raw acceleration data collected from a commercial Bluetooth accelerometer node. The fundamental frequencies obtained from both types of nodes also compare reasonably. The proposed modal identification method using two synchronous LoRa sensor nodes provides a basis for the development of a low-cost footbridge SHM system with the integration of IoT techniques. An attempt has been made to perform a preliminary field test on a cable-stayed footbridge, where the fundamental frequency and the mode shape type of the footbridge were successfully identified and its serviceability condition was also found to satisfy the code requirements.

Energy audit based identification of energy efficiency improvement opportunities for existing houses

Energy efficiency in the building has two dimensions; efficient use of energy resources and energy conservation. Energy-efficient houses play a critical role in energy conservation and achieving sustainable built environment goals. The energy efficiency of a house depends on its building envelope (design, orientation, and energy properties of construction material) and operational characteristics appliance efficiency, energy consumption patterns). Rather than merely ensuring new houses are energy-efficient, it is vital to energy retrofit existing houses. Energy audits can assist in evaluating the energy efficiency of existing houses and identify improvement measures. The main objectives of this study were to identify efficiency improvement opportunities through an energy audit of houses and apartments in Karachi. A detailed energy audit checklist was prepared using literature, standards, expert review, and code requirements. Data was collected through physical and owner-assisted virtual audits of 58 houses in six districts of Karachi. Architectural plans, information about doors, windows, air ducts, thermal images, historical data, and material properties were collected. Audit tools included; an anemometer and thermal imagining camera during physical audits. Android applications were used during owner-assisted audits. Data were analyzed for developing descriptive graphs, U and R-values, Pareto charts, and district-wise mapping of energy properties of the material. As a result, energy improvement opportunities were proposed. These are focused on building envelope aspects, including; window orientation, minimizing air infiltration, and using heatresistant paint. Improvement measures were confirmed through thermal imaging of selected buildings.

Should we value rain harvesting more in Türkiye for mitigating precipitation extremes

Mitigating precipitation extremes is a major issue due to destructive global warming and climate change. Heavy rainfall and drought have posed a threat to human life and ecology. That said, new strategies and new action plans are needed at local and global levels through needed cooperation from different stakeholders to handle the possible risks associated with precipitation extremes. Turkey has become one of the most vulnerable countries involved in climate change due to its geographical location, rapid urbanization, and deforestation. Many forests have been destroyed to make room for agriculture, animal grazing as well as for manufacturing and construction. The impact has caused complications in landscapes. Precipitation extremes, such as heavy rainfalls and drought, are posing significant threats for many cities in Turkey. In recent years Turkey has faced a large number of extreme events regarding precipitation. In this line, the present study aims to explore the potential benefits of rainwater harvesting (RHH) in mitigating precipitation extremes by overviewing regulatory actions of rainwater harvesting and best practices worldwide. In addition an interview-based survey was conducted with domain experts in the water management field to better understand the current challenges of stormwater management in Turkey and discuss the role of rainwater harvesting against precipitation extremes. The results of the study have shown that Turkey has several problems with infrastructure to mitigate precipitation extremes, such as shortcomings in capacity and old water management systems, unseparated water collection and sewage systems, and lack of green infrastructure. In addition to urbanization, expansion in industry and tourism may cause water unavailability. The study has also indicated that many authorities around the globe try to boost RWH use by stipulating or encouraging RWH through incentives to save a large amount of water by implementing different projects. This research has argued that RWH promises several benefits thanks to its cost-effectiveness and contribution to water storage. Therefore, this study has recommended that policymakers should take immediate action against precipitation extremes by introducing new regulations, such as mandating rainwater harvesting for old buildings, industrial and touristic places. Preparing new guidelines and applying rooftop RWH systems that comply with Building Code requirements should also be considered for the widespread use of rainwater in rural and urban areas.

