Vitamin B12 Requirement Research Articles

Dietary Intake among Lebanese Adults: Findings from the Updated LEBANese natiONal Food Consumption Survey (LEBANON-FCS).

The rates of obesity, undernutrition, and other non-communicable diseases are on the rise among Lebanese adults. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the food consumption habits of this population to understand diet quality, analyze consumption trends, and compare them to healthy diets known to reduce risks of non-communicable diseases. To evaluate the food consumption patterns, energy intake, as well as macro- and micro-nutrient intake among a nationally representative sample of Lebanese adults aged 18-64 years old. A cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September 2022 involving 444 participants from all eight Lebanese governorates. Sociodemographic and medical information was gathered through a questionnaire, food consumption was evaluated using a validated FFQ and 24 h recall, and anthropometric measurements were recorded. There was a notable lack of adherence to three healthy diets (Mediterranean, EAT-Lancet, USDA) among Lebanese adults. Their dietary pattern is characterized by high energy, added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat intake while being low in healthy fats, vitamin A, D, and E. Adult women are falling short of meeting their daily calcium, vitamin D, iron, and vitamin B12 requirements, putting them at increased risk of anemia, osteoporosis, and other health issues. Grains and cereals were the most consumed food groups, and most participants were found to be overweight or obese. In conclusion, the results highlight the need for public health policies and interventions aimed at encouraging Lebanese adults to make healthier food choices and transition towards diets like the Mediterranean, EAT-Lancet, or USDA diet. These diets have been shown to promote overall health and wellbeing.

A comprehensive integration of factors affecting vitamin B12 concentration in milk of Holstein cows: Genetic variability, milk productivity, animal characteristics, and feeding management

Daily vitamin B12 (VB12) requirements of humans can naturally be fulfilled by animal product consumption, especially products from ruminants because of bacteria dwelling in their rumen. Indeed, only bacteria can synthesize this vitamin. Milk is hence an excellent source of VB12. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to unravel factors, such as genetic variation, diet and cow characteristics, and milk production, explaining the large variation in milk VB12 concentration among cows by using an integrative approach. Milk samples from 2 consecutive milkings were collected from 3,533 Canadian Holstein cows (1,239 first, 932 second, and 1,362 third and more lactations) located in 99 herds with various feeding management. For the purpose of genetic variation analysis, pedigrees were traced back for 3 complete generations for each sire and dam. A total of 10,021 identities were used in the subsequent genetic analyses. Milk VB12 averaged 4.2 ng/mL with a range between 0.7 and 9.0 ng/mL. Dietary fiber (NDF from forage, dietary NDF, ADF, and lignin) increased and dietary components related to energy (NFC, starch, NEL, and percentage of concentrate) decreased VB12 in milk. Milk VB12 varied with DIM, with a similar pattern as milk fat and protein concentration lactation curves. Milk VB12 increased as age at calving increased. When disregarding the herd variance, the heritability value was 0.37, meaning that milk VB12 can be modified by genetic selection. The final model including factors related to the diet, animal characteristics and milk productivity, and genetic variation explained 79% (pseudo-R2) of the milk VB12 variation. When excluding the random effect of the cow (i.e., excluding the animal and genetic relationships), the pseudo-R2 dropped to 43%, reinforcing the importance of genetic variation in explaining milk VB12 variation. To our knowledge, the present study is the most comprehensive evaluation of factors affecting milk VB12 variation including the greatest number of cows from various lactation stages.

Vitamin B12 analogues from gut microbes and diet differentially impact commensal propionate producers of the human gut.

