Required Performance Parameters Research Articles

Fast sorting method of retired batteries based on multi-feature extraction from partial charging segment

The second-life utilization of retired power batteries presents promising opportunities; however, the substantial upfront testing costs and subsequent maintenance expenses have hindered its widespread adoption. A key challenge is achieving a balance between accurate and comprehensive sorting outcomes and minimizing the costs associated with the detection process. Existing methods have primarily focused on exploring cost-effective hidden indicators with stronger representativeness or leveraging algorithms to extract low-cost latent features that correlate with the required performance parameters for sorting. Hence, we developed a rapid sorting method based on extracting multiple features from partial charge intervals. Through a comprehensive analysis of correlations and cost considerations, five features that can be extracted from the same partial charging segment are selected as classification criteria. Meanwhile, these features exhibit different tendencies toward the three main battery characteristics: capacity, internal resistance, and voltage. The proposed method utilizes a self-organizing map algorithm and subtractive clustering to achieve efficient sorting. In comparison to traditional sorting methods, the detection time is reduced to 19.96%, and energy consumption is decreased to 20.35%. By improving sorting efficiency and reducing costs while maintaining sorting effectiveness, the proposed method enhances the economic feasibility of hierarchical utilization, which may contribute to the advancement of second-life utilization of retired batteries.

Process intensification using immobilized enzymes

Abstract The application potential of enzymes is undoubtedly very high. However, despite the very large number of different enzymes and enzyme activities, the number of industrial enzyme processes is comparatively small. The particular challenge often lies in transferring promising laboratory processes to an industrial scale. Here, the required performance parameters, such as enzyme stability or productivity, must be achieved. On the one hand, this can be achieved by improving the enzymes. On the other hand, the key performance indicators can often only be achieved by using technical systems in the sense of process intensification. In enzymatic processes, immobilization of enzymes is often the means of choice to enable technical processes. The aim of this article is to outline the most important enzyme immobilization methods and to summarize the most important performance indicators of immobilized enzymes. Finally, the different immobilization methods and performance indicators are compared in a case study with unspecific peroxygenase.

Current status and advances in membrane technology for carbon capture

Membrane gas separation is a promising next-generation technology for post-combustion CO2 capture that can significantly reduce energy consumption, instrument, and chemical footprint relative to mature amine scrubbing that is in widespread use. Nevertheless, despite many studies commercially viable membranes are not widely implemented at a large scale. This review presents a systematic overview of the current status and advances of membrane technologies for CO2 capture from post-combustion flue gas. In particular, the potential for recent developments in membranes for scale-up based upon required performance parameters in these settings will be reviewed. The challenges and barriers to the upscale of membrane technologies are discussed with respect to both materials and engineering perspectives. The technology readiness level of various technologies and remaining barriers to their implementation are provided.

Simulation modeling in the design of the operation of technological complexes

Production areas of technological complexes are complex systems consisting of a large number of equipment with a different organizational structure. One of the most important and complex stages of designing such sites is the technological preparation of production, during which it is necessary to meet the following requirements: to ensure the required performance parameters in the manufacture of a given range of manufactured products; to minimize the irrational use of space. When developing the technological process of pre-production, it is necessary to rationally select the equipment and its position in a given room; to select and design the necessary technological equipment; to develop labor standards, materials, fuel and energy to ensure the required productivity. To determine the best option for the layout of the production site at the project stage, it is proposed to create a model of the production process at the proposed site using simulation design programs. Determining and selecting the required parameters (for example, the load factor of the equipment, the time of arrival of the workpieces at the production site, the time of the greatest loading of the loader, etc.) will reduce the time to choose the optimal layout of the technological complex.

Design of down conversion ring mixer using 45 nm Metal gate High-K Strained-Si CMOS Technology for RF applications

A FET Quad ring RF down conversion mixer is designed using Predictive Technology Model (PTM) High Performance 45 nm Metal Gate High-K Strained-Si CMOS model for RF applications. Mixer is designed for 450 MHz band with RF frequency of 464 MHz, IF frequency of 5 MHz and LO frequency of 469 MHz. High-k metal gate transistors are used due to their enhanced performance and low gate leakage current. A Low pass RC type filter is used at the mixer output to reject high frequency spurious frequency components. The mixer is well tuned for required performance parameters with special reference to 450 MHz narrow band IOT applications. The mixer shows the minimum conversion loss of −11.07 dB, 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 3.10 dBm, SSB noise figure of 8.364 dB and high isolation of 171 dB both for LO to RF, LO to IF ports and 40 dB isolation value for RF to IF port.

