Radiographic Reproduction Research Articles

New and Improved Medical Test Costs Just One Cent

Evaluating a scientific paper often starts with an assessment of the manuscript’s technical construction and the project design; these elements often characterize the reader’s “first impression.” From this perspective, the article by McKeon et al. makes a good first impression. In this cadaver dissection study, stability of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint is assessed after progressive release of the proper and accessory collateral ligaments. The authors identify radiographic parameters that correlate with metacarpophalangeal joint instability, noting in particular that radial translation of the proximal phalanx relative to the thumb metacarpal head correlates with disruption of both collateral ligament structures. This paper is easy to read, and the technical details of the experimental environment and anatomic dissection are detailed and clear. The radiographic reproductions, which are especially critical to the presentation of the data, are well prepared and simple to understand. The authors wrote a good Discussion section in which they properly frame the practical considerations related to a reliable radiographic finding that correlates with complete ulnar collateral ligament disruption. Furthermore, this project is important because ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb are very …

Reproduction of radiographs in scientific articles

Reproduction of radiographs in scientific articles

Blurred-Mask Density Compression for Improved Reproduction of Radiographs

A film-based, blurred-mask subtraction technique can be used to reduce the apparent density range of medical radiographs so that a wider range of actual densities can be captured with video digitizers or reproduced on photographic paper for publication. The density compression and the edge enhancement resulting from this process is examined. A good balance between compression and enhancement for small structures was obtained with a 6-mm gap between the subtraction film and the original when producing the mask. As an example, a photographic print of a compressed chest film showed significant condensation of image information within the restricted reflection density scale of the print paper; detail was well demonstrated in the mediastinal, retrocardiac, and subdiaphragmatic regions that was not shown in the noncompressed print.

Book reviews

The first edition of this reasonably priced book on radiology for medical students was published in 1982, and was successful in spite of the considerable competition from other books aimed at the same section of the market. The format chosen was one with many reproductions of radiographs, many tables listing varying causes of radiographic appearances, relatively little text, and notes in heavy type emphasizing important points in the wide margin at the side of the text.

Radiographic reproduction of endodontic “working length” comparing the paralleling and the bisecting-angle techniques

The reproduction of a metal indicator simulating a root canal instrument at the apex of a tooth was examined as a function of paralleling, modified paralleling, and bisecting-angle radiographic techniques. Radiographs exposed according to the paralleling and modified paralleling principles demonstrated good correlation between the radiographic position of the metal indicator and its position on direct inspection. The bisecting-angle technique, either correctly or incorrectly angulated, produced the least accurate results. The apical location of the metal indicator was significantly more reliable with the paralleling principle than with the bisecting-angle technique (p < 0.05).

A comparison of the paralleling and bisectin‐angle radiographic techniques in endodontics

Summary. The radiographic reproduction of the apical level of the working length and the root filling during endodontic treatment was examined by paralleling and bisecting‐angle radiographic techniques. The sample consisted of 433 single rooted permanent teeth with complete root formation treated and examined radiographically by a specialist in endodontics. A paralleling technique exposed with a conventional film holder reproduced the distance between the apex and the tip of a root canal instrument or root filling with a very low degree of error. The frequency of deviations was considerably higher when a bisecting‐angle technique was used except at levels flush with the apex, in which case both techniques appeared equal. The deviations most often consisted of the root canal instrument or the root filling being projected shorter, that is, more coronally, on the radiographs exposed with the bisecting‐angle technique than with the paralleling technique.

The Ear: Diagnostic Imaging

The Ear: Diagnostic Imaging , edited by Jacqueline Vignaud, Caroline Jardin, and Lawrence Rosen, is translated and adapted from Traite de Radiodiagnostic , vol 17-1: Temporal, Fosses Nasales, Cavites Accessoires . It is a compact hardcover volume of 365 pages. It is nicely illustrated with clear radiographic reproductions augmented by equally clear line drawings and numerous tables. The book contains 18 chapters, primarily authored by European radiologists of note. There are some North American contributors as well. Chapters on embryology, anatomy, radioanatomy, blood supply, and introduction to pathology begin the publication, and are designed for radiologists who might not be as familiar with basic temporal bone concepts as might otologists. The subsequent 11 chapters are devoted to malformations, ear trauma, infections, tympano-ossicular implants, otosclerosis, Paget's disease, tumors of the ear, internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle lesions, glomus tumors of the ear, vestibular and cochlear aqueducts, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, the facial nerve canal, and

Rapid slide reproduction of text and radiographs

Many radiologists give talks and lectures and their subjects require effective illustration, often with both text and radiographs. We have found that hospital photographic services cannot always offer the rapidity, flexibility and accuracy we require and have therefore gained experience in producing slides ourselves. The professional approach to achieving this effect is to use a difficult and expensive diazo technique. This produces brilliant white letters on a blue background. An excellent substitute for this is suggested by Eastman Kodak (1981) in Making Lecture Slides, using Vericolor slide film 5072. We have extensive experience with this technique and recommend it. The equipment needed is a 35 mm camera with manual exposure capability, a close-up lens, a cable release, an orange filter (Cokin No. 002) and a copy stand. A macro lens is best but a cheaper screw-on close-up lens attached to the camera's 50 mm lens will suffice. The orange filter gives a midblue background. Other filters give different-c...

