Reproductive Ailments Research Articles

Corrective role of endophytic exopolysaccharides from Clerodendrum infortunatum L. on arsenic-induced ovarian steroidogenic dysfunction and associated inflammatory responses

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) derived from endophytic fungi against arsenic [As(III)]-mediated metabolic and reproductive ailments. Two endophytic fungi, Diaporthe arengae (CleR1) and Fusarium proliferatum (CleR3), were isolated from Clerodendrum infortunatum (Cle), and used for the extraction of two types of EPSs. GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and α-d-glucopyranose in the EPS1 (CleR1) and EPS2 (CleR3), respectively. FTIR analysis revealed the potential As(III)-chelation properties of both EPSs. EPS1 and EPS2 significantly mitigated As(III)-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by restoring the activities of antioxidative enzymes. EPSs successfully corrected the gonadotropin imbalance and steroidogenic alterations. The downregulation of proinflammatory (NF-κB and TNF-α) and proapoptotic (BAX) mediators and the upregulation of antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) markers were also detected following the treatment with EPSs. Histomorphological restoration of reproductive and metabolic organs was also observed in both the EPS groups. Moreover, the As(III)-induced increase in the immunoreactivity of the androgen receptor (AR) was successfully reversed by these EPSs. Molecular docking predicted that HMF and α-d-glucopyranose of EPS1 and EPS2 interact with the active site of AR by limiting its activity. Hence, EPS could be effective for developing new therapeutic strategies for managing As(III) toxicity.

“El embarazo está en la cabeza, no en el útero”: el oráculo del <i>diloggún</i> y el despertar de la fertilidad en la regla de ocha cubana

Religions are often acknowledged for their ability to provoke social, psychological, and physiological transformation, prompting recurrent studies in social and human sciences. Within this analytical domain, understanding ailments and methods of healing through various practices —rituals, cosmologies, and divinations— has been extensively explored. However, research on female reproductive ailments and corresponding intervention methods remains nascent in certain religious denominations, such as African-derived religions like the Regla de Ocha (Santería) in Cuba. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the healing of female reproductive ailments through the diloggún oracle utilized in the Regla de Ocha. Conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 in Santa Marta, Cárdenas, Cuba, our research adopts an ethnographic and narrative approach, placing reflexivity on our experiences at the forefront of our discussions. The research, from which our arguments derive, was conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 in Santa Marta, Cárdenas, Cuba. Methodologically, it adopts an ethnographic and narrative approach, placing reflexivity on our experiences at the forefront of our discussions. Consequently, it not only delineates the processes inherent in the practice of this oracle and its socio-spiritual impacts concerning potential realms of well-being but also advocates for conceptual and theoretical-methodological enhancements regarding healing. The article contributes to the evolving the incipient understanding of the connections between female fertility and healing within the Regla de Ocha and the intricate relationships among well-being, discomfort, and spirituality intrinsic to this religious system.

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of reproductive disorders in Murrah buffaloes

The present investigation was carried out in the year 2016 to 2017 at government livestock farm sector-1 and buffalo farm of LUVAS on Murrah buffaloes and a total of 70 post-partum animals were examined using real time B mode ultrasonography. A total of 13 animals were diagnosed with reproductive ailments including granulosa cell tumour, follicular cyst, mucometra, parovarian cyst, pyometra, hydrometra, cystitis and early embryonic mortality

A search towards alternative ways: replacing conventional chelation therapy against arsenic-induced female reprotoxicity: A review