To produce the health-associated metabolite propionate, gut microbes require vitamin B12 as a cofactor to convert succinate to propionate. B12 is sourced in the human gut from the unabsorbed dietary fraction and in situ microbial production. However, experimental data for B12 production by gut microbes is scarce, especially on their produced B12-analogues. Further, the promotion of propionate production by microbially-produced and dietary B12 is not yet fully understood. Here, we demonstrated B12 production in 6 out of 8 in silico predicted B12-producing bacteria from the human gut. Next, we showed in vitro that B12 produced by Blautia hydrogenotrophica, Marvinbryantia formatexigens, and Blautia producta promoted succinate to propionate conversion of two prevalent B12-auxotrophic gut bacteria, Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Finally, we examined the propiogenic effect of commercially available B12-analogues present in the human diet (cyano-B12, adenosyl-B12 and hydroxy-B12) at two doses. The low dose resulted in partial conversion of succinate to propionate for A. muciniphila when grown with adenosyl-B12 (14.6 ± 2.4 mM succinate and 18.7 ± 0.6 mM propionate) and hydroxy-B12 (13.0 ± 1.1 mM and 21.9 ± 1.2 mM), in comparison to cyano-B12 (0.7 ± 0.1 mM and 34.1 ± 0.1 mM). Higher doses of adenosyl-B12 and hydroxy-B12 resulted in significantly more conversion of succinate to propionate in both propionate-producing species, compared to the low dose. B12 analogues have different potential to impact the propionate metabolism of prevalent propionate producers in the gut. These results could contribute to strategies for managing gut disorders associated with decreased propionate production.

Maternal Vitamin B12 in Pregnancy and Placental Development.

Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, is an essential nutrient required for diverse physiological functions secondary to its role as a critical cofactor for two mammalian enzymes, methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. While essential throughout all life stages, several pathways that require vitamin B12, including hematopoiesis, myelination, and DNA/histone methylation, are particularly critical during pregnancy and fetal development. This narrative review aims to describe vitamin B12 in pregnancy, with emphasis on the placenta's role in ensuring adequate nutrition of the fetus and impacts of vitamin B12 deficiency on placental development and function. Our literature search included preclinical model systems and human cohorts and interventions. Our review identified evidence of B12 deficiency resulting in impaired placental development, greater placental inflammation, and modulation of placental docosahexaenoic acid concentration, collectively suggestive of vitamin B12 deficiency as a determinant of both maternal and fetal health outcomes. Heterogeneity in study design complicated generalization of findings. Future studies should consider selecting a B12 marker that is relatively stable across pregnancy, such as holotranscobalamin, while accounting for important confounders such as maternal folate.

Dietary Pyridoxine Requirements of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Post-Smolts.

A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the dietary pyridoxine requirements of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) post-smolts with an initial mean body weight of 180.22 ± 0.41 g. Seven diets were prepared with gradient pyridoxine levels of 0.32, 1.25, 2.56, 4.08, 8.24, 16.02, and 32.32 mg/kg, respectively, and each diet was assigned to three replication groups of 10 fish. The results revealed that coho salmon fed the diet with pyridoxine supplementation gained more final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), and better feed conversion ratio (FCR). FBW and SGR of the fish fed the diet with 8.24 mg/kg pyridoxine were significantly higher than those of the other groups (P < 0.05). An inverse trend was observed for FCR, which was the lowest in fish fed the diet with 8.24 mg/kg pyridoxine. The gradient pyridoxine levels did not yield any statistically (P > 0.05) significant impact on the whole-body composition including moisture, ash, crude lipid, and crude protein. The hepatic pyridoxine concentration, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities increased significantly with dietary pyridoxine levels increasing from 0.32 to 4.08 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and plateaued after that (P > 0.05). The coho salmon fed the diet with 8.24 mg/kg pyridoxine achieved the maximum superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as the minimum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and malondialdehyde. Broken line analysis of SGR, FCR, AST, and ALT activities reflected the optimal dietary pyridoxine requirements for coho salmon post-smolts from 3.92 to 7.08 mg/kg diet.