Evaluation of Minimum Web Reinforcement Requirements for Slender and Non-Slender Beams

Prescriptive shear requirements in the U.S. from the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318 (2019), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Load and Resistance Factor Design (AASHTO LRFD) Bridge Design Specifications (2020), and the fédération international du béton Model Code ( fib MC) (2010) include a minimum web reinforcement requirement. In general, slender beams require a minimum area of web reinforcement equal to 0.08% of the cross-section, while non-slender beams require up to 0.30%, or roughly three times more than the slender beam requirement. This investigation aims to evaluate the discrepancy between these requirements in relation to the strength and serviceability behavior of experimental test data. This is carried out through an analysis of existing and peer-reviewed databases. The results show that the minimum web reinforcement needed to ensure shear strength is consistent with code requirements for slender beams, but not non-slender beams. The minimum web reinforcement needed to restrain crack widths is consistent with code requirements for non-slender beams, but not slender beams. Thus, the prescriptive web reinforcement requirements for slender and non-slender beams do not appear to be derived from the same criteria. The requirement for slender beams is derived based on these members achieving their predicted strength, while the requirement for non-slender beams is derived based on the width of in-service cracks.

Enhanced fault classification in inverter-fed transmission lines using deep learning

Abstract The conventional power transmission system with synchronous generators is protected with phase angle-based approach that decides which type of faut is occurred on the transmission line system. However, the phase angle-based fault classification method is no longer applicable for systems that have integrated Inverter Based Resources (IBR). The control technology employed for grid integration of renewable sources controls the fault current magnitude depending upon Grid code requirements which results in mal operation of relay. A new fault classification scheme is proposed in this paper which aims at precise faulty phase selection using deep learning techniques. Deep learning techniques have gained significance in the field of protection because of the big data availability from Phasor Measurement Units (PMU’s). This paper describes a new approach of fault classification for systems connected to renewables with the application of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Deep learning network.

О коллизии норм гражданского законодательства в части определения порядка управления автономной некоммерческой организацией

Introduction. The article is devoted to the comparative legal analysis of the civil legislation norms establishing the requirements to the management of an autonomous non-profit organisation, which allowed us to identify the conflict of certain provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law ‘On Non-Profit Organisations’. Resolving the identified contradictions requires amendments to the special legislation on non-profit organisations to bring it into line with the requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The aim of the work is to propose improvements to the Russian legislation on non-profit organisations, in particular, determining the procedure for managing autonomous non-profit organisations. Methods. When writing the article, the author used the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of cognition, namely, analysis and synthesis, as well as such specific scientific methods as comparative-legal, formal-logical and other methods. Results. Based on the study of the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law ‘On Non-Profit Organisations’, the measures to resolve the identified conflict regarding the definition of management of an autonomous non-profit organisation are proposed. Guided by the principle of priority of a codified normative act, the author proposes to exclude from the Federal Law ‘On Non-Profit Organisations’ the norms that contradict the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which will make it possible to distinguish the competing norms of the above legal acts and preserve the norms concerning public legal aspects of the status of a non- profit society.

Teaching the New Ways: Improving Resident Documentation for the New 2023 Coding Requirements

Teaching the New Ways: Improving Resident Documentation for the New 2023 Coding Requirements

Production-oriented approach for optimal mass-customisation of floor panel layouts in cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings

PurposeThis study aims to develop a production-oriented approach for optimal mass-customisation of floor panel layouts in cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings. The study enables meeting building clients’ unique floor plan requirements at an optimal cost and simultaneously enhances manufacturers’ profit by minimising material and manufacturing process waste.Design/methodology/approachThe present research uses a hybrid approach consisting of field data collection, mathematical modelling, development of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and scenario analysis. Field data includes engineered timber production information, design data and building code requirements. The study adopts the Flexible Demand Assignment (FDA) technique to formulate a mathematical model for optimising the design of mass timber buildings and employs GA to identify optimal production solutions. Scenario analysis is performed to validate model outputs.FindingsThe proposed model successfully determines the load-bearing wall placement and building spans and specifications of floor panels that result in optimal production efficiency and the desired architectural layout. The results indicate that buildings made of a single category of thickness of panels but customised in various lengths to suit building layout are the most profitable scenario for CLT manufacturers and are a cost-effective option for clients.Originality/valueThe originality of the present study lies in its mathematical and model-driven approach towards implementing mass customisation in multi-storey buildings. The proposed model has been developed and validated based on a comprehensive set of real-world data and constraints.