long-term intake of contaminated water and poses the greatest public health threat from arsenic. Depending on the degree of exposure,its drastic effects might take years to manifest in developing skin lesions and peripheral neuropathy. Major radical changes occur withthe onset of developmental toxicity and reproductive health hazards in both sexes. Arsenic causes cellular damage by promotingoxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in chromosomal aberration and DNA damage. Managing thehealth risks brought on by arsenic has now become a global challenge. Available therapeutic strategy against arsenicosis is mainlyconcerned with using chelating agents that very often redistribute arsenic in the brain. This chelating treatment approach also needsa painful and invasive route that discourages affected individuals from continuing the therapy. Hence, we focused on alternative noninvasivestrategies in managing female reproductive ailments in arsenicated animals. We used different micronutrients, herbal extracts,phytochemicals, etc. The studies established that arsenic-nutrients/arsenic-phytomolecules interaction efficaciously reduced toxicitylevels by correcting the components of the s-adenosine-methionine pool (SAM) on the way of endorsing probable elimination ofarsenic from the system. Natural non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium were investigated against arsenictoxicity and proved to be beneficial for scavenging free radicals. These nutrients also enhance female gonadal function by regulatingovarian steroidogenesis and gonadotropin levels by controlling the brain’s biogenic amines. Phyto compounds such as curcumin,N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), arjunolic acid, extracts of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), pectic polysaccharide (CCPS) from bitter gourd(Momordica charantia) and functional foods such as probiotics and spirulina have been studied. These have been shown to mitigatearsenic toxicity via regulating various inflammatory markers such as NF-κB, MT-1, TNF-α, IL-6, etc. The potential benefits of these werealso shown against arsenic toxicity by upregulating Bcl-2 gene expression accompanied with suppression of pro-apoptotic genes BAX,p53 caspase-3, PARP, PCNA, AKT, etc., and eventually corrected female reproductive stress with improved fertility in arsenicated rats.Hence, these findings may pave the way for the development of a new drug as well as nutraceuticals with more effective and noninvasivetherapeutic approaches for arsenic toxicity.

Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, and Toxicity of Euclea divinorum Hern (Ebenaceae): A Review

Euclea divinorum Hiern (Ebenaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in Yemen, Eastern and Southern Africa in traditional phytotherapy. This review was an attempt to compile a comprehensive report on its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, and toxicity, lending credence to the use of its various parts in herbal medicine. The literature encountered indicated that herbal formularies from different parts of Euclea divinorum (E. divinorum) are majorly used for traditional treatment of odontological, dermatological, respiratory, reproductive, and gastrointestinal ailments. At least 18 compounds have been isolated and characterized in extracts of E. divinorum, while 31 others have been identified in the crude extracts analyzed by GC-MS. Extracts, as well as isolated compounds from E. divinorum stem, stem barks, leaves, and roots, showed renoprotective, antiproliferative, antinociceptive, contractile, proteolytic, diuretic, antiprotozoal, anti-giardial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, molluscicidal, and insecticidal activities. Further research is warranted to explore other pharmacological properties such as antisnake venom, aphrodisiac, antidiabetic, analgesic, and antimycobacterial activities and the responsible bioactive compounds in the different parts of E. divinorum claimed in herbal medicine. The composition and bioactivities of essential oils from this species also warrant further studies.

Canine Reproductive Disorders at Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, India: A Retrospective Study from 2016 to 2021

Background: Study on the reproductive health of dogs is a matter of concern since it affects the existence of future generation. There are various reproductive ailments that may affect a dog in its lifetime. The present study was aimed to find out the incidence of different reproductive disorders in canine populations reported at the Veterinary Clinical Complex (VCC), College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, India in respect of breed, age, sex and season. Methods: The study was conducted on canine populations reported at the VCC, College of Veterinary Science, Guwahati, India during the period from 1/03/2016 to 28/02/2021. Clinical cases were grouped based on their breed, age, sex and the season and the type of various reproductive ailments and their incidence was worked out. Result: The overall incidence of reproductive disorders in dogs was 2.45%. Labradors had the maximum incidence of reproductive ailments (24.79%) followed by local breeds (17.52%) and the least was in Dachshund (2.56%). The animals under the age group 1.1 to 4.0 years appeared to have the highest incidence (47.86%) of reproductive ailments and the lowest (12.39%) was in 10.1 to 13.0 years of age group. The highest incidence of reproductive ailments was recorded in female dogs (96.15%). In canine population, summer resulted in higher (35.86%) incidence of reproductive disorders.

Phytochemical Analysis of Some Medicinal Plants Used for the Management of Reproductive Health Care Problems in the West Region in Cameroon

Reproductive diseases are conditions that negatively affects human reproductive systems in many countries. Indeed this study was carried out to analyse chemical constituents of some medicinal plants used to treat reproductive organs, diseases in Bamboutos division, West of Cameroon. 45 plants samples were collected from their natural habitats in some villages of the above cited division. Study was conducted according to standard procedures in the laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Natural Substances of the University of Dschang. Polyphenols were revealed in all screening medicinal plant extracts, while, flavonoids were found in most of the studied plant extracts except for those obtained from Dioscorea dumetorum. Triterpens were present in 40 plants, saponins and sterols were respectively found in 33 and 32 plants ; whereas, alkaloids were only present in 15 plants.This work showed that the plants used to alleviate human reproductive ailments in some locality of the West Region in Cameroon are rich in bioactive compounds. These compounds are known to manage human reproductive diseases. Therefore, this finding supported the uses of these plant species for the treatment of human reproductive diseases. Furthermore, appropriate conservation of such valuable medicinal plant species is required.