Bioavailability and daily requirement of vitamin B12 in adult humans: an observational study of its colonic absorption and daily excretion as measured by [13C]-cyanocobalamin kinetics

BackgroundClinical and biochemical vitamin B12 (B12) deficiency is lower than anticipated in vegetarians. Extraileal absorption, such as from the colon, as well as reduced daily excretion, may be adaptive mechanisms to maintain B12 homeostasis with marginal intakes. ObjectiveTo measure the absorption of B12 from the small and large intestine, and its daily rate of excretion from the body, using a [13C]-cyanocobalamin tracer. MethodsOral B12 bioavailability was measured over 12 h after administration of [13C]-cyanocobalamin tracer (2.5 μg) in normal participants. The colonic B12 bioavailability was evaluated by direct instillation of [13C]-cyanocobalamin (5 μg) into the ascending colon. Bioavailability was calculated from 2-compartmental modeling of the tracer appearance in plasma. The excretion rate of B12 was measured from [13C]-cyanocobalamin elimination from the body over 4 wk after oral dosing (5 μg). ResultsThe oral B12 bioavailability (n = 11) was 63% ± 10% measured over 12 h. A late absorption peak, accounting for 12% of the absorption, was observed after an average lag time of 8.7 h from dosing. The colonic B12 bioavailability (n = 10) was 7% ± 5% over 4 h. The daily B12 excretion rate (n = 4) was 0.7 ± 0.2 μg/d. The minimum daily requirement of B12 in these participants was derived at 1 μg /d. ConclusionsB12 is absorbed in the human colon. This observation confirms the potential contribution of the colon in daily B12 nutriture, and along with a possible lower requirement, could explain the absence of clinical deficiency in populations with marginal B12 intakes. Trial Registration NumberThis study was registered in Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI) with the registration number CTRI/2018/04/012957, available from https://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/showallp.php?mid1=49319&EncHid=&userName=029108.

Dietary supplementation of pyridoxine can enhance the growth performance and improve the protein, lipid utilization efficiency of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi).

This study aimed to assess the effect of pyridoxine supplementation in the mandarin fish diet on growth performance, protein and lipid metabolism, and liver and intestinal histology. Mandarin fish were fed six diets with different levels of pyridoxine (2.67 mg/kg (control), 4.41 mg/kg, 6.57 mg/kg, 10.25 mg/kg, 17.93 mg/kg, 33.12 mg/kg diet) for 8 weeks, and samples were collected for analysis. The findings demonstrated that feeding mandarin fish a diet with 6.57 mg/kg pyridoxine led to a significant increase in weight gain rate (WGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), whole-body crude protein, whole-body crude lipid, serum protein, cholesterol (CHO), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as significantly lower serum glucose (GLU) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we found a significant upregulation of the relative expression of genes associated with hepatic lipid oxidation and synthesis (hl, lpl, pparα, cpt1, cs, srebp1, and fas) and proteolysis (ast, alt, and gdh) in fish fed a diet containing 6.57 mg/kg pyridoxine (P < 0.05). Regarding the histological analysis, we observed a notable decrease in the quantity of intestinal mucus-secreting cells when the fish fed a diet containing 10.25 mg/kg pyridoxine (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that dietary pyridoxine supplementation promotes mandarin fish growth by improving the efficiency of protein and lipid utilization. Additionally, we used a broken-line regression analysis to estimate the optimal dietary pyridoxine requirement for mandarin fish in the range of 6.17-6.41 mg/kg based on WGR, FCR, and PER.

Vitamin B12 Auxotrophy in Isolates from the Deep Subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt.

Vitamin B12 is an enzymatic cofactor that is essential for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The development of life in extreme environments depends on cofactors such as vitamin B12 as well. The genomes of twelve microorganisms isolated from the deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt have been analyzed in search of enzymatic activities that require vitamin B12 or are involved in its synthesis and import. Results have revealed that vitamin B12 is needed by these microorganisms for several essential enzymes such as ribonucleotide reductase, methionine synthase and epoxyqueosine reductase. Isolate Desulfosporosinus sp. DEEP is the only analyzed genome that holds a set core of proteins that could lead to the production of vitamin B12. The rest are dependent on obtaining it from the subsurface oligotrophic environment in which they grow. Sought proteins involved in the import of vitamin B12 are not widespread in the sample. The dependence found in the genomes of these microorganisms is supported by the production of vitamin B12 by microorganisms such as Desulfosporosinus sp. DEEP, showing that the operation of deep subsurface biogeochemical cycles is dependent on cofactors such as vitamin B12.

