Request For Forgiveness Research Articles

Pendampingan Pembacaan Doa Selamat Setelah Belajar Sebagai Pembentukan Spiritual Siswa XI BRL 2 di SMKN 2 Palangka Raya

Prayer is an expression or communication between a person and God, which usually includes requests, praise, gratitude, or a request for forgiveness. The problems faced in the field are related to students' lack of understanding of prayer and the importance of spirituality in the learning process. Many students are not used to reading prayers correctly, so that religious values ​​are not fully absorbed in daily activities at school. The purpose of this service is to increase students' awareness of the importance of spirituality in the learning process and to create a positive culture in the school environment. The method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR). Data were collected through direct observation and interviews with students where students were actively involved in the activity of reading a prayer of congratulations at the end of learning. The results showed that students better understood the meaning of prayer and were more involved and interested in reading it after studying. It is hoped that this activity can improve students' character and increase their gratitude for the knowledge they have learned. The results of the study also showed that, as part of student character development, schools should involve similar activities in the formation of religious character. Therefore, prayer reading assistance activities can be used as a way to show that students have gained a better understanding of the importance of prayer and have improved their ability to read prayers correctly and regularly. It is recommended that such activities be conducted regularly to strengthen students' religious principles and improve the learning environment.

Forgiveness and the Modern Constitution: Derrida’s Perjury & Pardon

Abstract The recently published two volumes of Derrida’s Perjury & Pardon seminars are interesting from a legal perspective, among others, because of Derrida’s comments there on the preamble and certain sections of the South African Constitution. The present article enquires specifically into the implications of Derrida’s analysis in the Perjury & Pardon seminars for constitutional interpretation, more specifically, by seeking answers to the question what it means to confess or to seek forgiveness for past crimes, as well as to refer to God in a constitution. With reference to Derrida’s seminars, it is contended that such a confession or request for forgiveness should be read as not only relating to determined crimes, but also to the unforgiveable crime of being-there, for existence. It is further contended that the reference to God in a constitution is to be read as pointing to what Derrida refers to as ‘the impossible’, that is, to impossible grace, unconditional forgiveness. In conclusion, it is contended that the modern constitution per definition includes such a confession or request for forgiveness, as well as a trace of the impossible, the latter which provides an indication of the scope of state responsibility.

Карл Пингера «В смерти он растоптал смерть!» Умирание, траур и пасхальная вера в восточноправославной традиции

Rituals are omnipresent. Religions provide answers to death. They interpret death as a transition to another form of existence and form different cultures of the dying person, marking daily transitions as well as turning points such as births, weddings, illness and death. Accompanying the dying person is common to all cultures. At the same time, when creating conditions for a humane and dignified death, it is necessary to take into account the existing cultural and religious-ideological differences between various Christian traditions, consisting in what this accompaniment looks like, what the rituals are before and after the death and how quickly the dead are buried. The translation of the paper raises the overarching issues of dying, death, and mourning in religious studies and attempts to comprehend the existing forms of the final phase of life in various religious beliefs in order to humanize the rituals of death, dying, and mourning, and in particular Easter beliefs and mourning ceremonies in the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition, in which a central place in prayers or liturgical commemoration of the dead is given to requests for forgiveness of sins and salvation of souls of the dead.

Discursive Strategies of Indirect Apology in English-Language Personal Communication