A molecular dynamics perspective into estrogen receptor inhibition by selective flavonoids as alternative therapeutic options

Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin which is a common food contaminant and has been implicated in increasing the incidence of carcinogenesis and other reproductive health ailments through the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) pathway. Competitive ERα blockers such as 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (OHT), are synthetic FDA approved drugs which, albeit being an effective anticancer agent, induces life altering side effects. For this reason, there is an increased interest in the use of naturally occurring medicinal plant products such as flavonoids. This study aimed to identity flavonoid ERα inhibitors and provide insights into the mechanism of inhibition using computational techniques. The Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area calculations revealed that quercetrin, hesperidin, epigallocatechin 3-gallate and kaempferol 7-O-glucoside out of 14 flavonoids had higher binding affinity for ERα than OHT. The structural analysis revealed that the binding of the compounds to the receptor lead to dynamic alterations, which induced conformational shift in the structure and orientation of the receptor resulting in stabilised, compact and low energy systems. The results of this study provide imperative information that supports the use of flavonoids in the inhibition of ERα to prevent or ameliorate the consequential adverse effects associated with zearalenone exposure. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Aetiologies and therapeutic management of infertility in cows reared in high altitude tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh

Infertile cows (664) reared in different tribal areas of Himachal Pradesh were examined thoroughly by rectal examination during infertility treatment camps and diagnosis of reproductive ailments was done to document the prevalence of different types of infertility. The highest prevalence was recorded for anestrus (44.27%) followed by endometritis (42.77%) and miscellaneous reproductive disorders (6.77%). Highest prevalence of anestrus conditions was recorded in Bharmour (51.72%) followed by Kinnaur (49.05%), Lahaul (47.76%) and Spiti (45.39%) areas whereas, lowest prevalence was recorded in Pangi (27.93%) region. After diagnosis, 189 cows were treated for different reproductive ailments; however, only 101 cows could be followed, and 70 responded to the treatment with success rate of 69.30%. Anestrus and endometritis were the most prevalent forms of infertility in cows of tribal areas and were successfully treated with their respective treatment regimen.

Endocrine Disruptors Driven Female Reproductive Ailments

Endocrine Disruptors Driven Female Reproductive Ailments

Study on Vājīkarana Drugs (Aphrodisiacs) for the Promotion of Reproductive Health - A Review

Background: Vājīkarana - Aphrodisiacs / Virilification Therapy is one branch of Ashtanga Ayurveda. It deals with preservation and promotion of sexual potency of a healthy man, conception of healthy progeny, and management of sexual and reproductive ailments. Vājīkarana drugs have been selected for the present review due to high prevalence of reproductive disorders among young people below age 40 years, recorded neonatal death caused by congenital anomalies and the urgency of effective medicines in the community.
 Objectives: To identify Vājīkarana drugs mentioned in Bhaisajya Rathnavali and analyze the pharmacodynamics properties of commonly used Vājīkarana drugs.
 Methodology: The review was mainly based on Vājīkarana drugs mentioned in Bhaisajya Rathnavali by Acharya Govinda Das Sen and commonly used and mostly available drugs have been analyzed according to their pharmacodynamics properties. Collected pharmacodynamics properties from authentic texts and journal articles were tabulated and analysis was done by using SPSS.
 Results: Out of 67 Vājīkarana formulae, 208 single drugs were identified which included 83.65% of herbal origin drugs and 74.6% of drug formulae were used to increase the sexual power. 37.3% of the formulae were prepared as Churna (Powder) and most frequently used Anupana (Vehicle) was cow’s milk. Among frequently used & commonly available 10 drugs, Maricha - Piper nigrum has been used in majority of formulae (26.8%). Pharmacodynamics analysis revealed that 80% of drugs were Madhura rasa (sweet in taste), 70% were Guru guna (heavy in property), 70% were Shita virya (cold in potency) and 80% were Madhura vipaka (sweet in post digestive action). Based on modern science, 60% of the drugs had tonic action.
 Conclusion: Vājīkarana formulae mentioned in Bhaisajya Rathnavali were mainly used to increase the sexual power of man. Madhura rasa, Guru guna, Shita virya and Madhura vipaka were the pharmacodynamics properties of commonly used drugs in the formulae.