Healthy adult gut microbiota sustains its own vitamin B12 requirement in an in vitro batch fermentation model.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is present in the human lower gastrointestinal tract either coming from the unabsorbed dietary fraction or from in situ production of the gut microbiota. However, it is unclear whether the gut microbial communities need exogenous B12 for growth and metabolism, or whether B12 in low and high levels could affect gut community composition and metabolite production. Here, we investigated in vitro B12 production of human fecal microbiota and the effects of different levels of B12 (as cyanocobalamin) on composition and activity. Eight fecal communities from healthy human adults distributed over three enterotypes, dominated by Firmicutes (n = 5), Bacteroides (n = 1) or Prevotella (n = 2) were used to perform batch fermentations in Macfarlane medium supplemented with low B12 medium (Control, 5 ng/ml, within the tested fecal range), no B12 addition (NB12), and high B12 addition (ExtraB12, 2500 ng/ml). The microbiota community composition (qPCR, 16S rRNA metabarcoding), metabolic activity (HPLC-RI), and B12 levels (UHPLC-DAD) were measured after 24 h incubation at 37°C under strict anaerobic conditions. All fecal microbial communities produced B12 in the NB12 condition after 24 h, in the range from 152 ± 4 to 564 ± 25 ng/ml. None of the B12 treatments had an impact on total bacterial growth, community richness, diversity and total metabolite production, compared to the low B12 control. However, a significant increase of propionate was measured in ExtraB12 compared to NB12. Most taxonomic and metabolite changes compared to control incubations were donor-dependent, implying donor-microbiota-specific changes upon B12 treatments. Our in vitro data suggest that healthy human adult gut microbial communities have the capacity to produce B12 at levels fulfilling their own requirements, independently of the initial B12 content tested in the donor's feces. Further, supplementation of exogenous dietary B12 may have limited impact on the healthy human gut microbial community composition and function.

Fatty acids, selenium, and vitamin B12 in chub mackerel (Scomber colias) as nourishment considering seasonality and bioaccessibility as factors

Chub mackerel (Scomber colias) is an underutilised fish abundant in the North Atlantic and a nutritious food with high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), selenium (Se), and vitamin B12 contents, affected by seasonality. Hence, the bioaccessibility of fatty acid (FA), Se, and vitamin B12 in chub mackerel was studied. Daily consumptions of 51 g, 35 g, and 14 g of March, June, and October chub mackerel, respectively, would ensure EPA + DHA requirements. Vitamin B12 requirements would be met by daily consumptions of 15–18 g of chub mackerel. For Se, larger amounts would be needed, 126–133 g/day. For FA, bioaccessibility often exceeded 80 %. Additionally, Se and vitamin B12 bioaccessibilities were 91–95 % and 77–83 %, respectively. Thus, bioaccessibility-based consumption frequencies for meeting dietary requirements are similar to those above, being the highest consumption frequencies associated to Se requirements, 137–146 g/day. Chub mackerel proved to be an excellent source of bioaccessible essential nutrients.

Method optimization of the simultaneous detection of B12 congeners leading to the detection of a novel isomer of hydroxycobalamin in seawater.

More than half of surveyed microalgae and over 90% of harmful algae have an obligate requirement for vitamin B12 , but methods for directly measuring dissolved B12 in seawater are scarce due to low concentrations and rapid light-induced hydrolysis. We present a method to detect and measure the four main congeners of vitamin B12 dissolved in seawater. The method includes solid-phase extraction, separation by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and detection by triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry utilizing an electrospray ion source. This method was applied to coastal field samples collected in the German Bay, Baltic Sea and the Danish Limfjord system. The total dissolved B12 pool ranged between 0.5 and 2.1pM. Under ambient conditions methyl-B12 and adenosyl-B12 were nearly fully hydrolyzed to hydroxy-B12 in less than 1 h. Hydroxy-B12 and a novel, corresponding isomer were the main forms of B12 found at all field sites. This isomer eluted well after the OH-B12 peak and was also detected in commercially available OH-B12 . Both compounds showed very high similarity in their collision-induced dissociation spectra. The high instability of the biologically active forms of Me-B12 and Ado-B12 towards hydrolysis was shown, highlighting the importance of reducing the duration of the extraction protocol. In addition, the vitamin B12 pool in the study area was mostly comprised of a previously undescribed isomer of OH-B12 . Further studies into the structure of this isomer and its bioavailability are needed.

