Reproduction Of Meloidogyne Incognita Research Articles

Effect of Water of Tilapia Pond on Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Growth of Eggplant in Relation to Soil Type

Effect of Water of Tilapia Pond on Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Growth of Eggplant in Relation to Soil Type

Application forms and mode of action of biocontroller in the management of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato

ABSTRACT Mixture of antagonist agents and form of application may influence in the control of root-knot nematodes. Thus, the aim of this work was to study the action of a biological product based on enzyme mixtures, Bacillus sp. and Trichoderma sp., at different concentrations on hatching, motility, mortality and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato, considering two ways of application of the product. Eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita were placed in biological product solutions at concentrations: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g L-1. The same concentrations were applied to planting pits or to the soil surface. Afterwards, 3,692 eggs of M. incognita were inoculated in tomato crop. A significant reduction in J2 hatching of M. incognita J2 was observed in the highest concentrations and higher mortality of J2 from concentration of 5 g L-1. The interaction between concentrations and form of application of the product significantly influenced the infectivity and reproduction of M. incognita. Greater root system mass was obtained by applying the biological product to the surface, regardless of concentration.

Interaction between Nematode Inoculum Density and Plant Age on Growth and Yield of Cucumber and Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita

Interaction between Nematode Inoculum Density and Plant Age on Growth and Yield of Cucumber and Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita

Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and M. graminis on Several Grain Sorghum Hybrids.

A total of 27 grain sorghum hybrids were evaluated in a series of greenhouse experiments to determine their susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and M. graminis. Each hybrid was inoculated with 2,000 nematode eggs/pot. Reproduction by M. incognita was numerically greater than M. graminis on 93% of the hybrids tested, indicating that grain sorghum is a better host for M. incognita than M. graminis. A wide variation in host suitability was observed on these hybrids in a second experiment as reproduction by M. incognita ranged from 395 to 3,818 eggs/g of root. Only two hybrids, Terral RV9782 and RV9823, consistently supported <20% reproduction by M. incognita compared to the most susceptible hybrid, Golden Acres 5556. Reproduction of four isolates of M. incognita was evaluated on six selected hybrids in a third greenhouse experiment. Hybrid susceptibility was similar to that observed in the previous experiment for all isolates. A difference in isolate aggressiveness was observed between two of the four isolates across all hybrids. In fields where damaging populations of M. incognita are present, most grain sorghum hybrids will likely maintain or increase the nematode population for the subsequent crop.

Boron and zinc inhibit embryonic development, hatching and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita

ABSTRACTNematodes have difficult control and complex handling, but considering the physiological and biochemical changes that micronutrients promoting in plants, there is possibility that the supply with these chemicals increases the resistance of plants against nematodes. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effect of the application of boron and zinc on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita, embryonic development and juvenile nematode hatching. Nematode reproduction was evaluated in tomato plant inoculated with 2000 eggs and treated in the aerial part with boron or zinc at the following doses: 0, 1/2, 1×, 2× and 4× the manufacturer's recommendation (100 and 30 g/L, respectively), with the plants assessed 60 days after inoculation. For assessment of embryonic development and juvenile hatching, 1 mL nematode suspension was placed in Petri dishes containing 9 mL of the same doses of boron and zinc, and assessment occurred four and eight days after incubation. Results obtained showed that boron controlled nematode population at the dose of 400 g/L and promoted juvenile hatching when used at maximum dosage on the eighth day. Zinc reduced the number of galls and the number of eggs at the dose of 60 g/L, but did not exhibit direct effect on nematode.

Correlations among methods to estimate lipid reserves of second-stage juveniles and its relationships with infectivity and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita

We studied the correlations between the processes used to estimate the body lipid of second-stage juveniles (J2) ofMeloidogyne exiguaandM. incognita, and the infectivity and reproduction of theM. incognitaJ2. The lipids were quantified by image analysis of the area stained red with Oil Red O dye and by the dark area of the non-stained J2. The content of neutral lipids of stained J2 ofM. exiguaandM. incognitacorrelated positively to the lipid index, body mass lipid and the dark area of J2. The period of incubation of J2 decreased the neutral lipids content and correlated significantly with the reductions of infectivity and reproduction. The period of 6 days incubation ofM. incognitaresulted in losses of more than 50% of the neutral lipid content, representing the threshold period for infectivity on tomato, whereas, for reproduction, the threshold was 3 days incubation.