Shear capacity of slender FRP-RC beams utilizing a hybrid ANN with the firefly optimizer

The popularity of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars as a structural element has soared due to their advantageous mechanical and physical properties. Despite an abundance of code requirements and heuristic equations, engineers specializing in structural retrofitting and analysis often struggle to utilize a suitable yet precise equation. This study introduces a novel approach by presenting a firefly optimization algorithm (FOA) combined with an artificial neural network (ANN)—termed as FOA-ANN—as an advanced hybrid machine learning model. The primary objective is to predict the shear capacity of slender FRP reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beams without stirrup. An extensive experimental database of slender FRP-RC beams without stirrup was compiled. Leveraging this database and the proposed hybrid method, a simple yet accurate closed-form equation for determining the shear capacity of slender FRP-RC beams without stirrup was formulated. Additionally, a selection of pre-existing equations was provided for comparison of accuracy. Results indicate that the suggested FOA-ANN equation offers a more accurate alternative, outperforming equations derived from CSA S806-12 and AASHTO LRFD. The FOA-ANN hybrid technique proves to be highly effective in predicting the shear capacity of slender FRP-RC beams without stirrup.

Охотхозяйственное соглашение как гражданско-правовой договор

The article discusses issues related to legal regulation in the field of hunting and conservation of hunting resources. Special attention is paid to the civil law regulation of property relations, primarily those of obligations arising in connection with the conclusion and execution of a hunting agreement. As a result of the analysis of the legislative provisions of the Federal Law “On Hunting”, contradictions of certain norms of the Federal Law “On Hunting” to each other, as well as the legislative provisions of the Federal Law “On Hunting” to the legal requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the vagueness and incompleteness of some legislative provisions of the Federal Law “On Hunting” were revealed. In such circumstances, the practical application of the provisions of the Federal Law “On Hunting” by participants in civil turnover is difficult or impossible, and may also lead to negative legal consequences. We consider it necessary to eliminate contradictions between the legislative provisions of the Federal Law “On Hunting” and the current legislation. It is proposed to resolve these issues by making amendments and additions to the legislative provisions of the Federal Law “On Hunting”, in particular, to the norms on the definition of a hunting agreement, its parties and content. This will improve the quality of the legislative provisions of the Federal Law “On Hunting” and ensure the possibility of their correct practical application by participants in property turnover, since there is a need for this. When writing the article, the following methods were used: general scientific (formal-logical, systemic, structural-functional), general logical methods of theoretical analysis, private scientific methods, including formal-legal and technical-legal analyses.

Evaluating the Adequacy of Ductility Requirements of Seismic Design Codes

Evaluating the Adequacy of Ductility Requirements of Seismic Design Codes

Bayesian Optimization for Anything (BOA): An open-source framework for accessible, user-friendly Bayesian optimization

We introduce Bayesian Optimization for Anything (BOA), a high-level Bayesian Optimization (BO) framework and model wrapping toolkit, which presents a novel approach to simplifying BO, with the goal of making it more accessible and user-friendly, particularly for those with limited expertise in the field. BOA addresses common barriers in implementing BO, focusing on ease of use, reducing the need for deep domain knowledge, and cutting down on extensive coding requirements. A notable feature of BOA is its language-agnostic architecture, which facilitates broader application in various fields and to a wider audience. We showcase BOA's application through three examples: a high-dimensional optimization with 184 parameters of the SWAT + watershed model, a highly parallelized optimization of this intrinsically non-parallel model, and a multi-objective optimization of the FETCH Tree-Crown Hydrodynamics model. These test cases illustrate BOA's effectiveness in addressing complex optimization challenges in diverse scenarios.

