Reproductions Of Manuscripts Research Articles

A Historical Handwritten French Manuscripts Text Detection Method in Full Pages

Historical handwritten manuscripts pose challenges to automated recognition techniques due to their unique handwriting styles and cultural backgrounds. In order to solve the problems of complex text word misdetection, omission, and insufficient detection of wide-pitch curved text, this study proposes a high-precision text detection method based on improved YOLOv8s. Firstly, the Swin Transformer is used to replace C2f at the end of the backbone network to solve the shortcomings of fine-grained information loss and insufficient learning features in text word detection. Secondly, the Dysample (Dynamic Upsampling Operator) method is used to retain more detailed features of the target and overcome the shortcomings of information loss in traditional upsampling to realize the text detection task for dense targets. Then, the LSK (Large Selective Kernel) module is added to the detection head to dynamically adjust the feature extraction receptive field, which solves the cases of extreme aspect ratio words, unfocused small text, and complex shape text in text detection. Finally, in order to overcome the CIOU (Complete Intersection Over Union) loss in target box regression with unclear aspect ratio, insensitive to size change, and insufficient correlation between target coordinates, Gaussian Wasserstein Distance (GWD) is introduced to modify the regression loss to measure the similarity between the two bounding boxes in order to obtain high-quality bounding boxes. Compared with the State-of-the-Art methods, the proposed method achieves optimal performance in text detection, with the precision and mAP@0.5 reaching 86.3% and 82.4%, which are 8.1% and 6.7% higher than the original method, respectively. The advancement of each module is verified by ablation experiments. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this study can effectively realize complex text detection and provide a powerful technical means for historical manuscript reproduction.

How Many Handwritings Does Dostoevsky Have: Typology Tasks

Dostoevsky's handwriting has only recently become the subject of special research. This was facilitated by a number of tasks of studying the manuscript corpus of Dostoevsky's texts. Modern scholars often do not entirely know the grammar and graphics of the writer. A significant volume of Dostoevsky's manuscripts is written in illegible cursive. It is not always possible for researchers to confidently determine who created the handwritten text — the author or the scribe. In many cases, there is no relatively accurate printed reproduction of manuscripts. Some of the complex texts were read mistakenly. The use of digital technologies allows us to solve some of the research tasks. One of the auxiliary tasks is to study the typology of Dostoevsky's handwriting. By the 19th century, such common types of handwriting as cursive, tachygraphic writing and calligraphy had historically developed in Russia. There are different definitions of these concepts, but their meaning is most precisely explained by the semantics of words. The cursive reproduces the outlines of letters and words according to samples. Everyone learned to write properly according to cursive workbooks, but everyone had their own handwriting. In life, a person usually managed with one handwriting, as a rule, cursive. Tachygraphic writing is functional. Its task is to simplify the spelling of letters and speed up the writing process. Regular tachygraphic writing is legible, but rapid tachygraphic writing is not always legible. Calligraphy is often equated with cursive, but it was penmanship that was taught in cursive copybooks — beautiful handwriting according to the prescribed samples is dead. Dostoevsky wrote not by craft, but by inspiration, out of love for art. Patterns are excluded in Dostoevsky's calligraphy — it’s all about personal skill. It is enough to recall the multiplication of calligraphies by Myshkin in the novel "The Idiot". Dostoevsky adds four more original calligraphies to the five famous ones through Myshkin’s words. There is no such analysis in scientific literature. Dostoevsky aspired to a variety of handwritings. In his understanding, the letter expressed the spirit, the national character of a person and people, the meaning of speech and words. It

The Concept of Canon in the Reception of the Epistle to the Hebrews by David Young

