Republic Of Montenegro Research Articles

Problems and challenges of Avramovic stabilization program quarter of a century later

Avramovic accepted a position of a governor of Central bank of Yugoslavia (at that time, consisted of Republic of Serbia and Republic of Montenegro) in 1994. He has successfully executed one of the most effective anti-inflation programs in an adverse financial environment and without international support. This paper deals with some of the basic problems Avramovic has faced twenty five years ago, most of which have left visible consequences up to present day. They still nowadays present important weaknesses of Serbian monetary and financial system. First of those problems is low institutional independence of Serbian central bank. Second problem Avramovic was facing was lack of confidence in the banking system. Third problem Avramovic was facing at the time of his Program was lack of confidence in the local currency. These features, although less pronounced, still remain a burden for Serbian financial system. They increase lending risks, weaken monetary policy tools, and decrease rates of growth to this day.

Food security issues in the former Yugoslav countries

Food insecurity creates serious ethical, economic, and stability problems in all countries of the world, resulting in a need for its research. Each country seeks to ensure the highest degree of self-sufficiency in meeting the food needs by its own food production. However, the production of a sufficient quantity of food, and in particular its adequate structure, is not always fully realized. Therefore, ensuring food security has become an issue of primary strategic importance. Given that all the countries of the former Yugoslavia are relatively new countries undergoing a difficult period of transition, and that there are no local studies on food security, it remains to be examined how food- secure these countries are today and what factors affect their food security. The survey covered all countries of the former Yugoslavia: Republic of Serbia, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Croatia, Republic of Slovenia and Northern Macedonia. The survey data were taken from the FAOSTAT database, World Bank, as well as the national statistics of the countries of the former Yugoslavia, and hierarchical regression analysis was used. The results of the research showed that there is a statistically significant influence on the level of food security of all independent factors: general level of economic development, population growth, foreign trade, investments in agriculture. Of all the countries of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia has emerged as the most nutritionally secure country, while the lowest level of food security has been observed in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sukcesja pojugosłowiańska – kwestie granic

Slavonic Succession – Border Issues The main research goal of the article was to determine whether there are disputes between the Yugoslavian countries over the borders that divide them, and which of them are active disputes, and which of them have been referred to the International Arbitration Tribunal in The Hague and have suspended status. As the facts prove, despite the passage of time, there are still many unregulated disputes over boundaries run by the states separated from the Yugoslav Federation. Active disputes include for example the dispute led by the Republic of Croatia against the Republic of Serbia over the Danube bend and the dispute over the islands of Vukovar and Šarengra. The Republic of Croatia is in the dispute with Bosnia and Herzegovina over the islands of Mali and Veliki Školj and the island of Klek. Bosnia and Herzegovina is also involved with another dispute with the Republic of Serbia, which is not able to reach a consensus on the right to have the exclave Sastavci and the Lim River. Some examples of the suspended border disputes in the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague are the dispute between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Slovenia over the Bay of Pirae and the boundaries on the Dragunja river, the dispute between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Montenegro over the Privlaka peninsula, and the dispute between the Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Croatia over Sveta Gara and the Mura River.

Comparative Research of Electromechanical Design Schemes for Highway Tunnels between China and Eastern Europe

This study aims to strengthen the understanding of the electrical and mechanical (E & M) design plans of highway tunnels in Eastern Europe and to create a foundation for Chinese enterprises to open up the market for tunnel E & M installation projects in Eastern Europe. The Bar-Boljare Highway in the Republic of Montenegro is taken as an example to conduct a comparative research on the E & M designs of highway tunnels in China and Eastern Europe. On the basis of tunnel electrical and mechanical facilities covering ventilation, lighting, fire protection, monitoring, communication, and power supply and distribution, the comprehensive comparison focuses on design concept, design scale, design specifications, design parameters, design plan, equipment selection, and other aspects. The research method involves comprehensively comparing and studying the E & M installation work standards in China and East Europe and the Bar-Boljare Highway Project in Montenegro and similar projects in China. The expected conclusion of this study is that the tunnel E & M design concepts in China are mostly similar to those in Eastern Europe, with few differences. The selection of tunnel systems, such as lighting, ventilation, fire protection, monitoring, and other types of E & M facilities, and the layout of evacuation, indication, and other types of safety facility signs predicate the importance attached to tunnels. The E & M designs of tunnels in Eastern Europe are relatively large in scale and have all mechanical types, and the tunnels with a length exceeding 400 m are equipped with a relatively complete set of systems; in China, the same could be said of only category B tunnels or above. Design standards in China are systematic, whereas no unified design system exists in Eastern Europe, with a conspicuous difference noticed among miscellaneous standards. The valuation of design parameters in Eastern Europe is similar to that in China, but the valuation of luminance outside tunnels is more scientific than that in China. The valuation of fire disaster release amount of the ventilation system is also larger in the former. The tunnel fire rescue evacuation and escape-related design considerations in Eastern Europe are, to some extent, redundant but more scientific and humane, whereas they are more economical and reasonable in China. Eastern European tunnels are equipped with domestic undermanned portal railings, and radio and traffic broadcasts. Great differences in design norms exist between the tunnels in Eastern Europe and China. The parameters of fire-related equipment in Eastern Europe are more demanding than those in China, whereas the parameters for some equipment are highly conservative.