R&D for the CLIC vertex and tracking detectors

Significant progress has been made to develop silicon pixel technologies for use in the vertex and tracker regions of the proposed Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) detector design. The electron-positron collisions generated by this linear accelerator provide a clean, low-radiation environment for the inner detectors. However, physics-driven performance targets, the CLIC beam structure, and occupancies from beam-induced backgrounds place challenging requirements on detector technologies for this region. A pixel pitch down to 25×25 μm2, material budget ⩽ 0.2–2%X0 per layer, average power dissipation of down to 50 mW cm−2, position resolution of 3–7μm, and timing resolution as low as 5 ns are called for in the vertex and tracking detectors. To this aim, a comprehensive R&D programme is ongoing to design and test silicon pixel detectors to fulfil these specifications, including both monolithic and hybrid devices. These studies involve Allpix2 Monte Carlo and TCAD simulations, advanced 65 nm ASIC and sensor design, laboratory testing, and beam tests of individual modules to determine the required performance parameters. The characterisation and simulation modelling of these devices has also lead to the development of a set of tools and software within the CLIC detector and physics (CLICdp) collaboration. This publication will present recent results from the technologies being developed and tested in view of the CLIC vertex and tracking detector requirements, such as various monolithic CMOS sensors, and fine pitch hybrid assemblies with planar sensors.

Flight dynamic model for low earth orbit satellites

Low Earth Orbit satellite(LEO) missions have potentially attractive features such as low launch cost, and wide remote sensing applications.There are three vital missions during the satellites life time including orbit transfer from the parking to the operating orbit, maintaining the operating orbit and de-orbiting mission to a disposal orbit at the end of the satellite lifetime according to the standard disposal orbit law. The mathematical model has been implemented to study various LEO mission orbits including the three vital missions.The mathematical model evaluates the required performance parameters, velocity budget, number of manoeuvers, duration and consumed propellant mass for each mission.The mathematical algorithm is carried out using Matlab/Simulink, the complete mathematical flight dynamic model has been verified through comparisons with the generated mission scenarios from Satellite Tool kit (STK), the graphical user interface is designed to display the model.The carried out algorithm can be applied in satellite mission design to help predicting the parameters for each mission to minimize the risks and intensive tests. it can be considered as powerful tool to design and analysis LEO satellite missions.

The impact of uncertain channel models on wireless communication

It is mainly deals with models of wireless communication channels, and in particular with the difficulty of finding an exact model which is both mathematically easy to deal with and physically accurate. It is argued that a certain amount of uncertainty necessarily following the use of inaccurate channel models should be accepted, and suitable tools used to evaluate its effects on analysis and design. With our approach, lower and upper bounds on required performance parameters are derived under no assumption of exact knowledge of the underlying probability distributions, and model uncertainty effects are propagated throughout calculations. Sepcial attention is given to the derivation of upper and lower bounds on system performance when this is determined by random variables whose dependence is not exactly known.

Evaluating the performance of automated bay irrigation

Evaluating the performance of automated bay irrigation

ADX: a high field, high power density, advanced divertor and RF tokamak

The MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and collaborators are proposing a high-performance Advanced Divertor and RF tokamak eXperiment (ADX)—a tokamak specifically designed to address critical gaps in the world fusion research programme on the pathway to next-step devices: fusion nuclear science facility (FNSF), fusion pilot plant (FPP) and/or demonstration power plant (DEMO). This high-field (⩾6.5 T, 1.5 MA), high power density facility (P/S ∼ 1.5 MW m−2) will test innovative divertor ideas, including an ‘X-point target divertor’ concept, at the required performance parameters—reactor-level boundary plasma pressures, magnetic field strengths and parallel heat flux densities entering into the divertor region—while simultaneously producing high-performance core plasma conditions that are prototypical of a reactor: equilibrated and strongly coupled electrons and ions, regimes with low or no torque, and no fuelling from external heating and current drive systems. Equally important, the experimental platform will test innovative concepts for lower hybrid current drive and ion cyclotron range of frequency actuators with the unprecedented ability to deploy launch structures both on the low-magnetic-field side and the high-magnetic-field side—the latter being a location where energetic plasma–material interactions can be controlled and favourable RF wave physics leads to efficient current drive, current profile control, heating and flow drive. This triple combination—advanced divertors, advanced RF actuators, reactor-prototypical core plasma conditions—will enable ADX to explore enhanced core confinement physics, such as made possible by reversed central shear, using only the types of external drive systems that are considered viable for a fusion power plant. Such an integrated demonstration of high-performance core-divertor operation with steady-state sustainment would pave the way towards an attractive pilot plant, as envisioned in the ARC concept (affordable, robust, compact) (Sorbom et al 2015 Fusion Eng. Des. submitted (arXiv:1409.3540)) that makes use of high-temperature superconductor technology—a high-field (9.25 T) tokamak the size of the Joint European Torus that produces 270 MW of net electricity.