Homocysteine Metabolism in Pregnancy and Developmental Impacts.

Homocysteine is a metabolite generated by methionine cycle metabolism, comprising the demethylated derivative of methionine. Homocysteine can be metabolised by the transsulphuration pathway to cystathionine, which requires vitamin B6, or can undergo remethylation to methionine. Homocysteine remethylation to methionine is catalysed by methionine synthase activity which requires vitamin B12, regenerating methionine to allow synthesis of the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine required for methylation and gene transcription regulation. The methyl-group donated for homocysteine remethylation comes from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate generated by the folate cycle, which allows tetrahydrofolate to be returned to the active folate pool for nucleotide biosynthesis. Therefore the integrated actions of the methionine and folate cycles, required to metabolise homocysteine, also perpetuate methylation and nucleotide synthesis, vitally important to support embryonic growth, proliferation and development. Dysregulated activities of these two interdependent metabolic cycles, arising from maternal suboptimal intake of nutrient co-factors such as folate and vitamin B12 or gene polymorphisms resulting in reduced enzymatic activity, leads to inefficient homocysteine metabolic conversion causing elevated concentrations, known as hyperhomocysteinemia. This condition is associated with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes including neural tube defects (NTDs). Raised homocysteine is damaging to cellular function, binding to proteins thereby impairing their function, with perturbed homocysteine metabolism impacting negatively on embryonic development. This review discusses the “cross-talk” of maternal-fetal homocysteine interrelationships, describes the placental transport of homocysteine, homocysteine impacts on pregnancy outcomes, homocysteine and methylation effects linking to NTD risk and proposes a putative pathway for embryonic provision of folate and vitamin B12, homocysteine-modulating nutrients that ameliorate NTD risk.

A subnational affordability assessment of nutritious foods for complementary feeding in Kenya.

Complementary feeding among children aged 6-23 months is a key determinant of micronutrient deficiencies and childhood stunting, the burdens of which remain high in Kenya. This study examines the affordability of complementary foods to increase young children's nutrient consumption across eight provinces in Kenya. We combined data from household surveys, food composition tables and published sources to estimate the cost of portion sizes that could meet half of the children's daily iron, vitamin A, calcium, zinc, folate, vitamin B12 and protein requirements from complementary feeding. These costs were compared to current household food expenditures. The selection of foods and price and expenditure data were stratified by province. Our analysis indicates that vitamin A, vitamin B12 and folate are affordable to most households in Kenya via liver, beans and in some provinces, orange-fleshed fruits and vegetables, avocado and small dried fish. Calcium, animal-source protein, zinc and iron were less affordable and there was more provincial variation. In some provinces, small dried fish were an affordable source of calcium, protein and zinc. In others (North Eastern, Central, Eastern, parts of Rift Valley and Coast), small dried fish were not commonly consumed and other foods were less affordable. Future research should consider interventions aimed at reducing prices, increasing availability and changing behaviours related to these foods. Solutions such as supplementation and fortification may be needed for iron and zinc in some locations. Food affordability presented the greatest barriers in North Eastern province, which had lower dietary diversity and may require additional targeted interventions.

