Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome Research Articles

CXCL-10/CXCR3 in macrophages regulates tissue repair by controlling the expression of Arg1, VEGFa and TNFα.

Macrophages have been reported to participate in inflammation, tissue homeostasis and tissue repair. The detailed mechanism of macrophage-mediated tissue repair is not clear. CXCL-10, secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, mediates immune response and angiogenesis by binding to CXCR3. In this study, the expression of CXCL-10 and CXCR3 in porcine lung injury induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection was firstly examined. The results showed that the expression of both CXCL-10 and CXCR3 increased in the infected pig lungs. In addition, the increased expression of CXCL-10 and CXCR3 in macrophage treated by poly (I:C) was also observed, suggesting the autocrine system existed in macrophages. Furthermore, CXCL-10 treatment induced upregulation of Arg1 and VEGFa, and downregulation of TNFα in macrophage, and CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 treatment presented the contrary effects on the expression of Arg1, VEGFa, and TNFα. CXCL- 10-stimulated effects were dependent on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Wound-healing assay showed that CXCL-10 treatment macrophage conditioned medium promoted the healing process of endothelial cells. Our results suggested that CXCL-10/CXCR3 in macrophage may mediate tissue repair by regulating the macrophage expression of Arg1, VEGFa and TNFα. Modulation of CXCL-10/CXCR3 axis in macrophage may be a potential therapeutic strategy for tissue injury and repair.

Епізоотологічний моніторинг цирковірусної, парвовірусної інфекцій і репродуктивно-респіраторного синдрому свиней на території Південно-Східного регіону України

Porcine circovirus infection (PCV), parvovirus infection of pigs (PVIS), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) at the present time, according to the productive serological monitoring in various countries, including the Russian Federation, are very widespread in pig breeding industrial enterprises. The aim of this study was to conduct serological monitoring for PCV, PVIS and PRRS in the Udmurt Republic taking into account a certain age factor when these diseases begin to appear and develop. Contamination of pig population aged from 28 to 120 days was determined above 50%, indicating that the virus is circulating widely in the study age group of animals. It was found that the level of PCV seropositivity was 49.1%, PRRS level - 47.5%, PVIS varied about 36.3%. During the study of different types of pathological materials in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) viral antigens on PCV and PRRS were revealed, which indicates the associated form of the disease in group of weaning piglets. The most common epizootiological and economic problem in modern small-scale pig breeding is reproductive and neonatal infections of pigs (RNIP). RNIP are mixed viral-bacterial infectious diseases. The main feature of these infections is damage to genital organs of animals resulting in reproductive disorders in sows and buds, as well as reduction in viability of newborn piglets caused by immunodeficiency and depletion from various pneumoniae enteritis. Insufficient knowledge about the nature of zoonotic RNIP and underestimation of their significance for pig breeding have led to their unprecedented spread in the last decade. The zoonotic RNIP in pig farms of Ukraine currently have a viral-bacterial etiology. Traditional approaches to epizootic regulation of these polyetiological infections are ineffective and can not provide a sustainable disease-free status of the Ukrainian pig breeding for zoonotic RNIP. This gives a reason to consider these infectious diseases as emergent. The international experience in issues of elimination of the hotbeds of emergent diseases of polyetiological origin, shows that the development of a plan for antiepizootic measures individually for each farm proves effective. Our analysis of the latest scientific publications shows that reproductive respiratory syndrome, circovirus and parvovirus infection of pigs are considered to be among the viral diseases of economical significance for the industrial pig breeding along with the classical swine fever and Aujeszky's disease. According to the serological monitoring conducted in various countries, including Ukraine, the CVIP are widespread in pig farms of the industrial type. The circovirus infection manifests itself clinically in piglets 2-3 weeks after weaning. Rejection of food, shortness of breath, fever, exhaustion, lag in growth, increased mesenteric lymph nodes, pallor or yellowness of skin shave been observed in sick animals. Among piglets of 7-15 weeks of age, the circovirus infection is manifested as a syndrome of post weaning multiple systemic exhaustion. According to foreign researchers, the incidence in piglets is at the level of 5-10%, sometimes up to 50-70%, and the mortality level reaches 70-80%. The aim of our study was to carry out serological monitoring of CVIP, PVIP and PRRS on the territory of Kharkiv, Zaporizha and Poltava regions of Ukraine, taking into account the factor of age when these diseases begin to manifest itself and spread. A total of 1684 blood samples from pigs of all ages were investigated. Serological blood tests for CVIP and PRRS were conducted with the use of LIA method, for parvovirus infection by the, detection of HIT viral genetic material - by the PCR method of Narvak system. The virological examinations of the clinical and pathological material were carried out according to generally accepted methods using the transfilled lines of cell cultures PK-15, Mark-145. Manifestation of CPE with subsequent identification of the viruses in the immunofluorescence (RIF) reaction using the immunoperoxidase method on the cultural monosharm, HIT (AD, CSF, CVIP-2, PRRS) were also studied. The research was conducted in the P.I. Verbitsky scientific and educational laboratory of genetic-molecular research methods at the Department of Epizootology and Veterinary Management of the KhDZVA. We found that the level of seropositivity of pigs for CVIP was 51.4%, for PRRS 45.8%, while PVIP varies within 34.8%. In the study of various types of pathological materials in the polymerase chain reaction, the viral antigens of the CVIP and PRRS have been detected. This indicates the associated form of the disease in piglets in the growing group.