エンドファイト導入イタリアンライグラスにおける４種植物寄生性線虫の増殖性

Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne arenaria, Pratylenchus coffeae, and Pratylenchus penetrans on two Neotyphodium uncinatum-infected Italian ryegrasses, Bishamon and JFIR-18, was examined. All tested samples of Bishamon and JFIR-18 were individually checked to confirm infection with an endophytic fungus at the end of each experiment. There was no significant difference in host suitability between endophyte-infected and endophyte-free individuals of the two cultivars for any of the tested nematodes.

Infectivity and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood on African yam bean, Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst Ex. A. Rich) Harms accessions as influenced by botanical soil amendments

A screen house experiment was conducted to study the effects of amendment of soil with leaf powders of some plants at different levels (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 t/ha) on the infectivity and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood on African yam bean, Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst Ex . A. Rich) Harms. The plants were neem, drumstick, lemon grass, African peach and rattle weed. Results showed that botanical soil amendments significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved growth of plants and reduced reproduction of M. incognita on African yam bean in varying degrees. The effects of botanicals on growth of plants and nematode reproduction increased with increase in concentrations/ amendment levels, and were highest at 25 t/ha. Cymbopogon citratus produced the highest manurial properties as it supported greater vegetative growth of plants while Moringa oleifera was most effective in the reduction of reproduction and development of M. incognita in the roots. M. oleifera produced the least gall index and egg mass index of 1.0, though Crotolaria retusa also recorded egg mass index of 1.0. Results from this study are indicative of the fact that local farmers could apply these botanicals as fertilizers during cultivation to counteract the effect of root-knot nematode, and also to improve growth of crop plants but field trials are necessary before final recommendation. Keywords: Infectivity, reproduction, African yam bean, Meloidogyne incognita , amendment

Interaction between Pseudomonas fluorescens and Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plant as influenced by the different levels of phosphorus

A pot experiment was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Pusa Ruby) to assess the effect of different phosphorus (P) levels (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/pot) and the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita. Maximum growth of tomato occurred at P rates of 125 mg/kg soil, irrespective of whether plants were uninoculated or inoculated with P. fluorescens or M. incognita or inoculated with both the agents. Nematodes per gram of roots, egg masses per root, eggs per egg mass and galls per root significantly increased by increasing levels of P. P. fluorescens performed better than other treatments and different P levels in improving tomato growth and reducing galling and multiplication of M. incognita.

Effects of benzyl isothiocyanate on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on Glycine max and Capsicum annuum

Abstract Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on either Capsicum annuum or Glycine max was suppressed when infective second-stage juveniles (J2) were exposed to 0.03 mM benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) for 2 h prior to inoculation of the host. Infectivity as rated by a gall index was significantly reduced on both G. max and C. annuum. In C. annuum, nematode egg masses were recovered from 48% of the plants inoculated with BITC-treated J2 compared with 98% for the controls, and egg mass scores were reduced. Egg mass production was reduced in C. annuum by 69% and mean total eggs/plant was reduced by 97% in G. max. When plants were inoculated with treated J2, two measures of plant health, root weight and shoot weight, were reduced in C. annuum but not in G. max. However, root and shoot weights were not correlated with egg production for either host plant, irrespective of treatment. There were strong interactions between egg production, as measured by mean total eggs/plant (G. max) or mean total eggs/egg mass (C. annuum), and hatching of J2 from eggs obtained from all combinations of plant host and J2 treatment. Hatch of J2 from eggs obtained from G. max was significantly lower when plants had been inoculated with BITC-treated J2 than when plants had been inoculated with control J2. Such effects were not observed with C. annuum. BITC may have important residual consequences on the progeny of M. incognita not directly exposed to the chemical.

Effects of antagonistic fungi, wastes materials and urea on the populations ofMeloidogyne incognitaand growth of tomato

Effects of three antagonistic fungi ( Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia , and Trichoderma harzianum ) alone and together with wastes materials (saw dust and neem leaf litter) and urea were studied on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glass house experiments. Individually neem leaf litter was better in improving growth of plants without nematodes compared with any other single treatment. However, use of P. lilacinus against plants with M. incognita caused higher increase in plant growth than caused by P. chlamydosporia / T. harzianum or urea but similar to that caused by neem leaf litter or saw dust. Maximum increase in the growth of nematode inoculated plants was observed when P. lilacinus was used with neem leaf litter. P. lilacinus caused higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication followed by P. chlamydosporia , neem leaf litter, urea, T. harzianum and saw dust. Maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when P. lilacinus was used with neem leaf litter.