Reviewed by: The Concept of Canon in the Reception of the Epistle to the Hebrews by David Young Bryan R. Dyer david young, The Concept of Canon in the Reception of the Epistle to the Hebrews (LNTS 658; London: T&T Clark, Zed Books, 2022). Pp. xiii + 176. $115. David Young’s volume sets out to challenge many of the assumptions of NT scholarship regarding how and when a particular text was considered “canonical.” Resisting the urge to find a straight line from a text’s composition to eventual canonical status, Y. argues that the typical evidence used to identify this trajectory—canon lists, citations, manuscript reproduction, and so on—must be examined within the text’s own social context without assuming the result of acceptance into the canon. Further, finding support within this evidence that a particular text was accepted or rejected as canonical proves to be simplistic and unhelpful. As Y. notes, it may well be the case that a book’s availability accounts for its appearance or quotation in patristic sources and that one should not necessarily read too much into that author’s view of the book’s canonicity. Y. chooses to focus his attention on the Epistle to the Hebrews, which proves to be an excellent test case as he explores these ideas. The first chapter offers a history of research on Hebrews’ reception history with an emphasis on issues of canon. Y. challenges the common view that Hebrews was accepted early in the East and initially rejected in the West. Instead, Hebrews’ reception among early Christians demonstrates a more varied and nuanced engagement. Y. sets out to demonstrate this in the remaining chapters of his study. In chap. 2, Y. examines fourth-century discussions pertaining to what books should be accepted as Christian Scriptures. The argument throughout this chapter is that these early Christians reasoned much like other Greek and Roman bibliographers of their era. Y. demonstrates that, like earlier Greek authors, Christians were concerned with the issue of authorship and used this as a means of attaching authority and legitimacy to a written work. To aid in making this determination, Christian writers, like their Greek predecessors, argued in terms of “reports of previous bibliographers, one’s own judgments about a work’s style, and any biographical data that could be assembled” (p. 18). Taking their cue from Greek and Roman bibliographers, the early Christians saw a connection between authorship and authority—eventually adding their own concern with a text’s coherence to developing orthodoxy. These concerns play out in the treatment of Hebrews in the writings of Eusebius, Athanasius, Augustine, and others. In chap. 3, Y. treats citations of Hebrews in patristic sources of the second and third [End Page 171] centuries. Y. argues that the appearances of Hebrews in these patristic writings are often explained by the rhetorical function they contribute rather than by a working understanding of the text’s canonicity. Some writers, such as Origen and Clement, understand the epistle to be Pauline while others, such as Tertullian, attribute it to an associate of Paul. Either way, there is little attention to the epistle’s acceptance or rejection within the canon since these authors are more concerned with the utility that quotations from Hebrews provide within their discourses. Y. goes to great lengths to demonstrate how these patristic authors quote from Hebrews using ancient practices of citation and composition. The fourth chapter examines the placement of Hebrews among editions of the corpus Paulinum in the third through sixth centuries. Generally, Y. shows that Hebrews was consistently included within the Pauline corpus in Greek manuscripts, while more hesitancy was apparent in Latin manuscripts. According to Y., this hesitancy had less to do with concerns over Hebrews’ place in the canon and more to do with questions of its authorship and whether it should be included among Paul’s letters. Further, where the epistle was placed within a Pauline corpus was often influenced by whether its attribution to Paul was assumed, in doubt, or denied. Thus, in Greek manuscripts Hebrews was often placed within the corpus according to common editorial practices, while in Latin manuscripts it appeared at the end (or was...

Reproduction of Batak Manuscript for the Purposes of Revitalizing Local and Commercial Wisdom in Samosir Regency, North Sumatera Province

Pustaha laklak is a handscrift or manuscript from Batak that uses tree bark as its medium. The writing in this pustaha laklak uses Batak script or also called the Batak letter. Batak letter has special technicalities in its writing. And this writing system is also closely related to the culture and local wisdom of Batak people. The relationship between the Batak script and the Batak customs is too close, so that efforts to obtain and possess these old texts continue to be carried out. One of the efforts undertaken by the community in Samosir Regency is to copy back the old manuscripts. This activity is part of the reproduction of the manuscript. However, this copying activity was carried out not solely for the purpose of saving the manuscript. However, commercial interests tend to be motivated because the texts are traded as souvenirs for local and foreign tourists. The right approach taken in this study is the approach of philology and local wisdom. Djamaris (2002: 3) said that philology is a science that makes old texts as the object of writing. Manuscript reproduction is an object of philology while the text or all messages contained in the manuscript is a form of local wisdom of the Toba Batak people. The research method used is the single manuscript edition method. Tomok Village and Tuktuk Siadong Village are suitable locations to be used as research sites because these two villages are closely related to the reproduction of manuscripts for commercial purposes for local and foreign tourists. Based on the studies conducted, it can be seen that copying is always done. Every writing of a manuscript, the writer refers to the manuscript that becomes the reference. The copying process is according to requests from what people need. The mistake that tends to be made is the use of child letter and parent letter, especially for child letter / i / and / u /.

A New Text of the Middle English Short Charter of Christ

Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson poet. 26 is a large seventeenth-century English and Latin verse miscellany on paper.1 The compilation brings together many formerly separate leaves and booklets by many hands. Rawlinson poet. 26 contains poems by, inter alia, Walter Raleigh, James I of England, John Donne, and Ben Jonson and tends toward the satirical, political, and academic. On folio 104r there appears a previously unnoticed text of the New Index of Middle English Verse (NIMEV) 4184, the so-called Short Charter of Christ.2 Rendering Christ’s redemption of humankind as a lyric/charter, this tetrameter couplet poem survives in some two dozen copies. Like two other copies,3 the Rawlinson text is formatted as prose. As in most other copies, Latin legal tags, here in calligraphic script, punctuate the English verse. In this note, I offer the text as an addition to NIMEV and as a remarkable conjunction of late medieval literary production and early modern manuscript reproduction. In the following transcription, I omit all scribal punctuation and lineate the poem as verse in order to facilitate comparison with other manuscript copies. Capitalization is editorial and follows modern usage, including capitals at the beginning of each line of verse. Word division is regularized. I represent i/j according to modern usage. I represent the scribe’s calligraphic script as italics. I interpret the Latin headings as indicating the beginnings of stanzas, and so I exclude the headings from the lineation.