Efficacy of Isolated Probiotic Bacteria from Piglet Nostrils in Fattening Pigs

Probiotics applications in animal husbandry can increase feed intake, growth and immune responses. The aim of this study was to isolate the probiotic bacteria from piglet nostrils and test their efficacy in fattening pigs. Nasal swabs collected from 110 healthy piglets were processed on Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar plates for lactic acid bacteria isolation. The biochemical standard tests were used for identification of isolates organisms including: Gram staining, catalase production, tolerance to bile salts, acid and base and the utilization of proteins, starch and fat. The antimicrobial activity and resistance against antibiotics were also determined. Comparative 16S rRNA analysis confirmed the identity of selected strains as Enterococcus italicus . Thirty weaned piglets (mixed sex and 35-day old) were divided into three groups (five replicates with two animals) consisting of a control group, a positive control group fed with commercial feed and antibiotic, and an experimental group fed with commercial feed and probiotics. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) vaccination were performed twice. Administration of Enterococcus italicus had no impact on average daily gain, whereas it affected feed intake and feed conversion ratio (p 0.05).

Cell-type dependent immune response post porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Cell-type dependent immune response post porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Correction: Developing a Triple Transgenic Cell Line for High-Efficiency Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154238.].

112 Genetic parameters and genomic regions associated with piglet response to vaccination for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and co-infection with PRRS virus and porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b)

Citation: Dunkelberger, J. R., Serao, N. V. L., Kerrigan, M. A., Lunney, J. K., Rowland, R. R. R., & Dekkers, J. C. M. (2016). Genetic parameters and genomic regions associated with piglet response to vaccination for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus and co-infection with PRRS virus and porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b). Journal of Animal Science, 94, 52-53. doi:10.2527/msasas2016-112

경북지역 양돈장의 돼지생식기호흡기증후군(PRRS) 항체가 조사

경북지역 양돈장의 돼지생식기호흡기증후군(PRRS) 항체가 조사

Evidence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antibodies in commercial pig husbandry in Nigeria: a preliminary study

Livestock production is one of the main economic resources of developing countries. In Nigeria, pig farming contributes significantly to the livestock sub-sector and accounts for about 30% of total pig production in Africa. Many infectious diseases never described before in this region may be responsible for production and productivity losses. A preliminary investigation to detect antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), an emerging disease of pigs, in a commercial pig husbandry complex with history of respiratory and reproductive disorders was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria. Two hundred and twenty-one sera randomly collected over six months from slaughtered pigs were analysed for PRRS virus antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the protocol described by the Office International des Epizooties. Only three specimens from breeding boars (1.4%) out of the total samples analysed were positive for antibodies to the virus. Though the sero-prevalence is low, it is yet an evidence of infection with a virus not previously reported in Nigeria and an indication of its possible contribution to the clinical syndrome observed in the piggery complex. This report, to our knowledge, represents the first serologic evidence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in Nigeria. It underscores the need for further serological and virological investigations to establish the actual burden of the disease and inform the institution of appropriate control measures to forestall associated production losses in the pig industry.Keywords: Porcine reproduction, Respiratory syndrome, Antibodies, Pigs, ELISA

Recombinant chimeric vaccine composed of PRRSV antigens and truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE-K13)

A Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE-KDEL)-based chimeric subunit vaccine system was recently developed using a reverse vaccinology technique. In this study, the plasmids containing PE-PRRS chimeric subunits were constructed that composed of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antigen moieties, a ligand moiety and a Pseudomonas exotoxin A deleted domain III (PE (ΔIII)), and a carboxyl terminal moiety that includes a polypeptide with amino acid sequence KDEL (K3). The PE-PRRS combination vaccine can effectively induce not only PRRSV-specific INF-γ cellular immunity but also a slow-reacting and complement-requiring type serum neutralizing antibody in pigs. In a specific pathogen free (SPF) pig challenge model, body temperature (colonic temperature), occurrence of PRRSV viremia, nasal excretions, gross and histopathological appearances of pneumonia, and serum antibody activity (IFA and SN) titers significantly differed between the immunized group and the control group. The survey showed that a 0.3mg/dose PE-PRRS vaccine formula conferred protection against PRRSV. A field trial of PE-PRRS vaccine was performed to study the immune response of pregnant sows after vaccination in a PRRSV persist farm. The RT-PCR analysis of viremia and serological titers showed that the PE-PRRS vaccine not only increased sow reproductive performance and evoked its immune response to PRRS viremia, it also activated maternal immune protections to prevent piglets from inflicting viremia. In conclusion, we developed a novel and effective PRRS cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs)-based vaccine containing Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE-KDEL) carrier in combination with PRRSV conserved epitopes against PRRS virus.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus detection in Thailand during 2005–2010 in relation to clinical problems, pig types, regions, and seasons