Biocontrol of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato using antagonistic fungi, plant‐growth‐promoting rhizobacteria and cattle manure

Biocontrol achieved by a single biocontrol agent is generally inconsistent under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to increase the competitiveness and efficacy of biocontrol agents by using them together with cattle manure. The effects of antagonistic fungi [Aspergillus niger v. Teigh., Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson and Penicillium chrysogenum Thom] and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [Azotobacter chroococcum Beijer., Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Pseudomonas putida (Trev.) Mig.] were assessed with cattle manure on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kof. & White) Chitwood. Application of antagonistic fungi and PGPR alone and in combination with cattle manure resulted in a significant increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants. The highest increase (79%) in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants was observed when P. putida was used with cattle manure, followed by use of P. lilacinus plus cattle manure. Paecilomyces lilacinus resulted in a high reduction in galling and nematode multiplication, followed by P. putida, B. subtilis, A. niger, A. chroococcum and P. chrysogenum. The combined use of P. lilacinus with cattle manure resulted in a maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication. Application of P. lilacinus or P. putida with cattle manure was useful to achieve greater biocontrol of M. incognita on tomato.

Effects of antagonistic fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone and in combination on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato

Antagonistic fungi (Aspergillus niger CA and Penicillium chrysogenum CA1), plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Burkholderia cepacia 4684 and Bacillus subtilis 7612) and AM fungi (Glomus intraradices KA and Gigaspora margarita AA) were assessed alone and in combination for their effects on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glasshouse experiments. Application of antagonistic fungus, PGPR, or AM fungus alone or in combination significantly increased the length and shoot dry mass of plants both with and without nematodes. The increase in shoot dry mass caused by Gl. intraradices KA in plants without nematodes was greater than that caused by PGPR or antagonistic fungi. Similarly, the increase in shoot dry mass caused by Bu. cepacia 4684 in plants with nematodes was greater than that caused by P. chrysogenum CA1. Application of Bu. cepacia 4684 caused a 36.1% increase in shoot dry mass of nematode-inoculated plants followed by Ba. subtilis 7612 (32.4%), A. niger CA (31.7%), Gl. intraradices KA (30.9%), Gi. margarita AA (29.9%) and P. chrysogenum CA1 (28.8%). Use of Bu. cepacia 4684 with A. niger CA caused a highest (65.7%) increase in shoot dry mass in nematode-inoculated plants followed by Ba. subtilis 7612 plus A. niger CA (60.9%). Burkholderia cepacia 4684 greatly reduced (39%) galling and nematode multiplication, and the reduction was even greater (73%) when applied with A. niger CA. Antagonistic fungi had no significant effect on root colonization caused by AM fungi. Applying Bu. cepacia 4684 with A. niger CA may be useful in the biocontrol of M. incognita on tomato.

Effects of fertilizers, AM fungus and plant growth promoting rhizobacterium on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

The effects of Glomus intraradices and Pseudomonas putida were observed alone and in combination with fertilizers (composted cow manure and urea) on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation of P. putida caused a greater increase in the tomato growth than G. intraradices and inoculation of both together caused a greater increase than by either of them. Use of composted manure was better in increasing tomato growth than urea and high dosage of fertilizers were more effective than low dosage. Composted manure with P. putida and G. intraradices was more beneficial for tomato growth than the use of urea with these microorganisms. Root colonization by G. intraradices and P. putida was increased with composted manure while urea had an adverse effect on root colonization. Pseudomonas putida caused a higher reduction in galling and nematode multiplication than G. intraradices. The maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication was observed when P. putida was used with G. intraradices together with composted manure.

Effect of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus on penetration and reproduction of meloidogyne incognita in cowpea

greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the effects of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus on penetration and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in cowpea and the influence of these pathogens on the yield of cowpea. The interaction of both pathogens resulted in higher population density of the nematode at harvest and correspondingly reduced grain yield in comparison to inoculation of either pathogen alone or un-inoculated control. An almost equal number of nematode juveniles penetrated roots of seedlings of nematode - susceptible Ife Brown and TVU 2657 and nematode - resistant IT81D - 975 cultivars of cowpea, but the nematode did not develop beyond second stage juvenile in the resistant cultivar. Concomitant inoculation of the nematode and the virus resulted in a shortened life cycle of the nematode in comparison to nematode alone inoculation. Interaction of both the nematode and the virus had a limited effect on the nematode resistant cultivar of cowpea.