Violet Archer's Formative Years: A Bibliographical Catalogue of Her Compositions, 1932–43

This chronological catalogue of Violet Archer's earliest completed compositions, including works written from 1932 to 1943, is based on manuscripts in her possession and on deposit at the University of Calgary Library, as well as published scores and reproductions of manuscripts in the University of Alberta Library and the libraries of the Canadian Music Centre. It provides the date of composition for each work and summarizes the supporting evidence, including dates found on manuscripts, the types of paper used, entries on lists of works compiled by the composer, and dates of first and early performances. Also included are the medium of performance of each work, a list of movements, the source of any text, and the location of scores and recordings.

The World on a Fingernail: An Unknown Byzantine Map, Planudes, and Ptolemy

THE WORLD ON A FINGERNAIL: AN UNKNOWN RYZANTINE MAP, PLANUDES, AND PTOLEMY By FILIPPOMARIA PONTANI These peninsulas take the water between thumb and finger like women feeling for the smoothness of yard-goods. . . . — E. Bishop 1. Vat. Gr. 915, Fol. 47v MS Vat. Gr. 915 (bombyc, ca. 266 ? 170 mm, 258 fols.) is a most interesting collection of archaic, classical, and Hellenistic Greek poetry (from Homer and Hesiod to Pindar, from Theocritus and Lycophron down to Moschus and Musaeus) put together during the early Palaeologan Renaissance , more exactly between the last years of the thirteenth century and 1311 (the terminus ante quern is provided by the subscription on fol. 258v). The contents of this codex as well as the textual fades of several of its items have led various scholars, each from a different perspective, to conclude that it was produced in the circle of Maximus Planudes, the most outstanding Greek scholar of his age (of which he is also in a sense the "eponymous hero");2 more on this will be said below in §3. 1 A lengthy and meticulous description is provided by P. Schreiner, Codices Valicani Graeci: Codices 867-932 (Vatican City, 1988), 125-36. See already P. Eleuteri, Storia della tradizione manoscritta di Museo (Padua, 1981), 28-29 and 46-48. Some basic information on the manuscript's contents had been provided by H. Hinck, "Beschreibung des Codex Vaticanus 915," Jahrbücher fur classische Philologie 14 (1868): 336-39, and (especially on the Theognidean section) by W. Studemund, De Theognideorum memoria libris manu scriptis servato, Index lectionum in Univ. Litteraria Vratislaviensi per hiemem anni 1889-90 . . . habendarum (Breslau, 1889). 1 owe first collations and reproductions of manuscripts G and P to Aude Skalli, and a collation of manuscript B to Francesco Valerio: my warmest thanks to them both for their invaluable help. My thanks also to P. Gautier Dalché and J. Koder for comments on a previous draft of this paper. 2 J. Irigoin, Histoire du texte de Pindare (Paris, 1952), 260-61; C. Gallavotti, ed., Theocritus quique feruntur Bucolici Graeci (repr. Rome, 1993), 325-27; Eleuteri. Storia, 152; P. Derron, ed., in Ps.-Phocylides, Sentences (Paris, 1986), xcv; I. Tsavari, Histoire du texte de la Description de la Terre de Denys le Periége'te (Ioannina, 1990), 175; F. Pontani, Sguardi su Ulisse (Rome, 2005), 293-97. See N. Wilson, Scholars of Byzantium (London, 1983 [rev. ed. 1996]), 237. 178TRADITIO As was customary in learned manuscripts of this age, several scribes were simultaneously at work: Paolo Eleuteri and Peter Schreiner have detected eight different hands, all of them anonymous except A (Georgios) and B (Isaías, identified by a subscription on fol. 49v: ????e s?s?? µe t?? ?µa?t?- ????sa?a?, "oh Lord save me, Isaías the sinner").3 The one single folio that will detain our attention in this paper belongs precisely to the part (fols. 22-50) copied by Isaías, and more specifically to a section mainly occupied by texts of gnomic character (Orphic sentences, fol. 23; Theognis, fols. 25-34; Phocylides, fols. 34-45; Ps.-Pythagoras's Golden Verses, fols. 35v-36; Menander's Gnomai monostichoi, fols. 45-47; sentences from Pindar, fol. 47r). In this miscellaneous section, however, we also find some short poetic works (Theocritus's Syrinx in Holobolus's edition, but equipped with scholia Vetera, fol. 22v;4 Moschus's Europa, fols. 36-37v; Musaeus's Hero and Leander, fols. 37v-38v), as well as an interesting series of excerpta from Eustathius of Thessalonica's bulky commentary on the Orbis descriptio by Dionysius the Periegete (fols. 39-45), to which we shall come back below in §2. Now, fol. 47v (Plate 1) is a mosaic of different materials, most of which — though by no means all — were written by the same Isaías; a quick examination of the handwritings and the mise en page reveals the following sequence for the items assembled on this folio. 1. In the top right corner, Isaías drew a cross, adorned with the wellknown siglum IC XC NI KA ("Jesus Christ conquers"), and surrounded by a series of numbers from 1 to 29 (a' to ??', but 9, 10, and 27...