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SYSTEM IN SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO: Comparative Review

One of the most important interests of each society is to establish the highest level of occupational safety and health, with the aim of minimizing all adverse effects: injuries at work, occupational diseases, work-related illnesses. The ultimate imperative is the creation of such workplace conditions where the employee would have a sense of satisfaction in performing the assigned professional tasks. One way to achieve this ambitious goal is to have a legal regulation that creates a platform for effective occupational safety. This paper analyzes the legislation on occupational safety and health in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro. By comparing these two legal systems in the field of occupational safety and health, we will discuss the advantages and deficiencies of each, and provide some ideas for their improvement.

Систем на национална безбедност на Република Црна Гора

Систем на национална безбедност на Република Црна Гора

Relationship between outpatient antibiotic use and the prevalence of bacterial infections in Montenegro.

The overuse of antibiotics unnecessarily exposes patients to risk of side effects, encourages reconsultation for similar problems and enhances antimicrobial resistance. The use of antibiotics in the year 2011 in Montenegro was high (39.05 Defined Daily Dose – DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day), but it was not considered in relation to the frequency of bacterial diseases. The aim of our study was to determine the degree of conformance between the amount of outpatient antibiotic consumption and the reported prevalence of outpatient bacterial infections in the Republic of Montenegro. Data on the use of antibacterial drugs was obtained from the Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro for the year 2012. The amount of antibiotics was calculated using the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) DDD methodology. Data on the prevalence of outpatient infective disease was obtained from the Health Statistical Yearbook 2012 of Montenegro and it was expressed per 1,000 inhabitants. A total of 30.34 DDD/1,000 inhabitants/day of antibiotics in outpatients were prescribed in Montenegro in 2012, with penicillins being most frequently prescribed. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid were the most frequently used antibiotics. The prevalence of outpatient bacterial infections was 6,745 cases or 10.87/1,000. The most frequent infections were respiratory tract infections. Less than 50% of the prescribed amount of antibiotics were prescribed in accordance with national guidelines on treatment of bacterial infections. Use of antibiotics in Montenegro in 2012 was more than double than necessary according to prevalence of bacterial infections and average duration of treatment. The structure of antibiotics was not in full compliance with the national good practice guidelines, but it was in accordance with data on bacterial antibiotic resistance in outpatient practice. It is necessary to initiate measures to rationalize the use of antibiotics both in terms of quantity and in terms of the structure of the most used antibiotics.

Maintenance of the state survey in the Republic of Montenegro

The paper provides an overview of the maintenance of the state survey, as the foundation for the development of the geodetic infrastructure, real estate cadastre, mapping and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in the Republic of Montenegro. A proper understanding of the problems that emerge in the maintenance of the real estate cadastre requires familiarity with its background, i.e. the conditions under which it emerged. Particular attention is focused on geodetic reference networks, as the foundation upon which the cadastral databases were established and have subsequently been maintained, with analysis of their occurrence and current state included.