Introduction. The urgency of the paper is due to the increased interest of linguists in the harmony of interaction and polite interpersonal communication maintenance and restoration. By means of discursive parameters of the communicative situation of apology modelling the research aims to identify the linguistic and strategic peculiarities of their realization in the form of direct and indirect apologies, and to describe the discursive and pragmatic specificity of indirect apology scenario, which prevails in the English-language interaction.Methodology and sources. The research is carried out on the material of modern British writers’ original texts (R. Joyce, J. Rowling, R. Golman) and scripts of feature films in English (Bridget Jones’ Diary, directed by Sharon Maguire, Emma – Directed by Douglas McGrath, etc.) selected by means of a continuous selection method, 172 text excerpts verbalize direct or indirect apologies. The speech act of apology, being a unit of the analysis, is aimed at demonstrating awareness of interpersonal relations and polite communication conventions violation. Linguistic-and-pragmatic analysis of direct and indirect apologies application stipulated the use of parametric modelling method, which involves building a model of communicative situation with the identification of constants, or parameters that vary and adapt to the circumstances of their use. The study of the strategic and tactical peculiarities of communicative behavior in situations with explication of indirect apology was performed by using content analysis method. It was accompanied by application of interpretive analysis of motives, reasons and conditions. In the course of the study, content analysis was applied to state out the subject matter of apologizing and forgiveness statements within the framework of a categorical communicative situation and the subsequent description of their lexical, grammatical, and syntactic peculiarities.Results and discussion. In order to restore harmony broken by accidental or deliberate violation of norms and conventions the communicants use direct or indirect apologies in situations of interpersonal interaction. The parametric modelling method application has enabled the identification of scenario realization variability and proved its conformity with direct and indirect apology strategies. The scenario realization mostly depends on the assessment of severity of the damage caused. The pragmatic-and-linguistic peculiarities of direct and indirect apology scenarios development in English speech practice have been considered and described. The immediate apology intention, which is verbalized in t he speech act of forgiveness request, constitutes the basis for direct apology scenario and is intensified by algorithmized sequence of speech-behavioral actions, such as admitting the guilt, giving excuses, shifting blame, communicating feelings, calling for empathy. In situations of indirect apology, as compared with the direct apology scenario, the replacement of a request for forgiveness by means of one or several speech actions is observed, which confirms the hypothesis of their compensating function in English-speaking interpersonal communication. The paper presents the results of a quantitative and qualitative calculation, which has enabled the researchers to draw a conclusion about the strategic preferences of English-speaking communicants, their gender-stipulated choice, frequency and effectiveness of speech actions application whilst the identified variants of apology scenarios implementation.Conclusion. The discursive strategies of indirect apology, which are expressed by means of speech acts of fault intensification and minimizing, uttered in case of offence or damage of various degree caused to a person, are viewed as value -oriented means of interpersonal relations regulation in the English-speaking community. They reveal the specificity of communicative self-distancing and personal space preservation.

Men and Women Defending Themselves from Political Scandals: Gender Stereotypes and Proneness to Forgive Scandalous Politicians

Many studies have highlighted the role of gender stereotypes in impressions of politicians. In general, a politician’s image benefits from behaving consistently within gender stereotypes. The present study tested whether this also applied to different image restoration tactics employed by male versus female politicians after a scandal. We assessed participants’ evaluation of a fictitious male or female politician soon after a scandal and then after his or her defence. We used a 3 × 2 experimental design to compare the effectiveness of three defensive tactics involving different degrees of assertiveness vs. submissiveness as a function of a politician’s gender. All tactics were overall effective in improving the damaged reputation of the fictitious politician but, as expected, using the excuse of mitigating circumstances (submissive) was more beneficial to female politicians while diffusing responsibility by accusing another person (assertive) was more beneficial to male politicians, both in terms of global attitude and stereotypical evaluations (communality and agency, respectively). The tactic of mortification and requests for forgiveness did not have different effects by gender. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

What kind of trust in the Church? A theological reflection

What does it mean to trust in the Church? The Church is a unique subject, whose identity and mission must be understood in order to determine which form of trust in her is the most appropriate. Understanding the Church as the mystery of the presence of God, who humbles himself to accompany human beings in human reality and history allows us to recognize that she can only present herself as a paradoxical phenomenon, characterized by tensions, the most serious of which is that between holiness and sin. This essay outlines the identity of the Church as a mystery and a paradox, and refers in particular to the thought of Henri de Lubac as support. A keener awareness of the paradoxical nature of the Church, which emerged in the twentieth century, led to significant gestures such as the request for forgiveness made by John Paul II in the Jubilee at the start of the new millennium. Evil in the Church provokes scandal and inevitably leads to a loss of trust. Paradoxically, however, a faith based on God and his promise can subsist, and it allows us to make sense of evil itself, without justifying it. It becomes an occasion for a greater revelation of God’s mercy on the Church herself, and on the world.