Between Iron Formalism and Playful Relativism: Five Recent Studies in Malay Writing

The heritage of traditional Malay literature: A historical survey of genres, writings, and literary views By VLADIMIR BRAGINSKY Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. Pp. xiv, 890. Notes, Bibliography, Index.John Leyden's Malay Annals With an introductory essay by VIRGINIA MATHESON HOOKER and M. B. HOOKER Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS, 2001. Pp. 81, 361. Notes, Bibliography, Index.We are playing relatives: A survey of Malay writing By HENK MAIER Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. Pp. viii, 542. Notes, Bibliography, Index.Bidasari: Jewel of Malay Muslim culture Edited by JULIAN MILLIE Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. Pp. 310. Notes, Bibliography, Index.A merry senhor in the Malay world: Four texts of the Syair Sinyor Kosta Edited by A. TEEUW, R. DUMAS, MUHAMMAD HAJI SALLEH, R. TOL and M. J. VAN YPEREN Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. Pp. x, 467. Notes, Bibliography, Index.

Oeuvres completes. Tome IV: Fac-similes (review)

Reviewed by: Œuvres complètes, Tome iv: Fac-similés Seth Whidden Rimbaud, Arthur. Œuvres complètes, Tome iv: Fac-similés. Steve Murphy, ed. Paris: Champion, 2002. Pp. 704. isbn 2745307525 Despite Steve Murphy's best efforts in this volume - highly commendable efforts, to be sure, and better than everyone else's - these Œuvres complètes are not complete, as their title would have us believe. And, as he explains in the comprehensive 93-page "Introduction" (a study so much more than its modest title suggests) that opens this volume, they can't be, despite the best wishes and years of detective work that this work represents. As in his excellent first volume of this project (reviewed in ncfs 29.1–2 [Fall-Winter 2000–01]: 173–76), Murphy's knowledge of all matters Rimbaud is matched only by the meticulous organizational skills that accompany his work, as evidenced here in his introduction (divided into eight sections, each with as many as three subsections). This undertaking is personal, to be sure, well beyond the typical task of historian or literary scholar, as is the plea at the end of the introduction for any information concerning the remaining manuscripts whose whereabouts are still unknown. In his attempts to fill in the numerous lacunae of reproductions of Rimbaud's manuscripts, Murphy has brought to this edition several new gems, including transcriptions in Verlaine's and Germain Nouveau's hands, as well as the poems from the recueil Demeny (193–292, notes 516–26), currently held in the British Library. Many of the photographs in this volume are the first taken since Paterne Berrichon's ill-fated attempt at establishing a chronology of the earlier poems in his edition of Rimbaud's Poésies (Paris: Messein, 1919). Murphy's work is tremendous, and it is far superior to all earlier attempts in this vein. Claude Jeancolas's L'Œuvre intégrale manuscrite (Paris: Textuel, 1996) and Les [End Page 216] Lettres manuscrites de Rimbaud d'Europe, d'Afrique et d'Arabie (Textuel, 1997) are handsome enough, but their copies betray many important physical details of the original manuscripts and their supporting documentation is thin. André Guyaux's "Facsimilés des manuscrits des Illuminations ," 255–90 of Poétique du fragment: Essai sur les Illuminations de Rimbaud (Neuchâtel: A la Baconnière, 1985), are more successful, but they rely heavily on earlier copies and obviously represent just one phase of Rimbaud's poetic production. In the present volume, Murphy brings his flawless scholarship to bear on absolutely all Rimbaud manuscripts - letters and poems - that are known today. And yet, with its very publication, this edition - like any other text, for that matter - runs the risk of being outdated (such is the case of the now invalid email address that appears in Murphy's request for further information at the end of the introduction [110; the updated address is steve.murphy@free.fr]). As luck would have it, several manuscripts that were previously unknown to scholars came to light just after Murphy's edition went to press, most notably at the recent exhibit of the collection of Pierre Berès (Musée Condé, Château de Chantilly, 10 Dec. 2003–8 March 2004). Notable in part since there had been practically no access to the Berès collection since Henry de Bouillane de Lacoste's 1949 Rimbaud et le problème des Illuminations (Paris: Mercure de France), the exhibit catalog includes reproductions of the manuscripts of "Génie," "Soir historique" and "Patience" (a second version of "Bannières de mai"). "Génie" and "Soir historique" were, with "Dévotion" and "Démocratie" (these last two seem to have disappeared completely), two of the manuscripts that remained completely inaccessible to almost all scholars. Besides this minor flaw - which will no doubt be addressed in the subsequent volumes of this set, and which is certainly not Murphy's fault in any way - the one major question raised by this volume is editorial: namely, what is the utility of publishing, on pages that are significantly smaller than full scale, nearly 400 pages of facsimiles? Unlike the meticulously typeset versions in Murphy's Vol. i: Poésies...