Dietary pyridoxine effect on growth performance, physiological metabolic parameters, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant status of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)

The experimental trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary pyridoxine on growth performance, physiological metabolics, intestinal enzymatic activities and antioxidant properties of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (420 g/kg protein and 70 g/kg lipid) were formulated to contain 3.69 (control), 5.45, 7.31,11.17, 19.43 and 33.94 mg/kg pyridoxine. Four groups of 30 fish (3.85 ± 0.01 g) per tank (300-L cylindrical fiberglass tanks) for each diet were fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 63 days. Blood, intestine and hepatopancreas samples were obtained for metabolic, enzymatic activities and antioxidant properties analyses. The results showed that significantly higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein retention efficiency (PRE), whole-body crude protein, intestinal protease, alkaline phosphatase, Na+/K+-ATPase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and significantly lower feed conversion ratio were observed in fish fed diet with 7.31 mg/kg compared to those in control group (P < 0.05). There was a significant increase of intestinal villus length, villus width and muscular thickness in fish fed 5.45 or 7.31 mg/kg pyridoxine diets compared with those in control group (P < 0.05). The fish fed with 7.31 or 11.17 mg/kg pyridoxine diets had significantly higher intestosomatic index, relative intestinal length, serum total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol, hepatic glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lower viscerasomatic index, serum glucose, hepatic malondialdehyde compared to those in control group (P < 0.05). Based on WG, FCR, PER, crude protein, protease and SOD activities, the optimal dietary pyridoxine requirement of yellow catfish was estimated to be 6.70 −7.42 mg/kg using broken-line regression analysis.

Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruption

Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruption

How I investigate acquired megaloblastic anemia.

In this review of megaloblastic anemia (MA), an overview of vitamin B12 and folate body requirements, biochemical pathways, and laboratory testing strategies will be provided. However, the focus of this review is the classic and unique features of MA in blood and bone marrow. Acquired MA is a benign disorder for many, but can be detrimental for some. The clinical presentation can vary considerably, and the spectrum of symptoms and signs is diverse and quite broad. Prompt recognition and therapy are critical to prevent potential irreversible damage and clinical sequelae, especially in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. A delay in diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency can result in significant neurologic sequelae that may not fully resolve with treatment, including in neonates and young infants. The blood and bone marrow features in MA can closely mimic thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplasia, and other myeloid neoplasms. Both pancytopenia and normal MCV at presentation are common in MA and raise unique challenges for the diagnostician. Partially treated MA is also a significant diagnostic "trap". MA is highly responsive to treatment, and patients tend to improve rapidly upon treatment initiation. However, the broad range of clinical and hematologic features makes the rapid, successful diagnosis of MA a unique challenge for the hematopathologist. Even in the era of state-of-the-art laboratory testing, a high suspicion is required.

Body weight status and dietary intake of Malaysian children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in general, possess selective eating habits and sensory sensitivity that predispose them to the risk of poor nutritional status. Nutritional status of children is important for optimal physical and cognitive development and reduction of the risk of chronic diseases in the future. Given the limited information on the body weight status and nutrient intake of Malaysian children with ASD, this study, therefore, assessed the body weight status and dietary intake of children with ASD in an autism intervention centre in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 224 children with ASD aged 3–7 years (82.6% boys and 17.4% girls) and their mothers participated in this study. Mothers completed a self-administered questionnaire on the sociodemographic background and recorded a 3-day food diary of their children with ASD at home. The researcher measured body weight and height of the children with ASD in the centre. The prevalence rates of underweight, stunting, wasting/thinness, and overweight/obesity were 9.3%, 8.0%, 4.0%, and 21.5%, respectively. Total energy and protein intakes were adequate for most of the children with ASD but calorie from fat was higher than the recommendation. A majority of the children with ASD in this study did not meet the RNI requirements for fibre (99.6%), thiamine (67.4%), vitamin C (50.9%), vitamin D (98.2%), vitamin E (74.6%), vitamin B12 (64.3%), folate (88.8%), calcium (90.2%) and zinc (77.2%). More girls showed inadequate intakes of vitamin C, niacin and vitamin B12 than boys. Children with ASD in this study showed poor body weight status and inadequate intake of several essential nutrients. Nutritional intervention programmes in improving nutrient adequacy and regular anthropometric measurements are recommended to be carried out in order to improve nutritional status of children with ASD.