The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Thailand between 2005 and 2010. The study was conducted by retrospectively investigating the detection of PRRSV from different pig types including boars, sows, piglets, nursery pigs, and fattening pigs from six regions of Thailand, i.e., the northern, eastern, northeastern, central, western, and southern parts. The data were obtained from cases submitted to the Chulalongkorn University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for PRRSV detection between 2005 and 2010. Frequency analyses and generalized linear models were used to evaluate the prevalence of PRRSV in relation to various factors. In total, 2,273 tissues (n = 636), semen (n = 210) and serum (n = 1,427) samples were included. PRRSV was detected in 32.6% (740/2,273) of the pigs. The virus was found in 43.1%, 15.7%, and 30.3% in the tissues, semen, and serum samples, respectively (P < 0.001). The prevalence of PRRSV was highest in 2005 (43.6%) and lowest in 2009 (23.6%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of PRRSV was highest in nursery pigs (43.7%) and lowest in boars (15.4%) (P < 0.001). The prevalence of PRRSV in the hot season (34.9%) was higher than that found in the cool season (28.1%, P = 0.018) but did not differ significantly compared to rainy season (34.0%, P = 0.486). The strain of PRRSV isolated in the present study was genotype 2 (54.5%), genotype 1 (31.0%), and mixed genotypes (14.5%). It can be concluded that PRRSV was detected in the tissue samples more frequently than the semen and serum samples. The prevalence of PRRSV was high in the nursery pigs. A high prevalence of PRRSV was found in the hot season, indicating that climatic factors may also contribute to the prevalence of PRRSV in Thailand. Of all the PRRSV detected, 31.0%, 54.5%, and 14.5% belonged to genotype 1, genotype 2, and mixed genotypes, respectively.

Genetic diversity analysis of the ORF5 gene in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus samples from South China

To understand the genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in South China, we collected 231 clinical samples from pigs with suspected PRRSV infection in Guangdong between 2007 and 2009. We found that 74 of 231 samples were positive by RT-PCR. The PCR products of the ORF5 gene of 35 isolates from different farms were sequenced and their DNA sequences were compared to 23 other PRRSV isolates in the GenBank. We found that the nucleotide similarity among all South China isolates ranged from 87.6% to 100%, and all belonged to the North American genotype. Most of them were classified into subgenotype I, but the rest mapped to subgenotypes III, V or VI. Those in subgenotypes I and III were found to be highly variable in the primary neutralising epitope (PNE) with a specific amino acid mutation (F39/L39→I39), and a few isolates in subgenotypes I and III isolates also had a mutation at L41 (L41→S41). PRRSV isolates in subgenotypes III, V and VI had less potential glycosylation sites than those in subgenotype I. Our data contribute to the understanding of molecular variation of PRRSV in South China.

New insights into RNA packaging in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

While identifying whether the smallest packaged heteroclite subgenomic RNA (S9) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) contains a packaging signal, we found that S9 was capable of binding to the basic amino acid-rich domain (synthetic peptide of aa 34-53) of the packaging protein (N). In addition, by using truncations at the 5' and 3' ends of S9, a minimal binding region of 35 nt was found to be essential for binding to both the synthetic peptide and to the full-length N protein. Furthermore, by using cell-culture experiments, we found that S9 was capable of packaging non-viral RNA sequence into PRRSV particles and that the 35 nt region was essential for this activity. Taken together, our data suggest that this 35 nt region might be an important element for packaging PRRSV genomic RNA into virus particles.