Beckett and Philosophy by Richard Lane (review)

178 Reviews writer?excessive, bawdy and satirical?when banged up forlife in a Victorian world. This was how he survived' (p. 144). But John Clare: A Literary Life is not just a clever attempt to remove Clare from the visionary gleam of Wordsworthian Romanticism and recontextualize him as a lifelong Regency poet. Sales draws heavily on six volumes of letters addressed to Clare, most of which are unpublished, and cross-references these with Clare's own letters and other material on Regency patronage and publishing, thus expanding our understanding of Clare's promotion and reception. Sidestepping the 'to punctuate or not to punctuate' battle, Sales asks us to accept that 'there are just differenttexts, all of interest, rather than one sacred object' (p. 70). The best aspect of this biography, though, is the emphasis throughout on Clare's sheer dedication to writing. Although there was only a brief period when his writing reached the public, Clare always wrote, even throughout the asylum years. Sales finishes with Clare's acknowledgement of his loss of expectations in the famous poem 'I am' (in which, paradoxically, Clare conquers despair by asserting that he 'is'), and quite rightlyreminds us that, afterall and amazingly, 'I am' also asserts itself as a poem and that 'this [. . .] writer survived hell on earth by never quite accepting that [his] expectations were over' (p. 163). Duncan Wu's Wordsworth: An Inner Life, almost inevitably, suffers by compari? son. Wu's central thesis is that 'Grief was the making of Wordsworth' (p. 1). This is explored through an odd kind of speculation, which might be called 'psychoanalytical ' were it more closely related to the work of, say, Freud or Klein. But Wu is 'not attempting a Freudian reading of Wordsworth; others have done that, and with greater expertise' (p. 15), and we are leftwith a quasi-psychoanalytical examination of Wordsworth's own self-examination. The result is that questions such as 'Why, then, should the 16 -year-old [orphaned] Wordsworth have equated imaginative vision with redemption from death? Why was he concerned with death at all?' (p. 22) become almost redundant, or are necessarily given incomplete psychological explanations, such as 'Their deaths must at times have felt like abandonment' (p. 76). The 'inner life' promise of the title, then, is problematical, but this is overcome by some illuminating biographical readings of Wordsworth's work, including the often neglected 'The Vale of Esthwaite', 'Descriptive Sketches', and 'The Borderers '. There is also a suggestive exploration ofthe negative effectson Wordsworth of Coleridge'senthusiasmfor 'The Recluse'. The most important aspect of Wordsworth: An Inner Life, however, is a reading of the fragmentary 1808 version of 'The White Doe of Rylstone' (which is helpfully printed in an appendix). Finally, the book con? tains nineteen reproductions of manuscripts which enable readers, through peering at Wordsworth's cramped crossings-out and emendations, to begin to appreciate the vast effortthat editors, such as Duncan Wu, expend on our behalf. University of Reading Myra Cottingham Beckett and Philosophy. Ed. by Richard Lane. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. 2002. x+184 pp. ?37-50- ISBN 0-333-91879-7. In true Beckettian fashion the contributors to this collection of essays have difnculty in starting and difnculty in finishing. In each case an effortis made to bring a modern philosopher's thought to bear on something of Beckett's; after an introduction and two general essays, the philosophers thus employed are a good selection of the usual suspects: Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze, Badiou, Merleau-Ponty, Adorno, Habermas, Heidegger, Nietzsche. The question today, and this makes the volume topical and interesting, is whether the current poststructuralist Beckett will give place to some post-poststructuralist version of himself and ifso, under the aegis of which thinkers? MLR, 99.1, 2004 179 So here we are beyond the Descartes, Berkeley, and Wittgenstein of early Beckett criticism and involved neither with Schopenhauer nor with existentialism. We have moved on. The matter in hand now concerns the question how postfoundational is Beckett? Or is there something more that he also is? The essays that take up this matter here do so with mixed success. On the whole the good essays are the comprehensible ones. The others are...