Periodontal healing after impacted lower third molar surgery: Precision and accuracy of radiographic assessment of intrabony defects

The effect on periodontal tissues of impacted lower 3rd molar surgery has been investigated-in a retrospective study comprising 215 cases, 2 years postoperatively. In order to evaluate the precision and accuracy of the radiographic assessment of intrabony defects on the distal surface of the lower 2nd molar using conventional free hand technique, a methodological study was performed on 25 patients. The error variance due to variability in the radiographic reproduction and examiner inconsistency was between 3 and 4% of the total variance. In order to evaluate the radiographic assessment of intrabony defects, intraoral radiographs were taken in the deepest part of the intrabony defect with and without a probe as an indicator. Comparing the 2 sets of radiographs, the deviation was 1 mm or less in 87.9% of the cases. The radiopaque marker enhanced the accuracy of assessment of intrabony defects to 96.7%. The study shows the intraoral freehand technique to be sufficiently reliable as regards radiographic reproduction of the mandibular molar area. It also demonstrates that the radiographic method describes the depth of postoperative intrabony defects on the distal surface of the lower 2nd molar more accurately than probing depth measurements alone.

A method of improving the reproduction of radiographs.

When radiographs are reproduced as conventional prints for inclusion in textbooks or journals, much of the detail is lost because of the wide range of image densities in the transparent original. If radiographs are printed by an electronic scanning process such as is commonly used in air photographic printing, all the original detail can be reproduced.

Anatomic variations of the human cochlear aqueduct. A radioanatomic investigation.

The cochlear aqueduct follows a course through the petrous pyramid that varies from straight and steeply vertical to a curvilinear and horizontal. Its course and length are correlated to the pneumatization of the pyramid and also to the volume of the jugular fossa. These two factors influence the radiographic reproduction of the cochlear aqueduct, especially in computed tomography in the axial transverse projection but to a far lesser degree in multidirectional tomography.

Consistency of performance of a new craniostat for oblique lateral transcranial radiographs of the temporomandibular joint

A new craniostat for use with OLTP radiography of the TMJ is described. In a clinical study of 20 patients the craniostat demonstrated a satisfactory consistency of radiographic reproduction.

Simple technique for photographic reproduction of radiographs

Several techniques for reproducing radiographs are available, but none is simple enough to encourage routine photographic duplication for slides, photographs, publication, and/or storage. Such a technique is presented. It allows the hand-holding of the camera (fast exposures), the use of commercially available and commonly used black-and-white films, and yields high-quality negatives from which slides or positive prints can be produced.

Color Atlas of Life Before Birth: Normal Fetal Development

This color atlas is a beautiful book containing fine color photographs, photomicrographs, and radiographic reproductions of normal human development. They serve to provide the reader interested in embryology with a series of striking visual images that surpass previous efforts to illustrate areas in this field that consisted primarily of line drawings. The authors have classified the material according to gestational age using the Carnegie Institution system described by O'Rahilly, Gasser, and Streeter, and have organized the book along the lines of general development initially, and then by sections dealing with specific anatomical regions. The portion that describes the development of the head and neck and its component organs will be of considerable interest to the readers of our journal. This material constitutes 50 pages of the atlas and there are over 200 illustrative figures that disclose the details and complexity of the embryologic and fetal periods of development. This atlas

Slide reproduction of radiographs

Slide reproduction of radiographs

Computer-simulated object for testing principles for radiographic reproduction of slices, applied to ectomography.

A method is described for testing the ability of radiographic systems to reproduce radiographic slices of an object. The various systems are simulated in a computer and made to reproduce a specially designed object. The resulting image demonstrates how the spatial frequencies of the object at varying distances from the midplane of the slice are transmitted. The method is exemplified by its application to the principle of ectomography, where two new filter functions are tested. The results are in agreement with the theoretically expected characteristic of the filters.

Slide reproduction of radiographs: improved results with color film.

Slide reproduction of radiographs: improved results with color filmJH MayerAudio Available | Share

Book reviewsDiffuse Pulmonary Disease—a Radiologic Approach. By FreundlichI. M., pp. v+239 1979 (W. B. Saunders, Eastbourne), £10·50. ISBN 0–7216–3866–X

The subject matter of this book represents the most difficult, most interesting and most frustrating aspect of chest radiology. The author, a first class radiologist of experience, recognizes this fact to the full and offers a carefully considered and measured approach uncluttered by detail and backed by a wealth of full page reproductions of chest radiographs of the highest quality. The text is cut to a minimum.

Double Contrast Gastrointestinal Radiology With Endoscopic Correlation

Double contrast radiography of the colon has been available to the radiologist for decades. Within the last few years, however, there has been a resurgence in this technique. Improvement in apparatus and barium preparations has resulted in notably superior radiographs. A detailed look at the mucosal lining of gut has been provided. A need then arose for interpretation of these surface patterns as well as a technique to reproduce these images consistently. The author and his collaborators have answered this need with<i>Double Contrast Gastrointestinal Radiology With Endoscopic Correlation</i>. Detailed in 17 chapters is a method for double contrast examination of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Technical and interpretative information is described; radiographic reproductions are excellent. The chapter entitled "Principles of Double Contrast Diagnosis" is particularly useful in presenting basic concepts of interpretation that apply to double contrast examination of any region of the gut. Pathology presented has been limited to

Illustrated multiple choice examinations.

Interpretation of visual data is an essential component of clinical competence. Illustrated multiple choice items have been used to measure interpretation, but the effects of introducing visual material into multiple choice items has not been critically assessed. A series of problem-sequenced multiple choice items containing, in the stem, a description of visual data such as a radiologist's report, was selected and matched with identical items where the description was replaced by reproductions of the original data. These two series of items were arranged into two parallel examinations which were taken by groups of final year medical students. From a comparison of the performance of the students in these two examinations it is concluded that substitution of actual visual data for the written description increases the difficulty of items, but is without consistent effect on discrimination. The illustrated format was commended by students for its clinical relevance but certain problems with the reproduction of radiographs and the selection of data have been revealed.