Staying Angry: Black Women’s Resistance to Racialized Forgiveness in U.S. Police Shootings

Requests for forgiveness can effectively silence and delegitimize anger, and requests to publicly perform emotional labor can effectively make that labor both required and undervalued. I focus on interviews and press conferences between 2014 and 2016 with police shooting mourners Esaw Garner, Lesley McSpadden, Samaria Rice, Audrey DuBose, and Valerie Castile. I show how these Black women resist racist calls to deprive them of their anger and right to seek justice, refusing to suture the social crisis of police violence with their emotional labor. On television, the news context obscures the entertainment value of anger and grief that partly motivates these requests. I argue that speakers are well aware of the way supposedly angry, supposedly violent affect gets judged on the Black body in the public sphere. Family members resist the pressure to forgive—a form of resistance that insists on the right to anger in the public sphere—while strategically maintaining a reasonable demeanor.

Strategies of Conflict Resolution and Mitigation: The Potential of the Speech Act of Apologizing in the Perspective of Intercultural Pragmatics

The article considers the linguistic and communicative nature of an apology (a request for forgiveness) as a corrective action that is aimed at preventing or mitigating conflict. By analyzing speech situations from Russian and Austrian culture and their illustrations in literary sources, it is established that apology occupies an intermediate position between performative and non-performative utterance. There have been recorded the situations, where even serious damage can be removed by an apology or an apology in combination with compensation. There are three categories of apologies: metacommunicative, conventional and substantive apologies. The latter two are described in the article. The hypothesis of the study is substantiated by the thesis that the apology depends not only on the severity of the damage, but also on the traditions of culture and peculiarities of the communicative situation. This issue is one of the insufficiently studied questions of linguistics. The article allocates the cultural universals of apologetic speech actions and culturally specific features of apology situations in Russian and Austrian cultures. It is shown that in the sphere of politics, even decades after the infliction of serious harm, a sincere apology for an insult or violation of the norms of behavior, uttered by the responsible person or his descendant, can be the basis for improving inter-state relations.

Comisiones de la Verdad en América Latina. La esperanza de un nuevo porvenir

This article presents the implementation of the right to the truth of the victims, through the creation of eleven Commissions of Truth, established in Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala, Uruguay, Peru, Paraguay, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras and Brasil, which emerged as the product of peace agreements or transitional processes. The Commissions of Truth received the assignment to investigate violations of Human Rights and breaches of International Humanitarian Law by military dictatorships, authoritarian regimes or internal armed conflicts. This review shows, that in addition to the subjects that constitute the Commissions, they work due to eight conditions: determined duration; legitimacy; themes; working methodologies; media of dissemination of results; attention to Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes; repair strategies, request for forgiveness and reconciliation. The existence of the Commissions of Truth, while transforming the conflicts they serve, have not reached, as a strategy, the integral promotion of connivance and reconciliation.

Comparing apologies in Australian English and Bahasa Indonesia: Cultural and gender perspectives

AbstractThis study examines sociocultural, pragmatic, and gender differences between native speakers of Australian English (AE) and Bahasa Indonesia (BI) in expressing the speech act of apology. Based on an oral discourse completion task (DCT) using data from 24 native speakers of both languages, the study focuses on the variations in the use of apology strategies in three situations of moderate severity. The findings show that the two groups use a variety of strategies in expressing apologies. The majority of BI speakers tend to use requests for forgiveness with relatively strong hearer-oriented strategies. AE apologies, on the other hand, seem to be dominated by the frequent use of expressions of regret, with speaker-oriented strategies. Another noticeable speech phenomenon lies in the differences in showing directness and politeness: BI speakers are likely to be more elaborate and less straightforward in their expressions than AE speakers. It is also evident that Indonesian apologetic acts tend to be somewhat formulaic and less varied compared with those in Australian expressions. Finally, the findings show quite pronounced gender differences both within and between the two languages in terms of the strategy use and expressions.