Unbestimmte Rhetorik: Friedrich Schlegel und die Redekunst um 1800 by Peter D. Krause (review)

1044 Reviews good grace others' only more-or-less well-informed co-authorial manipulation of his texts during his lifetime). As a result, the history of the reception and influence of Hardenberg-Novalis's works is to an unusual degree coextensive with the chequered history of editions which merely purported to be (but were not) adequate renditions of Novalis: Schriften. Not for the first time, then, we are treated here to opulent documentation and analysis of the myth- and legend-making industry of Friedrich Schlegel, Tieck, and Eduard von Biilow (and their collaborators Maassen, Minor, and Kammnitzer). Nor is it the firsttime that the extraordinary achievements ofthe irreplaceable Hans-Joachim Mahl (who died on 13 March 2001) and Gerhard Schulz in restoringthe Fichte-Studien, Das allgemeine Brouillon, and many other texts to their pre-manipulated state have been recognized, even if scholarship outside the narrow compass of specialist Romantic studies sometimes has yet to register the hermeneutic effectof this textual earthquake on its rusty cognitive seismograph. More significant, however, are Rommel's and Ira Kasperowski's justifications of previously maligned editors such as Sophie von Hardenberg and Ernst Heilborn. Both of these are shown to have acted on something resembling today's editorial principles, and it is they, rather than the bigger names just mentioned, who are commemorated as the true grandparents of today's epoch-making historical-critical edition. This revisionary achievement is nicely complemented by other material. Rommel edits many minor primary documents forthe firsttime, including a draftlyric by Hardenberg's younger brother Anton and letters to him by Sidonie von Dieskau. Jorg Briickner definitively identifies Ferdinand von der Lippe, instead of Hardenberg, as the author of the rather dry Harzreise journal (15-19 April 1793) still included in the modern edition (what a pity he never saw a Biicherrad after all). And, in the only literary essay in the volume, Ludwig Stockinger shows what it means now that 'Kenne dich selbst', thanks to a manuscript discovery of 1990, must henceforth be read as 'Kenne dich Selbst'. But this volume, rightly,is to be seen as a celebration of editorial achievement, and it is well rounded out by reproductions of manuscripts, in particular the Astralis manuscript found by Sophie Vietor not long since in the British Library. Recently, Helmut Krausser wrote an alas only partially successful postmodernist novel Thanatos: Das schwarze Buch (Neuwied: Luchterhand, 1996), which is set in a fictional Berlin Institut furDeutsche Romantik, centrally features the sensational (and successful) forgeryofthe lost manuscript ofHeinrich von Ofterdingen Part 11by a drug-crazed archivist, and (yet again) perpetuates the myth of Romanti? cism as a school of death-obsessed wan young Erotomanen. Had he dug a little deeper into the editorial history of Novalis: Schriften, we would have been spared that, and it is earnestly to be wished that Rommel's catalogue finds readers everywhere. University of Liverpool Nicholas Saul UnbestimmteRhetorik: Friedrich Schlegel und die Redekunst um 1800. By Peter D. Krause. (Rhetorik-Forschungen, 14) Tubingen: Niemeyer. 2001. vi + 4i8pp. ?78. ISBN 3-484-68014-8 (pbk). By foregrounding 'indeterminacy' in his suitably paradoxical title, Peter Krause fo? cuses attention on an aim Friedrich Schlegel failed to achieve: liberating rhetoric from the determinacy of persuasive intent. Rhetoric was resistant and consequently never gained more than marginal importance for Schlegel's Romantic project. The extensive first part of this revised dissertation from the University of Oldenburg deals mainly with the concept of rhetoric in Schlegel's early writings, which reveal the process ofhis reading the classical authors largely as an autodidact. Krause's detailed discussion of Schlegel's eclectic reception ofthe classics and scattered and un- MLR, 98.4, 2003 1045 systematic comments on rhetoric negotiates shifting terminology and complex inter? play between a wide variety of sources and Schlegel'sexperimental ideas. His finding that Schlegel's concept of rhetoric remained ambiguous and in essence 'unrhetorical' is convincing, and Schlegel's work thus appears to support the generally accepted view that 1800 marks the death of rhetoric proper not only in German literature. The second part is curiously disconnected from the first,since Schlegel, while implicitly acting as the sole representative of Romanticism, now recedes from view. Al? though Krause...