Survival and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato as affected by humic acid

AbstractThe commercial products humic acid (Actosol®), humic acid (Actosol®) + NPK and humic acid (Actosol®) + micro-elements (Fe, Mn, Cu) were tested against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in vitro and in vivo on tomato and compared with the nematicide, Vydate. In vitro, Vydate at 2 ml l–1 water was the best treatment for inhibiting hatch (30.8% inhibition) and was significantly more effective than all other treatments, except Vydate at 4 ml l–1. Humic acid + micro-elements (2 ml l–1 water) was the least effective treatment for inhibiting hatch. Humic acid supplemented with micro-elements was significantly better than other products in reducing the number of surviving juveniles and achieving the highest percentage of nematode inhibition (49.2%), followed by the two concentrations of Vydate, which were not significantly different from one another. In vivo, all treatments significantly reduced the numbers of galls, embedded stages in roots, final population and population build-up (Pf/Pi) in all types of soil as compared to the untreated control. Materials appeared to be more effective at preventing nematode penetration of roots in sandy loam soil than in the other two soil types (sandy and clay). The double application of humic acid + NPK gave the best plant growth (fresh and dry weights) in sandy loam soil. All treatments reduced plant content of NPK in sandy soil except for humic acid + micro-elements and the two doses of Vydate.

Synergistic effects of antagonistic fungi and a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, or composted cow manure on populations of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato

Effects of four antagonistic fungi (Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pochonia chlamydosporia, Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium virens) alone and together with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices or with composted cow manure (CCM) were assessed on the growth of tomato and on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita in glasshouse experiments. Application of all antagonistic fungi (except G. virens), P. putida, G. intraradices or CCM caused a significant increase in the growth of plants without nematodes. However, use of either of these fungi, P. putida, G. intraradices and CCM against plants with nematodes caused a significant increase in tomato growth. Paecilomyces lilacinus caused a 42% increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants followed by P. chlamydosporia (36%), T. harzianum (18%) and G. virens (15%). CCM caused about 57% increase in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants followed by P. putida (37%) and G. intraradices (31%). Maximum increase (71%) in the growth of nematode-inoculated plants was observed when CCM was used with P. lilacinus. Moreover, P. lilacinus caused a high reduction (55%) in galling and nematode multiplication, while G. virens the least (25%). Use of P. putida also caused a 39% reduction in galling and nematode multiplication followed by CCM (34%) and G. intraradices (32%). Combined use of CCM with P. lilacinus caused maximum reduction (79%) in galling and nematode multiplication. Re-isolation of antagonistic fungi from nematodes revealed that P. lilacinus parasitised more females and eggs than other antagonistic fungi. Root colonisation by P. putida was increased with P. lilacinus, while colonisation by G. intraradices was reduced in the presence of antagonistic fungi.

Effects of plant growth promoting bacteria and composed organic fertilizers on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and tomato growth

Glasshouse experiments were conducted to assess the influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense and composted organic fertilizers (cow dung, horse dung, goat dung and poultry manure) alone and in combination on the multiplication of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato. P. fluorescens was better at improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than A. chroococcum or A. brasilense. Among composted organic fertilizers, poultry manure resulted in less galling and nematode multiplication than occurred with goat dung. However, composted goat dung was better in reducing nematode multiplication and improving plant growth than horse dung. Cow dung was the composted organic fertilizer least effective in reducing galling and nematode multiplication. Poultry manure with P. fluorescens was the best combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato but improved management of M. incognita can also be obtained if goat dung is used with P. fluorescens or poultry manure with A. chroococcum.

Effects of Plant Straws and Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on the Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and Growth of Tomato

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to study the influence of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum, and straws of Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Sorghum vulgare and Pennisetum typhoides alone and in combination on the multiplication of Meloidogyne incognita and on the growth of tomato. P. fluorescens was better at improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than was A. chroococcum. Among straws, P. typhoides was better than Z. mays followed by S. vulgare and T. aestivum in improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication. Straw of O. sativa was least effective in reducing galling and nematode multiplication. Use of P. fluorescens with the straw of P. typhoides was the best combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato. However, improved management of M. incognita can also be obtained if straw of Z. mays is used with P. fluorescens, or A. chroococcum is used with the straw of P. typhoides.

Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens and fertilizers on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato

A 60-day glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the influence of two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (GRP3 and PRS9), organic manure, and inorganic fertilizers (urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), muriate of potash and monocalcium phosphate) alone and in combination on the multiplication of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato. Pseudomonas fluorescens GRP3 was better at improving tomato growth and reducing galling and nematode multiplication than PRS9. Organic manuring resulted in less galling and nematode multiplication than occurred with DAP. However, DAP was found better in reducing nematode multiplication and improving plant growth than urea. Muriate of potash was the inorganic fertilizer least effective in reducing galling and nematode multiplication. Pseudomonas fluorescens GRP3 with organic manure was the best combination for the management of M. incognita on tomato but improved management of M. incognita can also be obtained if DAP is used with the GRP3 strain of P. fluorescens.