A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Apology Strategies Employed by Iranian EFL Learners and English Native Speakers

The development of speech-act theory has provided the hearers with a better understanding of what speakers intend to perform in the act of communication. One type of speech act is apologizing. When an action or utterance has resulted in an offense, the offender needs to apologize. In the present study, an attempt was made to compare the apology strategies employed by Iranian EFL learners and those of English native speakers in order to find out the possible differences and similarities. To this end, a discourse completion test (DCT) was given to 100 male and female Iranian EFL learners and English native speakers. The respondents were supposed to complete the DCTs based on nine situations, which varied in terms of power between the interlocutors and level of imposition. This study employed Cohen and Olshtain's (1981) model to classify various types of apology strategies. The obtained results revealed some similarities along with some (statistically insignificant) differences between EFL learners and American English speakers in terms of their use of apology strategies. Furthermore, it was found that the illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs), such as request for forgiveness and an offer of apology were the strategies mostly employed by the Iranian EFL learners while taking on responsibility such as explicit self-blame, and expression of self-deficiency were found to be the strategies mostly used by English native speakers. In terms of gender, the male and female respondents more or less used the same apology strategies in response to the situations. The findings of the present research can be used by language teachers as well as sociolinguists. Keywords: Speech act theory, Speech act of apology, Apology strategies, Iranian EFL learners, English Native speakers, Gender

Bowing for Forgiveness in The Brothers Karamazov

The Eastern Orthodox tradition of bowing heavily influences the work of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and his final novel, The Brothers Karamazov, contains many instances of bowing at developmental moments for protagonists. By setting the novel’s action during the Lenten season, Dostoyevsky allows the characters to participate vicariously in the Sunday of Forgiveness, an Orthodox service of bowing and forgiveness. When viewed in light of the book’s narrative timeline and the Sunday of Forgiveness traditions, the major bows in The Brothers Karamazov can be interpreted as requests for forgiveness.

Beckett's Watt and Monastic Tradition

The enigmatic setting of Beckett's novel Watt has been compared to places as diverse as an insane asylum, a boarding school, a womb, and a concentration camp. Watt's experience at Knott's house does seem suggestive of all of these, and yet it may more readily conform to the setting of a monastery. The novel is filled with chants, meditations, choral arrangements, hierarchical classifications, and even silence, all highly evocative of a monastic lifestyle. Some of Watt's dialogue (such as his requests for forgiveness or reflections on the nature of mankind) further echoes various Catholic liturgies. Watt finds little solace in these activities, however. He feels that they are largely rote and purposeless as they are focused on Knott, a figure who in many ways defies linguistic description and physical know-ability. Watt's meditations and rituals become, then, empty catechisms without answers, something that is reflected in the extreme difficulty that Watt has communicating. In the face of linguistic and liturgical instability, the Watt notebooks present a counter reading that can be found in the thousand plus doodles that line its pages. The drawings reinforce as well as subvert their textual counterpart, and they function in many ways as the images in medieval illuminated manuscripts. The doodles in Watt often take the form of decorative letters, elaborate marginal drawings, and depictions of a variety of people and animals, and many of its doodles offer uncanny resemblances in form or theme to those in illuminated manuscripts like The Book of Kells. Doodles of saints, monks, crosses, and scribes even give an occasional pictorial nod to the monastic setting in which illuminated manuscripts were usually produced (and remind us of the monastic conditions in which Beckett found himself writing much of Watt). Beckett's doodles not only channel this medium of illuminated manuscripts, they also modernize its application. Instead of neat geometric shapes extending down the page, his geometric doodle sequences are often abstracted, fragmented, and nonlinear. Beckett also occasionally modernized the content of illuminated manuscripts: instead of the traditional sacramental communion table filled with candles, bread and wine, Beckett doodles a science lab table where Bunsen burners replaces candles and wine glasses function as beakers. It is through these modernized images that Watt attempts to draw contemporary relevance from a classic art form and to restore (at least partial) meaning to rote traditions.