On the Continued Reconstruction of the History of Nephrology

Accessible online at: www.karger.com/journals/ajn The Third Congress of the International Association for the History of Nephrology (IAHN) was originally scheduled to be held on October 29 to November 1, 2000, in Jerusalem. Unfortunately, the disturbing events that began to unfold in Israel in the fall of that year necessitated the cancellation of the Congress the week before the anticipated meeting. While the initial intent was to reschedule the meeting in Jerusalem in the spring of 2001, the continuous and accelerating local turmoil soon made it evident that this would be an unlikely possibility in the immediate future. It was only then that another venue was sought in the summer of 2001. Professors Guido Bellinghieri and Vincenzo Savica of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Messina were kind enough to volunteer to host the Congress in Taormina, Sicily, on November 15–18, 2001. Regrettably, the short lead time available did not permit public announcements of the Congress and the limited available resources allowed only the presenters of the original program to be notified and invited. The Congress was held under the auspices of the President of Sicily Region, the Italian Society of Nephrology, the Minister of Health of Sicily Region, the University of Messina and its Faculty of Medicine, the President of the Province of Messina, the Mayor of Messina, the Order of Medical Doctors of Messina, AAPIT of the City of Messina and the Opera of the University of Messina. All were represented at the opening ceremony of the Congress. During the opening ceremony Honorary Membership Medals were presented to Professors Ori S. Better, Charles Kleeman, Silvana Favaro and Taddeus Orlowski. The meetings were held in the bucolic Hotel San Domenico in Taormina, Sicily. Appropriately, the hotel was once a Dominican monastery and center of learning for the preservation and reproduction of manuscripts, with its scriptorium and appropriate accoutrements. The sessions were held in what used to be the church of the monastery, and what used to be the altar served as the podium of the session chairs. The program of the congress, with a few exceptions, was the one developed for presentation in Jerusalem by the Program Committee of that meeting, consisting of Shaul Shasha, Shaul G. Massry, Ori S. Better, Natale G. De Santo, Garabed Eknoyan and Shmel Kotek. The IAHN was founded in 1994, in response to interest expressed at an International Conference on the History of Nephrology organized by Natale G. De Santo and held in Naples, Italy, on October 14–16, 1993. Subsequent congresses were held under the banner of the IAHN in Kos, Greece, on October 14–16, 1996, and in Padua, Italy, on October 4–7, 1998. The proceedings of those meetings have been published as the History of Nephrology 1, 2, and 3. The proceedings of the meeting in Taormina are now presented as the History of Nephrology 4, published as a bound volume as well as a special issue of the American Journal of Nephrology.

Polyphony in the Low Countries

The second thing that strikes one while leafing through Flemish polyphony is the quality and diversity of its illustrations. There are portraits or representations of Dufay, Binchois, Ockeghem, Obrecht, Josquin, Willaert, Lassus, Rore and Monte, to name only the most famous composers, and of Philip the Good, Ercole I d'Este, Charles V, Margaret of Austria and Albert V of Bavaria among the patrons, as well as an astonishing number of fullcolour reproductions of manuscripts and prints, of which perhaps the best known are the Cordiforme and Escorial chansonniers, the Chigi Codex and its 'twin', Brussels 9126, Brussels 5557 and 11239, and the Medici and Mielich codices. Such captivating pictures are perhaps the ideal way to draw the reader into the proper subject of the book.

The Henry E. Sigerist Medieval Manuscript Reproduction Collection: a finding list.

La collection de manuscrits de Henry E. Sigerist est composee d'ouvrages contenant des traites medicaux ou pharmaceutiques, ecrits en latin, en arabe, en grec ou en hebreu et datant du Moyen Age

Armourers by Matthias Pfaffenbichler (review)

reviews9o matthias pfaffenbichler, Armourers. Medieval Craftsmen Series. Toronto.University ofToronto Press, 1992. Pp. 72. isbn: 0-8020-7732-3. $18.95. This short work offers a view ofmedieval armour from the unusual perspective ofits makers rather than ofits wearers. The author rightly observes that, while the emphasis ofmuch recent research has been directed towards the armourer's product, the study ofthe craftsmen and their communities has suffered some neglect. This observation is confirmed by the scarcity ofmaterial published within the past twenty years in the book's small 'Further Reading' section. The author is by profession a curator ofmedieval armour and conveys his knowledge with clarity and authority. His study is concerned almost exclusively with the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries and confines its geographical scope to Western Europe. Interestingly, there appears to be a dearth of sources relating to armour production prior to c.1200. The author notes, for example, that the first medieval armourer whom we know by name is mentioned in a document from as late as 1232. Not surprisingly, the contents ofthe book lean heavily towards the great armourproducing cities ofItaly and Germany: Milan and Brescia, Augsburg and Cologne. A wealth of surviving contemporary documentation, largely in the form of financial accounts, tax records and sketchbooks, has enabled the author to offer us a relatively clear picture ofthe social and occupational organisation of the medieval armourers. However, none of this material is footnoted or otherwise referenced, an omission which will hinder those readers who might wish to consult Pfaffenbichlers sources. The rise of important armour-making families, such as the Helmschmids of Augsburg, is traced in the context ofroyal or aristocratic patronage oftheir wares by such eminences as the Habsburg princes. This theme ofpatronage is further explored by the author in detailed descriptions ofthe contracts which were established between armourer and client following upon the latter's request for a regular supply ofarmour to his household or to his army. The nature of these trade relationships was not, however, based on a single Europe-wide custom. In Italy, for instance, it was common for individual armourers to amalgamate as large commercial companies, each employing numerous specialist craftsmen to mass-produce armour for major contracts. Within the industry itselfthere also existed contracts between armourers, and between armourers and traders, the latter being responsible for selling the wares made by the former. Out ofthis type ofrelationship there developed a class of'merchant armourers', some ofwhom became powerful retailing magnates on a pan-European scale. The Milanese merchant-armourer Francesco Datini, for example, expanded his retail operation to Avignon in 1361, thence to Barcelona, where he expected to reap a fifteen percent profit. Another merchant-armourer was Frederic the Lombard, who maintained resources and facilities sufficient to equip one client's entire fleet with a vast array of armour, including three thousand helmets, four thousand mail shirts and six thousand shields. Incidentally, the author frequently includes this type of arthuriana 6.3(1996) reviews detailed financial and numerical information, but it is a feature of the book which some readers may find unnecessary in so short a study. Throughout the text, Pfaffenbichler is keen to highlight the similarities and differences which existed between the armour-making industries of the various European states. Thus, while the political and social systems ofItaly allowed powerful entrepreneurs to flourish, the industry in Germany was influenced by stria regulations laid down by the armourers' guilds, which prohibited the formation oflarge Italianstyle companies by restricting the number of craftsmen and apprentices who could be employed at any single concern. Pfaffenbichler provides the anecdote ofa sixteenthcentury Augsburg armourer who defied the rules and imported three hundred suits ofarmour to fulfil an order within the deadline set by his customer. The guild imposed a heavy fine, but the armourer's prominent position within the city meant that he was able to ignore such censure. One ofthe book's strengths is the conciseness of its prose. Another is the quality and quantity ofits illustrations. Most pages carry an illustration ofsome sort, ranging from photographs of armour to reproductions of manuscripts and engravings. The majority of the photographs are in colour, and have been produced in such a way as...