Antioxidant Activities of the Aqueous Extracts of Pedalium murex D. Royen EX L. Fruit and Leafy Stem

Aims: The leafy stem and fruit of P.murex have been reported to be used in folk medicine to treat male reproductive system ailments. This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant potential of the aqueous extracts of P.murex leafy stem and fruit.
 Methodology: Extracts were prepared by macerating the powder in water. Total phenolics amount were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, flavonoids were quantified by aluminum chloride method and total tannin content was estimated by hexacyanoferric method. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts were assessed through 2,2´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inhibition assay and lipid peroxidation assay.
 Results: Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins content were respectively equal to 48.91± 1.67 µg/mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE); 56.01± 0.90 µg/mg Rutin Equivalents (RUE); 16.92± 1.22 µg/mg Tannic Acid Equivalents (TAE) for the leafy stem extract while they were equal to 26.26± 0.54 µg/mg GAE; 47.88± 2.39 µg/mg RUE; 7.94± 0.31 µg/mg TAE for the fruit. The leafy stem extract exhibited a more pronounced DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation activity than the fruit extract.
 Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leafy stem aqueous extract was significantly more potent than that of the fruit extract. Further studies will find out the extracts pharmacological efficacy and innocuity.

Causes and therapeutic management of infertility in abandoned cows of Himachal Pradesh

The present study was carried out with an objective of examining the reproductive status of abandoned cows kept in 18 goshalas of Himachal Pradesh. Overall 321 abandoned cows were diagnosed with 402 reproductive ailments (few of them with multifactor etiology). Amongst the genital tract ailments in abandoned cows, a very high incidence, i.e. 50%, of reproductive disorders was associated with injuries/ technical errors (endometritis, cervical disorders, affections of fallopian tubes and adnexa) of which only 12.75% were treatable. However, 38.80% incidence of managemental/ functional problems (true anestrus and silent estrus) was found and a higher post treatment recovery rate was recorded. This can be attributed to the faulty AI technique, inefficient inseminators or inadequate training on AI. Overall, 22.86% abandoned cows having various reproductive ailments conceived following different therapeutic regimes.

Combined Dietary Action of Spirulina and Probiotics Mitigates Female Reproductive Ailments in Arsenicated Rats

Combined Dietary Action of Spirulina and Probiotics Mitigates Female Reproductive Ailments in Arsenicated Rats

Dietary CCPS from bitter gourd attenuates sodium arsenite induced female reproductive ailments cum infertility in wistar rats: anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic role

This investigation explored a dietary therapy of pectic polysaccharide (CCPS) (2 mg/ Kg BW) against female repro-toxicity and infertility triggered by sodium arsenite (As3+) (10 mg/ Kg BW) in Wistar rats. The isolated CCPS consists of D-galactose and D-methyl galacturonate with a molar ratio of 1: 4. FTIR spectral analysis of CCPS and CCPS- sodium arsenite (As3+) complex indicated a possible chelating property of CCPS in presence of binding sites (OH−/COOH) for As3+. Series of negatively charged galacturonate residues in CCPS provide better potential for cation chelation. CCPS significantly mitigated As3+ induced ovarian, uterine lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the restoration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. CCPS post-treatment enhanced ovarian steroidogenesis along with a restoration of normal tissue histoarchitecture in As3+ fed rats by regulating the estradiol receptor alpha (ER-α). CCPS suppressed anti-inflammatory properties effectively found since a down-regulation of NF-kappa B (NF-қB), pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed in arsenicated rats with CCPS. This study confirmed the up-regulation of uterine pro-apoptotic/ apoptotic proteins caspase-3, poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), phospho p53 and Bax, followed by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and protein Kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway along with uterine tissue regeneration in As3+ exposed rats. Oral CCPS attenuated the above apoptotic expressional changes significantly and dietary CCPS ensured successful fertility with the birth of healthy pups in lieu of infertile condition in As3+ fed rats. Moreover, this study also supports that CCPS treatment attenuated the As3+ toxicity by modulating the S-adenosine methionine (SAM) pool components, B12, folate and homocysteine.