Truth, Justice and Memory for Dictatorship-era Human Rights Violations, 40 Years After the Military Coup

Abstract: The year 2013 saw a series of events and anniversaries in Chile that were particularly charged because of their association with historical memory. The main event was undoubtedly the 40th anniversary of the military coup of 11 September 1973. However, another significant anniversary, in mid October, marked 15 years since former dictator Augusto Pinochet was arrested in London on a Spanish warrant for human rights crimes. The fact that both dates were presided over by a right wing government, whose successor was due to be chosen in presidential elections due just a few weeks later, is one of those peculiar ironies that history occasionally produces. The sensation of the repetition of an inexorable cycle uniting past, present and future was accentuated by the late emergence of Evelyn Matthei as the presidential candidate for the right-wing Alianza alliance, competing against Michelle Bachelet for the centre-left Concertacion. This pairing means that the future political direction of the country will be decided between two daughters of Air Force generals, one of whom has moreover been repeatedly accused of moral or command responsibility in the death of the other, a constitutionalist officer loyal to Allende who died in prison from wounds sustained under torture. 2013 therefore offered a unique opportunity for Chile to take a long and candid look at its recent past, drawing the necessary lessons that would allow advances in truth and justice through honest dialogue. Nonetheless, the events of the year as analysed here lead us to conclude that the heavily charged symbolism of the 2013 anniversaries will go down in history as, at best, a missed opportunity. It is evident that some sectors on the political right are still uncomfortable with the concept of human rights in general, and human rights issues in relation to the dictatorship, in particular. This manifests itself in some cases as a lack of clarity or consistency in repudiating both the authoritarian nature of the dictatorship and the state terror policies that were an integral part of it. In other cases, it shows up as a permanent desire to renegotiate the parameters of acknowledgement of particular truths, as was illustrated in June 2013 by the comments of the general secretary of the right-wing UDI party over the degollados case. A similar phenomenon can be detected in military circles. In July 2013, outgoing army commander in chief Juan Miguel Fuente-Alba added his voice to the repeated calls made by his successors for ‘compassionate treatment’ of former military personnel guilty of crimes that national and international law define as the gravest possible. Fuente-Alba expressed the “sorrow and sadness” that he feels on seeing the law applied. He also referred to “these things that happened 40 years ago”, thereby rendering invisible the persistent commission of grave crimes of repression throughout the subsequent 17 years, including and beyond the September 1989 assassination of Jecar Neghme. The immediate runup to 11 September itself produced a veritable wave of requests for forgiveness (perdon) from a range of social and political actors. Presidential candidate Evelyn Matthei rejected the need for a mea culpa. The National Magistrates’ Association however declared that the judicial branch, and in particular the Supreme Court, had in its view “failed to fulfil its essential duties” during the dictatorship, erring both “by action and omission”. In response the Supreme Court recognised, for the first time, the “abandonment of its jurisdictional responsibilities”. Nonetheless, judge Hugo Dolmestch, Supreme Court spokesman and coordinator for human rights cases, affirmed that the Supreme Court of the time had been “right” to support the coup, and recognised that he was “in favour of low sentences”. It is clear, then, that the systematicity and political nature of repressive crimes and crimes against humanity, elements that serve to aggravate the offence, are nonetheless taken by some sectors as mitigation.

L’Église catholique et l’enseignement de l’estime. Discours sur le judaïsme et relations avec les Juifs en Belgique et en France de 1965 à 2000