Research on Monitoring Technology for Frame Piers of Continuous Box-Girder Bridges Constructed by the Cantilever Method

This paper focuses on the analysis of the stress state of a large-span frame pier-continuous box girder bridge with pier crossbeams anchored by pier crossbeams on the main pier of the Guangfo-Zhao Expressway. The bridge is constructed by the cantilever method, and a refined finite element model of the entire bridge is established using the finite element software Midas/FEA to analyze the stress state of the frame pier during the cantilever construction process. It is found that under the possible combined action of an unbalanced load during construction, the torsional resistance of the frame pier crossbeam does not meet the requirements of the design code. In order to eliminate the torsion of the frame piers, counterweights were used to monitor the frame piers during the construction of the box girders. In this paper, the theoretical calculation formula of the inclination angle of the end section of the frame pier crossbeam with the change of unbalanced bending moment, the calculation formula of the relationship between the horizontal displacement of the frame pier and the unbalanced bending moment, and the calculation formula corresponding to the relationship with the water tank counterweight are derived using the structural mechanics method. Two monitoring methods for the frame pier are proposed. In the construction monitoring of the bridge, the numerical fitting formula obtained by finite element numerical analysis calculation is compared with the calculated formula obtained by substituting the design parameters of the frame pier into the theoretical formula. The basic constants in both formulas are basically equal, verifying the correctness of the monitoring calculation formula proposed in this paper for the torsional resistance of the frame pier crossbeam. The applicability of the two monitoring methods is also compared and analyzed. This paper takes the main pier of Chaoyang overpass’s mainline bridge as the engineering background, which adopts the framework pier with a large-span prestressed concrete continuous box girder bridge. It analyzes the torsional state of the beam of the framework pier during the bridge construction process and conducts research on the construction monitoring of the framework pier crossbeam, providing valuable references for the construction monitoring of framework pier crossbeams in the construction of large-span framework pier continuous bridges in the future. The research results of this paper can provide assistance for the construction monitoring of similar projects. This paper’s innovation primarily resides in employing structural mechanics methods to compute the torsion of frame piers. On this basis, a simplified beam torsion calculation formula is proposed to strengthen its practical application in construction monitoring. The findings of this paper can help in the construction monitoring of similar projects.

Benefit-Cost Analysis for Earthquake-Resilient Building Design and Retrofit: State of the Art and Future Research Needs.

This paper reviews the state of the art in using benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to inform earthquake risk reduction decisions by building owners and policymakers. The goal is to provide a roadmap for the application and future development of BCA methods and tools for earthquake risk reduction. Our review covers three earthquake risk reduction measures: adopting up-to-date building codes for new construction, designing new buildings to exceed code requirements, and retrofitting deficient existing buildings. We highlight the factors that influence the cost-effectiveness of building design and retrofit, as well as tactics for increasing the cost-effectiveness of risk reduction strategies. We also present BCA results, methods, and data sources used in the literature to help researchers and practitioners design and conduct a reliable and robust BCA study. In the process, we develop a set of opportunities and challenges for applying BCA to new areas of research, as well as key gaps and limitations in current BCA approaches, including further investigation of above-code design, incorporation of code implementation and enforcement into BCA, quantification of environmental benefits of seismic retrofits, and optimization of seismic retrofits with energy upgrades. Overall, our review provides practical guidance and useful insights into BCA with the goal of increasing the earthquake resilience and economic efficiency of buildings in the United States.