139 Ruminal microbiota mineral requirements to optimize performance on different diets

Abstract This presentation will discuss mineral requirements of ruminal microorganisms, and the effect of trace mineral source on ruminal fermentation. Sulfur and phosphorus are required in relatively large amounts by ruminal microorganisms, and dietary deficiencies of these minerals have been related to impaired ruminal fermentation. A number of trace minerals are required in low concentrations by ruminal microorganisms. With the except of cobalt (Co) minimal trace mineral requirements of the host ruminant appear to be considerably greater than that needed for rumen microbial requirements. It is well known that certain bacteria can synthesize vitamin B12 from inorganic Co. Some bacteria require vitamin B12 as a growth factor, and adequate dietary Co is needed to allow sufficient ruminal B12 synthesis to meet their requirement. Vitamin B12 is needed as a cofactor for ruminal microorganisms to convert succinate to propionate. Dietary Co deficiency results in decreased ruminal propionate in ruminants fed high concentrate diets, and decreased fiber digestion in ruminants fed high fiber diets. Attempts have been made to use high concentrations of certain trace minerals to favorably manipulate ruminal fermentation. For example, attempts have been made to increase rumen protein bypass by feeding high dietary zinc (Zn). However, studies have indicated that high concentrations of copper (Cu), Zn, and iron reduce cellulose digestion in vitro. Recent studies have indicated lower fiber digestibility in cattle supplemented with sulfate sources of Cu, Zn, and manganese compared with those fed similar concentrations from hydroxy or certain organic sources. Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby trace mineral sources affect fiber digestibility differently.

Co-fermentation of glycerol and glucose by a co-culture system of engineered Escherichia coli strains for 1,3-propanediol production without vitamin B12 supplementation

The necessity of costly co-enzyme B12 for the activity of glycerol dehydratase (GDHt) is considered as a major bottleneck in sustainable bioproduction of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) from glycerol. Here, an E. coil Rosetta-dhaB1-dhaB2 strain was constructed by overexpressing a B12-independent GDHt (dhaB1) and its activating factor (dhaB2) from Clostridium butyricum. Subsequently, it was used in designing a co-culture with E. coli BL21-dhaT that overexpressed 1,3-PD oxidoreductase (dhaT), to produce 1,3-PD during co-fermentation of glycerol and glucose. The optimum initial ratio of BL21-dhaT to Rosetta-dhaB1-dhaB2 strains in the co-culture was 1.5. Compared to the fermentation of glycerol alone, co-fermentation approach provided 1.3-folds higher 1,3-PD. Finally, co-fermentation was done in a 10 L bioreactor that produced 41.65 g/L 1,3-PD, which corresponded to 0.69 g/L/h productivity and 0.67 mol/mol yield of 1,3-PD. Hence, the developed co-culture could produce 1,3-PD cost-effectively without requiring vitamin B12.

Phama Sci Preparation, In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Vitamin B12 Loaded Implants Al-Rasheed University College, Iraq

Vitamin B12 is an important water-soluble vitamin which is found in a variety of food such as fish, shellfish, meat, and dairy products. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells, as well as aid in rapid DNA production during cell division. The daily requirement of vitamin B12 for the human body is approximately 1-25 µg . In 1960 introduced long-acting depot antipsychotic drug as the first long acting medications. Depot formulations providing further reductions in morbidity and mortality. Because they bypass the gastrointestinal tract, Depot treatments decrease the amount of medication needed and reduce certain peripheral side effects. Understanding the clinical and compliance of patients from the use of single dose with multiple and consecutive treatment of B12, we have developed long-term implantable medication delivery loaded with vitamin B12. The proposed method of controlled drug delivery uses sterile implants processed with a Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer with a delivery interval of up to one month depending on polymer composition, and drug loading. In this study, 3 goals were addressed: 1: To formulate six different batches of biodegradable polymer implants loaded with vitamin 12 and target profile shown in Tables 1. 2: To characterize the formulated implants and establish an in vitro release for the B12 as a function of time. 3: Perform in vivo study and measure the serum concentration of B12 released from implants subcutaneously inserted into rats. Accomplishment of these three goals could provide the feasibility of controlled release vitamin B12 implants for human treatment for vitamin deficiency.