Some legal aspects of agreement on carriage of passengers by road

Nowadays, agreement of carriage of passengers by road is unavoidable legal work awarded by most persons in everyday life. Therefore, there is an increase in social and economic importance of this agreement, and the need for pointing out some of its basic legal issues. Road passenger transport implies a number of issues which the law must take into account Primarily, because the reality in which we live is based not only on the exchange of material goods, but also on exchanging of ideas and people, and all of this all permanently gives a new quality to agreement of carriage of passengers by road. The paper discusses some aspects of the agreement of carriage of passengers by road, at the same time pointing to solutions that exist in the Law on agreement of carriage of passengers by road of the Republic of Montenegro, 2009.

Reinventing Kotor and the Risan Bay, a study of tourism and heritage conservation in the New Republic of Montenegro

The setting for this research is the region of Kotor and the Bay of Risan in Montenegro which are listed as protected cultural and natural heritage sites by UNESCO. The central themes of this paper are heritage preservation and the promotion of tourism. It will demonstrate how heritage can be used by certain actors in the area studied, particularly those in the tourism industry, to create an identity specific to the region of Kotor. It is assumed that there is a real determination to set the area apart from the rest of the country by highlighting particular cultural elements. The tourism sector's commitment to promote a type of tourism which it considers better adapted to the site will be put into light, bearing in mind the conservation element but also taking into account the commercial aspect. The arguments and the methods used to promote the region will be presented, showing how elements specific to the site are emphasized. An analysis of the presentation and the explanations that support the construction of this identity and the strategies aimed at developing a type of tourism specific to the Kotor site will also be undertaken. Lastly, this paper will highlight some of the consequences that tourism, and particularly certain promotional efforts, can have on the site.

Lemanea fucina Bory, 1808 (Lemaneaceae, Rhodophyta), a rare species with a variable morphology: First record in the Republic of Montenegro

The genus Lemanea and a species belonging to this genus, Lemanea fucina Bory 1808, are reported for the first time in the Republic of Montenegro (southeast Europe, in the river Tara, at one locality - ?Splaviste? (N-43? 07? 721?, E 019? 18 ?609?). This is a new finding, and also the southernmost point of occurrence of this species in Europe. The species is characteristic mostly for rivers of the countries of northern and western Europe. The variable morphological characteristics of this species are described and illustrated in this work.

FEM modelling of faults occurred in buried power cables due to the removal of tree roots

AbstractAn engineering approach to numerical modelling of power cable heating due to a line‐to‐earth short‐circuit caused by previous mechanical damages of a cable sheath and insulation is proposed in this paper. Nonlinearity of the finite element model is based on the soil thermal conductivity and heat sources as functions of temperature and time. The nonlinear transient analysis is applied to an authentic example of line‐to‐earth short‐circuit caused by a mechanical damage of the cable sheath and insulation that has arisen during the previous removal of tree roots. The represented fault occurred on 14 November 2007 in a buried 0.4 kV cable line installed in the city of Bijelo Polje, Republic of Montenegro. Also, this paper outlines a proposition of a technical report prescribing procedures for the removal of tree roots from the soil surrounding cables and for laying power cables nearby high vegetation. The proposed engineering approach is applicable to power cables of all voltage levels laid in soils with changeable moisture content. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dairy farming: Integration into Europe

Because of the increasing trend in globalization in dairy farming resulting in joining and taking over some companies with the aim of rationalization of production and realizing greater market participation, it seems quite real to expect such a trend to appear in our country as well. After the process of privatization had been realized a significant part of Montenegrin economy fell into the hands of private owners. In such conditions it can be expected that efficiency and competitiveness of some producers of milk and dairy products in the Republic of Montenegro will be increased, since in previous period this industry was characterized by insufficient exploitation of already existing capacities for milk processing while the quality of milk was considerably under the standards prescribed by the European Union. Depending on the dynamics of entering Montenegro into international economy the national dairy industry must be ready to face the challenge which will certainly be imposed on it. The object of this paper was to try to find the answers to the two questions. First where we are now and where we will be in the next five years in order to improve the competitive potential of domestic dairy farming.

Kosovar Refugee Assessments in Montenegro and A1bania

Following NATO bombings on the 24th of March 1999, Serbian armed forces provoked a massive population exodus of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo, an autonomous province of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In June 1999, UNHCR reparted that 600,000 Kosovars had found refuge in neighbouring countries. ln order to assess the situation of Kosovar refugees, two surveys were carried out in Rozaje, Republic of Montenegro, and in Kukes, Albania, in April 1999. The main goal was to assess human rights violations. This paper describes the results of these surveys.