Integral-scale validation of the SCIANTIX code for Light Water Reactor fuel rods

Mechanistic multi-scale modelling holds the potential to inform fuel performance codes by incorporating high-fidelity models, algorithms, parameters, and material properties. In this context, meso-scale codes emerge as valuable tools for developing detailed models and performing separate verification and validation steps. This work focuses on SCIANTIX, an open-source 0D meso-scale code designed to describe the behaviour of gaseous and volatile fission products in nuclear oxide fuel. The code predominantly employs engineering physics-based behavioural models featuring computational times that align with typical fuel performance code requirements. Given the numerical foundation of the code, it is applicable to both stationary and transient conditions. Following a recent work outlining the standalone SCIANTIX (version 2.0) performance and its separate-effect validation database, we present its performance when coupled with fuel performance codes to simulate light water reactor fuel rods. The experiments selected for the comparative analysis constitute an initial integral validation database. The comparison focuses on conventional engineering quantities of interest, such as integral fission gas release, demonstrating the satisfactory performance of the code. Additionally, it highlights the potential advantages of multi-scale modelling over conventional semi-empirical approaches.

Mechanical performance of coal ash based interlocking bricks wall panel: A sustainable and viable solution

The use of interlocking brick incorporating waste coal ash (CA) in masonry construction is an innovative, sustainable and viable solution to address the consequences associated with burnt clay bricks. In this research, the main focus was to study the double interlocking brick incorporating CA for its potential use in masonry construction. The studied dosages of CA were 30 %, 35 %, 40 %, 45 %, 50 % and 55 %. Cement was varied between 5 % and 30 % in order to make the total binder (cement and CA) contents equal to 60 %. Moreover, wall panels using developed interlocking bricks were casted and tested for out-of-plane loading. It was observed that the incorporation of higher dosage of CA decreased the compressive strength owing to porous nature of used CA. However, interlocking bricks having 30 % of CA exhibited compressive strength higher than 8 MPa, satisfying the local building code requirement. Higher water absorption was observed for interlocking bricks having higher dosage of CA compared to identical bricks with lower CA. Interlocking bricks exhibited higher shear strength due to mechanical anchorage provided by the keys and notches in comparison with the conventional bricks. Maximum double key shear strength of 2.34 MPa was observed for developed interlock bricks incorporating 30 % of CA. Interlocking brick wall panel exhibited flexural strength of 1.05 MPa compared to 0.81 MPa for wall panel constructed using conventional burnt clay brick. Higher flexural strength of interlock CA based brick wall panel was due to the higher mechanical anchorage provided by the projected keys and grooves in between various courses of the wall panel. The cracking patterns of interlocking brick wall panel exhibited diagonal failure rather than the horizontal slide shear failure observed for conventional burnt clay brick wall panel. The experimental cracking load values were comparable with the theoretically predicted cracking loads for the tested wall panels. This study highlights the use of water cured interlocking brick incorporating waste CA for eco-friendly and economical construction leading to avoid the devasting effects of manufacturing process of conventional burnt clay bricks and deposition issues of CA. Moreover, this study motivates the construction stakeholders to employ double interlocking bricks of similar conventional size bricks to be used in a similar manner for masonry construction.

Seismic testing and fragility analysis considering material strength uncertainty of 1100 kV GFRP composite power transformer bushing

Nowadays glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite insulators are widely employed in electrical equipment in substations. However, there is a scarcity of reports on seismic qualification of transformer bushings that adopt GFRP insulators. Thereby, this case implements shaking table tests on a 1100 kV GFRP composite power transformer bushing. The study analyses the acceleration responses and dynamic amplification effects, as well as the strain responses. The combined stresses at the vulnerable positions are computed to authenticate the seismic performance. Using a simulation model, the seismic fragility of the transformer bushing considering the material strength uncertainty is assessed and discussed. The results indicate that the GFRP composite bushing meets the requirements of the relevant code and its seismic performance is qualified under an artificial ground motion with PGAs of 0.6 g and 0.8 g. For a given factor of safety of 1.67, the bushing can sustain 0.4 g earthquakes with a failure probability near 0 and 0.8 g earthquakes with a failure probability<50 %. Controlling coefficient of variation of the GFRP material strengths is beneficial to decreasing seismic fragility of the transformer bushing within a specific PGA range. Weibull and Normal distributions for fitting the strength distributions of the GFRP materials have different impacts on the seismic fragility of the bushing, which should be given more attention in seismic design.