THE VALIDATION PROTOCOL USED FOR ELISA TESTS IN VIRAL DISEASES DIAGNOSIS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH

The present studies have the purpose to in house validation of the ELISA tests used in diagnosis of fallowing viral diseases: avian influenza (AI), classical swine fever (CSF), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), bovine viral diarrhea- mucosal disease (BVD-MD), bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (BIR) and enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). The samples used was: chicken positive serum, porcine positive serum for CSF and positive serum for PRRS, bovine positive serum for BIR, bovine negative serum for EBL, bovine positive serum for BVD-MD, positive control, negative control, serial and successive dilution of positive control. The performance parameters had the fallowing results: for AI the repeatability (r) for optical densities (DOP) 0.055, DOP intermediate precision (R) 0.0927, sensitivity (p+) and specificity (p-) 1 (100%); for CSF DOP r=0.0277, DOP R=0.0754, p+=1, p-=1; for PRRS DOP r=0.0877, DOP R=0.1589, p+=1, p-=1; for BVD-MD DOP r=0.0277, DOP R=0.0921, p+=1, p-=1; for BIR DOP r=0.0182; DOP R=0.0807, p+=1, p-=1, for EBL DOP r= 0.032, DOP R=0.0858, p+=1, p-=1. Considering these results, the validation protocol fulfills the quality management requirements, and the methods fit the purpose

Isolation and Genome Characterization of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in P. R. China

15. Slocombe RF, Slauson DO: 1988, Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis of horses: an association with acute enteritis. Vet Pathol 25:277–281. 16. Smith DR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Brock MR, et al.: 1998, Epidemiologic herd-level assessment of causative agents and risk factors for winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res 59:994– 1001. 17. Smith DR, Tsunemitsu H, Heckert RA, Saif LJ: 1996, Evaluation of two antigen-capture ELISAs using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies for the detection of bovine coronavirus. J Vet Diagn Invest 8:99–105. 18. Sperlich A, Kervin R, Benfield DA, Rowland RRR: 1998, Nucleolar localization of PRRS virus nucleocapsid protein. Proc 79th Annu Conf Res Work Anim Dis, Chicago, IL. 19. Sweeney CR, Habecker PL: 1999, Pulmonary aspergillosis in horses: 29 cases (1974–1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:808–811. 20. Thompson RG: 1988, Special veterinary pathology, 1st ed. BC Decker, Toronto, Canada/Philadelphia, PA. 21. Torres-Medina A, Schlafer DH, Mebus CA: 1985, Rota and coronaviral diarrhea, vol. 1. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 22. Zhang Z, Andrews GA, Chard-Bergstrom C, et al.: 1997, Application of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for detection of bovine coronavirus in paraffin-embedded, formalinfixed intestines. J Clin Microbiol 35:2964–2965.

Biochemical and molecular analysis of structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Biochemical and molecular analysis of structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Experiences with eradication of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in Danish swine herds

Experiences with eradication of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in Danish swine herds

The detection antibody of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pig sera in Eastern part of Indonesia

Since the early 1980's, a new and highly contagious disease syndrome of pigs, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), has been spreading through major pig producing areas in the world . It is suspected that the disease has occurred in Indonesia.To confirm the presence of PRRS infection in Indonesia, a serological survey in pig was conducted between 1993 and 1995 in some areas in Eastern Indonesia to detect antibodies against PRRS virus using ELISA test . The results indicated that a total of 822 pig sera were tested and 8% of these sera had antibodies against PRRS virus . Pig sera which were collected from slaughter house in Jakarta showing the highest prevalence (30%) of reactor. However, there was no antibody was detected from pig sera originated from Irian Jaya since 1993 . Key words: PRRS, prevalence, ELISA test, antibody

Seroprevalence of antibody to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in selected herds in Korea.

talia. In: Pathology of tumours in laboratory animals, vol. III, tumours of the hamster, ed. Turusov VS, pp. 221–253. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 8. Lemon PG, Gubareva AV: 1979, Tumours of the ovary. In: Pathology of tumours in laboratory animals, vol. II, tumours of the mouse, ed. Turusov VS, pp. 385–409. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 9. Maekawa A: 1990, Tumours of the ovary. In: Pathology of tumours in laboratory animals, vol. I tumours of the rat, ed. Turusov VS, Mohr U, 2nd ed., pp. 473–497. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 10. McEntee K: 1990, Reproductive pathology of domestic mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 11. Nielsen SW, Kennedy PC: 1990, Tumors of the genital systems. In: Tumors in domestic animals, ed. Moulton JE, 3rd ed., pp. 479–517. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 12. Norris HJ, Garner FM, Taylor HB: 1969, Pathology of feline ovarian neoplasms. J Pathol 97:138–143. 13. Paraskevas M, Scully RE: 1989, Hilus cell tumor of the ovary: a clinicopathological analysis of 12 Reinke crystal-positive and nine crystal-negative cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 8:299–310. 14. Young RH, Scully RE: 1987, Ovarian steroid cell tumors associated with Cushing’s syndrome: a report of three cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 6:40–48. 15. Young RH, Scully RE: 1993, Sex cord-stromal and steroid-cell tumors. In: Ovarian cancer, ed. Rubin SC, Sutton GP, pp. 153– 172. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.