Plant Biosystematics. Based on the Symposium of the International Organization of Plant Biosystematists, Held at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, July 17-21, 1983. Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction.William F. Grant

<i>Plant Biosystematics. Based on the Symposium of the International Organization of Plant Biosystematists, Held at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, July 17-21, 1983. Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction.</i>William F. Grant

The Estuary as a Filter. Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial International Estuarine Research Conference, Virginia Beach, Virginia, October 23-26, 1983. Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction.Victor S. Kennedy

Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksThe Estuary as a Filter. Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial International Estuarine Research Conference, Virginia Beach, Virginia, October 23-26, 1983. Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction. Victor S. Kennedy Douglas G. CaponeDouglas G. Capone Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 61, Number 1Mar., 1986 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/414826 Copyright 1986 Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Map data processing, eds Herbert Freeman and Goffredo G. Pieroni, Academic Press Inc. (London) ltd. 160 × 235mm, 374 pages (with index), 78 figures. ISBN 012 267180 5

Abstract This volume contains a collection of eighteen papers presented to a NATO Advanced Study Institute held in June 1979 on the subject of ‘Map Data Processing’. Paper topics include hardware and software systems for map data analysis and manipulation, pattern recognition and image processing, approximation techniques, computerised cartography and specialised map data processing applications. Map data processing lacks a coordinated thrust, which is a pity, for one of the aims of the Institute was to set directions for future research and development in map data processing. However, the volume is up-to-date, and therefore valuable In a field which is developing so rapidly, and is good reading for those interested in map data processing, particularly spatial data structure issues. Freeman and Pieroni, as editors, have contributed a contents page, list of contributors, subject index and a half page preface. A little more from them perhaps in the way of a guide to the reading of the papers, and a reporting of the discussion which must have resulted at the Institute, would have been useful. This is an Academic Press rapid manuscript reproduction so little attention has been given to presentation but this does not materially affect the content.

Impedance Screening for Middle Ear Disease in Children

This book is a rapid manuscript reproduction of the proceedings of the Symposium on Impedance Screening for Children that was held in Nashville, Tenn, in June 1977. Seven invited state-of-knowledge papers on the epidemiology, morbidity, and identification of middle ear disease, and impedance screening in the four areas of infants, preschool children, school-age children, and special populations are included. A further 20 papers that concern recent studies of impedance screening are also included. The major part of the book is divided into the four previously mentioned categories of children. The contributors are drawn from the fields of audiology, otolaryngology, pediatrics, epidemiology, and public health, and they represent the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden, and Korea. A major purpose of the symposium was to develop guidelines for impedance screening. The consensus recommendations of the task force of 28 experts, set up for this purpose, are presented in the book. Surprisingly,

Transport and Transfer Processes in Plants. Proceedings of a Symposium Held Under the Auspices of the U.S.-Australia Agreement for Scientific and Technical Cooperation, Canberra, Australia, December, 1975. Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction. I. F. Wardlaw , J. B. Passioura

<i>Transport and Transfer Processes in Plants. Proceedings of a Symposium Held Under the Auspices of the U.S.-Australia Agreement for Scientific and Technical Cooperation, Canberra, Australia, December, 1975. Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction</i>. I. F. Wardlaw , J. B. Passioura