Over the last few decades, the official teaching of the Catholic Church with respect to Judaism has evolved from a “teaching of contempt” towards what the French historian Jules Isaac termed as “enseignement de l’estime”. The point of departure for such a change came from the part of Rome, where the declaration Nostra Aetate 4 (1964) marked a turning point in the relationship between the Church and the Jewish world. Presenting Judaism in a new light, the Council officially opened up the ways for an exchange of perspectives in the new relationship between the members of the two religions. But a new relationship cannot be based on either forgetting or evading the past. It would after all take many decades for the Church to see face to face its past relationship with the Jews, to question its traditional teachings developed within the theology of the Substitution, and to ask for forgiveness. The presence of Pope John Paul II at the Western Wall in Jerusalem in March 2000 was a gesture of this request for forgiveness. The years 1965-2000 were an important turning point for the dialogue between the Church and the Jewish world. They were characterized by great progress, by highly symbolic gestures but also by difficult moments of which the Auschwitz case could be described as the most serious crisis since the Holocaust. In the present thesis, we have studied the key stages in the relationship between the Jews and the Catholics both within the French and the Belgian contexts. We tried to observe if the ecclesiastical discourse against the Jews evolved into a “teaching of esteem” in these two countries. We focused particularly on the works done by the specialized ecclesiastical committees created for the Judeo-Christian dialogue following the Council, namely the National Commission for Relations with Judaism in Belgium and the Episcopal Committee for Relations with Jews in France. We studied their publications and their initiatives to educate Christians towards a better appreciation of the Jews. Moreover, our study did not detach itself from the Roman reflections and the social evolution. The conclusion of our research has well highlighted the reality of the existence of a “teaching of esteem” within the Church with respect to the Jews in Belgium and in France. But it has also showed the difficulties for such discourses in penetrating the Christian mind in general.

Apology with and Without a Request for Forgiveness

The offender who desires to restore or maintain a relationship after a conflict apologises to his or her victim. Not only an individual but also a group can make apology. Groups do it through their representatives who are recognised as such by both sides. Sometimes offenders acknowledge wrongdoing and express regret for it. At other times while apologising, they may also ask for forgiveness. Does apology without a request for forgiveness mean the same as apology with such a request? Are there any cases where apology may be appropriate, but not a request for forgiveness? Do those who apologise without asking for forgiveness really not want to be forgiven? This article answers these questions by exploring the notion of apology and its relation to forgiveness.

Social Responsibility within Thinking about Forgiveness

Social Responsibility within Thinking about Forgiveness In Christian communities, victims of serious harm are often pressed to forgive their offenders without proper explanation of the concept of forgiveness. Quick forgiveness is often seen as the ideal solution to the problems that crime has caused. However the misunderstanding of the concept does not contribute to the healing of anyone involved (offender, victim, and community); rather it undermines the process of restoration. The author of the article tries to clarify how to understand the biblical request for forgiveness and describe various components of the forgiveness process. The content of the article should be useful for helping professions (especially for social workers, counselors, therapists, priests and pastoral workers) that come in contact with victims and perpetrators of crime.

Apology strategies in Persian

The present study is a research into the frequency, combination, and sequential position of apology strategies in Persian. The investigation is based on a corpus of 500 naturally-occurring apology exchanges, collected through an ethnographic method of observation. The results revealed that (1) explicit expression of apology with a request for forgiveness ( bebaxšid) was the most common apology strategy in Persian. (2) The aforementioned strategy together with acknowledgement of responsibility formed the most frequent combination of apology strategies in this language. (3) The same set of apology strategies used in other investigated languages was common in Persian; however, preferences for using these strategies appeared to be culture-specific.

Theological Considerations—Hermeneutical, Ecclesiological, Eschatological Regarding Memory and Reconciliation: The Church and the Faults of the Past

AbstractThis article analyzes the International Theological Commission's Memory and Reconciliation: The Church and the Faults of the Past (MR). The document offers methodological reflections about how to proceed in implementing Pope John Paul II's call for the church to ask for forgiveness for past offenses at the dawn of the third millennium of Christianity. MR thus seeks to clarify “the reasons, the conditions, and the exact form of the requests for forgiveness for the faults of the past.” The article raises some specific concerns regarding the three operative distinctions that MR proposes to be applied: between the holiness of the church emphatically differentiated from holiness (and sinfulness) in the church; between church and social context in making historical and theological judgments; and between magisterium and authority in the church (that allows MR to explain how behavior contrary to the Gospel by persons vested with authority in the church need not imply involvement of the magisterial charism).

Papal Apology: Pope Offers “Universal Confession of Sins and Request for Forgiveness” Statement Welcomed, but Weaker than Expected by Some

Pope John Paul II. Brothers and Sisters, let us turn with trust to God our Father, who is merciful and compassionate, slow to anger, great in love and fidelity, and ask him to accept the repentance of his people who humbly confess their sins, and to grant them mercy.