Societal Perceptions of Breast Cancer among Elderly Women in Nigeria

The study examined the impact of the societal perceptions of breast cancer among elderly women on both its care and prevention in south-eastern Nigeria. A representative sample of adult members of the population was drawn in three local government areas in Enugu State. The study drew its rationale from the recognition that the societal perceptions of the causes, nature and management of breast cancer can make a major difference in whether aged women in Nigeria afflicted by breast cancer survive or not. The data were collected using a multistage sampling technique that consisted of a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. It was found that there is a need for more awareness creation, sensitivity workshops and the committed involvement of social workers, counsellors and allied professionals in providing care and counselling for elderly women, as they are often perceived as lying beyond reproductive health ailments in popular discourse.Â

Strategies for Fulfillment of Reproductive Rights on Adolescent Women in Central Java

Reproductive health is a condition where a person is considered healthy, not only from the medical perspective but also mentally and socially as a whole person. However, women’s reproductive health issue in Indonesia is one complex matter. Controversially, reproductive rights, especially for women, is rarely to be discussed, restricted by a lot of repressive system whether its social or cultural system. Therefore, the government must take responsibilities to facilitate its achievement.Reproductive health is fundamentally protected by the Law, starting from 1945 Constitution, Law No. 7/1984 on the Ratification of CEDAW, Law No. 39/1999 on Human Rights, and Law No. 11/2005 on the Ratification of ICCPR, and Law No. 61/2014 on Reproductive Health. The research is designed to analyze problems in the implementation of reproductive health policy as a fulfillment strategy of reproductive rights. By using Socio-Legal Research Method, this research focused its subject on adolescent women in Central Java. Therefore, it can be concluded in this paper that the policy did not work well enough for facilitating reproductive health program in Central Java, in which the group that suffered the most is women in adolescent ages, making them susceptible from reproductive ailments.

A study on food-medicine continuum among the non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India

BackgroundMedicinal properties of the food species are one of the poorly documented and important areas of ethnopharmacology. The present survey quantitatively documented the medicinal foods prescribed by the non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu.MethodsField work was carried out between December 2014 and April 2017 using a questionnaire. The illnesses mentioned by the informants were grouped as illness categories on the basis of emic perceptions. Sufficiency of sampling of this survey was assessed by plotting the cumulative number of UR and Shannon-Wiener’s index. The indices such as informant consensus factor (FIC), Index of Agreement on Remedies (IAR), and Cultural Food Significance Index (CFSI) were calculated.ResultsThis study documented 165 medicinal foods used by 82 non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvallur district, and 73.93% of these preparations were plant based. Among the animal taxa, 82.05% were represented by fish taxa. The illness category gastrointestinal ailments is the majorly cited illness category treated with plant-based formulations. The illness categories viz., gastrointestinal ailments, hemorrhoids, and neural ailments had high consensus under the group of plant-based medicinal foods. In animal-based medicinal foods, kapha ailments had gained 23.07% of UR. The illness categories such as bone fractures, male reproductive ailments, blood ailments, and anabolic had high FIC values.ConclusionsDeeper studies on different dietary cultures of India may help to derive better interpretations on food-medicine continuum. This study identified some important claims such as the use of citron, pomegranate and Solanum americanum (gastrointestinal ailments), Abutilon indicum, onions and elephant foot yam (hemorrhoids), Boerhavia diffusa (urinary ailments), Moringa oleifera (anemia), Aloe vera (gynecological ailments), Eclipta prostrata (liver ailments), ivy gourd (diabetes), citron (hypertension), Centella asiatica (psychological ailments), spade nose shark (lactogogue), reticulate whipray (wheezing and bronchitis), Katelysia opima (impotence), Indian squid (anemia), and Indian oil sardine (anabolic). More studies on these claims will help identify novel functional foods to add to the field of medical nutrition therapy, with traditional brand identity. Robust studies on the documentation of the traditional knowledge on marine resources will yield a good database for various stakeholders and policy makers.

Ethnomedicobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used for the treatment of reproductive problems in Nalbari district, Assam, India

Ethnopharmacological relevanceReproductive problems are becoming the most predominant health care problems in many countries. World Health Organization (WHO), in 2012, also exemplified maternal illnesses, for instance, birth asphyxia and post birth difficulties are rising at an alarming rate. In addition, not all abnormalities of the human reproductive system have the same origin; the effects of reproductive problems would likely been affected by both male and female. For easy accessibility and affordability, medicinal plants are playing crucial role in primary healthcare services in India and their use is moreover, an integral part of the cultural heritage. However, our growing understanding of the human reproductive problems are segregated and scanty for herbal medications. Aim of the studyTo document the local name of the medicinal plants used by both male and female from indigenous knowledge for the treatment of reproductive ailments and to explore their biological and pharmacological confirmation and to address the class of secondary metabolites present therein. Materials and methodsThe results stem in September 2015–April 2016 from an array of informations that were collected by direct interviews of the traditional medicinal practitioners in three villages, viz. Jaha, Niz-Bahjani and Madhupur of the southern Nalbari district, Assam. Both semi-structured and open-ended interview schedule was carried out with purposively selected individuals and focus group discussion (FGD) in the three selected sites for this study. Systematic analysis of fidelity level percentage (FL %), preference ranking percentage (PR %) and formulation scoring (FS) were calculated. Electronic databases such as Google, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were also been used to search existing pharmacological citations. Finally, qualitative chemical profiling were executed for the plants whose PR % scores ≥ 65. ResultsA total of 71 plant species belonging to 48 families and 64 genera are reported to be used for the treatment of several reproductive problems such as, infertility in male, impotence, erectile dysfunctioning, retrograde ejaculation and sexual potency in men and in women, aphrodisiac, metrorrhagia, infertility, dysmenorrhea and/or post birth difficulties under mono (57), di (17) and poly (8) herbal formulations. Herbs (40.85%) were reported as the most common lifeform, whereas leaves (22.54%) and the roots (22.54%) were the commonly used plant parts against different ailments. Extracts of Abroma augusta L. (stem) (FL: 66.67%, PR: IM-77.33%, L-65.33, FS: 2), Morinda angustifolia Roxb. (bark) (FL: 64.29%, PR: L-68%, FS: 1), Hodgsonia heteroclita Roxb. (fruit) (FL: 63.64%, PR: IF-65.33, FS: 0.25) and Hibiscus mutabilis L. (stem) (FL: 40%, PR: IM-68%, IIM: 65.33%, IML-68%, FS: 2) were than selected for further phytochemical analysis. ConclusionsOf the 71 plants used for reproductive management system, the highest number of plants were used for the treatment of irregular menstruation (22) followed by infertility (in both men and women) (19), vaginal disorder and leucorrhoea (9) and sexual potency (8). The qualitative chemical profiling have demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and phytosterols, in maximum concentrations. Additionally, these data may be the most important resource for the new discovery of many bioactive principles.

Herbal Recipes used by traditional healers towards Reproductive and Urinary healthcare in Wayanad (Kerala) India.

<p>The traditional healers in Wayanad (Kerala), India possess rich aboriginal herbal medicinal knowledge (AHMK). This investigation has brought in to light many valuable therapeutic measures which were at the verge of extinction. Validation and documentation of some of such valuable in formation was hence done in order to conserve at least a part of this aboriginal ethno medicinal heritage. The study consists of three consecutive phases. In the first phase a methodology for the study including work plan was elucidated. A field level testing of the method was executed at a selected study site. In the second phase an extensive data collection cum field appraisal long three calendar years commences from July 2010 to July 2013 was conducted. In the final and third phase, validation and recording of the valid responses was done. A total of 60 species distributed in 56 genera belong to 38 families were identified being used in 67 recipes meant for 15 reproductive and urinary healthcare measures in Wayanad (Kerala), India. 31 herbs, 28 trees, 22 climbers and 16 shrubs were among the medicinal constituents. The therapeutic ingredients includes Fresh whole plants (12), dried whole plant (08), fresh root (2), dry root (29), fresh tuber (01), dried tuber (17), fresh bark (01), dried bark (02), fresh leaves (04) dried leaf (01), dried stem (01), dried petiole (01), pith powder (01), dried gum (2), fresh inflorescence (01), dried inflorescence (01), fresh flower (03), dried stamen (01), dried fruits (07), dried seeds (11), and seed oil (01). Validity stands maximum when FPVS was four and minimum when FPVS was two. Among the 67 medicinal recipes 59 has highest FPVS and the remaining 08 has mediocre FPVS. Many of the aboriginal herbal medicinal cultures (AHMC) and the associated therapeutic knowledge and practices still alive in the district are at the verge of extinction. The present study hence pivots around the conservation issues of this aboriginal medicinal heritage, particularly in the cure and management of urinary and reproductive ailments. This improves and sustains the aboriginal therapeutic system to contribute better to the national health repository.</p><p> </p>