The current practice of lift traffic design using calculation and simulation

Lift traffic design can employ calculation or simulation methods. Calculation can be split into main categories: analytical equation-based methods and numerical methods. Simulation can be split into discrete event simulation and time-slice simulation. These methods vary in the level of computational complexity, as well as their ability to arrive at a value for the required performance parameters with acceptable accuracy and under the general case. Moreover, the repeatability of the results is an important consideration, as well as the simplicity and calculation time of the method used. This technical note provides a general overview of each of the four methods. It also discusses the suitable areas of application of each of the methods, showing the strengths and weaknesses of each of the four methods. This technical note concludes by outlining the current hybrid method used by designers in lift traffic design, whereby one of the calculation methods is used to find a starting arrangement and then the design is fine tuned using one of the simulation methods (e.g. changing speed, capacity of the lifts as well as the group control algorithm) in order to achieve the required average passenger waiting time and average passenger transit time. Practical application: This technical note provides a blueprint to lift traffic designers for the lift traffic design process. It emphasises the fact that calculation and simulation are not mutually exclusive methodologies, and shows how they complement each other, where the former provides a starting design and the latter allows the designer to fine tune the lift traffic design.

Thermochemical Calculations for Some Selected Advanced Plastic Bonded Explosives

The parallel demand of energetic and low sensitive explosive formulations makes it necessary to investigate the explosive properties of many explosive formulations to determine which formulation has the required performance parameters for specific applications. Thermochemical calculations have been used for a long time with considerable success as fast-effective tool to investigate the explosive performance parameters of different types of explosive mixtures that are candidate for a given practical application and to minimize high cost of experimental work needed to evaluate efficiently the performance parameters of new synthesized explosive compositions. In this paper; EXPLO5 steady state equilibrium program was used to calculate the explosive characteristics and performance parameters for a number of plastic bonded explosive (PBXs) formulations. These are mixtures of explosives, either classical or advanced, (RDX, HMX, PETN, CL-20 and Bicyclo HMX) and either inert or energetic binder (HTPB or GAP). Low sensitive and castable plastic bonded explosiveformulations which satisfy the required performance parameters are selected. PBXs formulations containing CL-20 showed the highest values of detonation heat, detonation velocity, and brisance.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ЗЕМЛЯНОГО ПОЛОТНА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГЕОМАТЕРИАЛОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ВЬЕТНАМА

Рассмотрены классификация геоматериалов, их функциональное назначение при строительстве земляного полотна и основные параметры. Предложены различные конструкционные решения, применяемые при возведении насыпи земляного полотна в условиях Вьетнама.

Design Considerations for Multilevel CMOS/Nano Memristive Memory

With technology migration into nano and molecular scales several hybrid CMOS/nano logic and memory architectures have been proposed that aim to achieve high device density with low power consumption. The discovery of the memristor has further enabled the realization of denser nanoscale logic and memory systems by facilitating the implementation of multilevel logic. This work describes the design of such a multilevel nonvolatile memristor memory system, and the design constraints imposed in the realization of such a memory. In particular, the limitations on load, bank size, number of bits achievable per device, placed by the required noise margin for accurately reading and writing the data stored in a device are analyzed. Also analyzed are the nondisruptive read and write methodologies for the hybrid multilevel memristor memory to program and read the memristive information without corrupting it. This work showcases two write methodologies that leverage the best traits of memristors when used in either linear (low power) or nonlinear drift (fast speeds) modes. The system can therefore be tailored depending on the required performance parameters of a given application for a fast memory or a slower but very energy-efficient system. We propose for the first time, a hybrid memory that aims to incorporate the area advantage provided by the utilization of multilevel logic and nanoscale memristive devices in conjunction with CMOS for the realization of a high density nonvolatile multilevel memory.

An efficient analytical model for the dimensioning of WiMAX networks supporting multi-profile best effort traffic

This paper tackles the challenging task of developing a simple and accurate analytical model for performance evaluation of WiMAX networks. The need for accurate and fast-computing tools is of primary importance to face complex and exhaustive dimensioning issues for this promising access technology. In this paper, we present a generic Markovian model developed for three usual scheduling policies (slot sharing fairness, throughput fairness and opportunistic scheduling) that provides closed-form expressions for all the required performance parameters instantaneously. We also present and evaluate the performance of a fourth policy, called throttling policy, that limits the maximum user throughput and makes use of the Maximum Sustained Traffic Rate (MSTR) parameter foreseen by the standard. At last, we extend these studies to multi-profile traffic patterns. The proposed models are compared in depth with realistic simulations that show their accuracy and robustness regarding the different modeling assumptions. Finally, the speed of our analytical tools allows us to carry on dimensioning studies that require several thousands of evaluations, which would not be tractable with any simulation tool.

Challenges and Prospects for the Large-Scale Application of Superconductivity

The large-scale use of superconductivity continues to be dominated by applications for which there is generally no conventional option. In these cases, superconductivity has enabled new science and technology that could not exist without it. The fields of fusion energy and high-energy physics (HEP) have particularly benefited from the application of superconductivity. High magnetic fields are absolutely necessary to achieve the required performance parameters. Even though superconductivity is an enabling technology for these fields, it comes with a number of challenges and market incursion has been very slow. However, thanks to persistent ongoing research, improvements in ancillary technology, and the development of new materials, the field is far from exhausted. On the contrary, many new applications in addition to high field magnets for scientific research and medical applications are on the horizon. Several applications are on the verge of accomplishing the much more difficult task of replacing existing conventional technology. This paper summarizes the current status of large-scale applications of superconductivity, using as an example magnet technology for fusion and HEP, and examines the prospects and challenges for new large-scale applications in the future.

Multi-scale modeling of microstructured reactors for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene

Abstract A novel ethylene production process has been developed via oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane in microstructured reactors. This process, where hydrogen is combusted in close contact with the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction, has the potential to significantly improve the economics of ethylene production. The oxidative dehydrogenation reactor walls are coated with a novel catalyst that enables both high activity and high selectivity to ethylene. Overall reactor performance has exceeded 75% ethane conversion and 84% ethylene selectivity without performance degradation over several 100 h in laboratory experiments. The reactor operated with a peak temperature near 950 °C and a reaction contact time less than 50 ms. Single pass ethylene yield far exceeded that possible in a conventional stream cracker. Reactor design was enabled by the use of computational flow dynamic (CFD) models at three levels: local, intermediate and global. A local model reduced the set of kinetic equations to a manageable few. An intermediate model assessed the reactor performance in a single channel with a simplified set of kinetics. A global model set the required performance parameters, including flowrate per reactor volume, conversion and selectivity for practical, commercial implementation in a reactor with thousands of parallel microchannels.

Challenges and Prospects for the Large Scale Application of Superconductivity in High Energy Physics and Fusion Programs

The large scale use of superconductivity continues to be dominated by applications for which there is generally no conventional option. In these cases, superconductivity has enabled new science and technology that could not exist without it. Thanks to persistent ongoing research, new ancillary technology and the development of new materials, the field is far from exhausted. The fields of fusion energy and high energy physics (HEP) have particularly benefited from the application of superconductivity. High magnetic fields are absolutely necessary to achieve the required performance parameters. Even though superconductivity is an enabling technology for these fields, it comes with a number of challenges. The progress in development of applications is driven from one side by the available materials and on the other, by the evolution, or sometimes revolution, in ancillary technologies. Technology for use in both fusion and accelerator magnets begins with the same materials and inherent constraints, yet results in substantially different configurations and unique challenges due to the operational requirements for the respective applications. This paper presents a comparison of the technology developed by the fusion and high energy physics programs, both the similarities and the differences, and prospects for future development.

Performance analysis of long-lived cooperative transactions in active DBMS

Active database management systems (ADBMS) are used in different application domains and especially for cooperative and long duration activity management. This paper deals with performance analysis of long-lived cooperative transaction processing in an ADBMS. We first briefly discuss NP-QuadLock – a concurrency control scheme for cooperative and long durational transactions in ADBMS. A restricted version of NP-QuadLock named 2L-QuadLock has been used for simulation. We have modeled such an ADBMS supporting 2L-QuadLock scheme by a queuing model. The failure of the transactions running in such systems has been modeled by a failure recovery model. We have simulated this model for a transaction processing system serving long-lived and cooperative transactions. We also discuss some important emerging application scenarios, where the proposed cooperative complex transaction mechanism can be used (e.g. 3G-service environment, ubiquitous computing environment, feature composition in intelligent network environment, multi-site and multi-domain web-services). An important objective of our work is to analyze quantitatively (a) the performance penalty on the system due to the partial abort, the number of locks held by a transaction, the number of states of the transactions, and (b) the gain in the performance of the system with the cooperation semantics proposed in 2L-QuadLock concurrency control mechanism. We have analyzed the effect of various parameters such as partial abort rate, cooperation rate, number of locks held by a transaction, multiprogramming level, on the performance metrics such as average service time, average saga length and the degree of compensation. Later, we characterize the application scenarios based on some important simulation parameters, and discuss the application performance needs for each of the application scenarios. The required performance parameters that need to be used for these application scenarios and the corresponding performance results using 2L-QuadLock are also discussed.

Test requirements for 42 V battery systems

The introduction of the 42V PowerNet imposes new performance requirements on the battery. The required performance parameters will vary dependent on the application and to what extent the power train is hybridised, with additional features such as start–stop, launch assist etc. This makes it more difficult to specify relevant laboratory test procedures. This paper reviews the vehicle electrical system developments and the impact these developments will have on the battery performance and testing requirements. Suitable test equipment from Digatron/Firing Circuits is discussed and reviewed.