Representatives Of Various Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Buying and selling in the Balkans: the case of Kosovo

The study analyzes from the anthropological viewpoint the transformation of trade relations, trade transactions, the inclusion of men and women of different ages, representatives of various ethnic groups, religions and strata of society in the circulation of goods and services in the territory of Kosovo/Kosovo and Metohija at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. From a quiet “province” of the Ottoman Empire, royal Yugoslavia and the SFRY, the historical region has turned into the forefront of confrontation between both Balkan elites and international forces. Leaving aside, as far as possible, the multi-vector discussion regarding the status of the territory/region/state, the author focuses on the social and cultural aspects of the type of activity and economic sphere that directly and acutely affect all residents of the region without exception – be they Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorans or Roma, Muslims or Christians, rich, poor or middle class – namely, trade. Growing all over the world, both in the business community and among professional researchers studying culture and society, the interest in corporate anthropology is due to the importance of the ethnic factor in the development strategy of individual states and the global economy, and this involves the collection of empirical data and an attempt to assess the risks of conducting business, trade, scientific and other projects that directly affect people’s lives and influence their social “well-being”.

Interethnic relations: a methodology for studying interethnic interactio

The movement of Kazakhstani society towards a new quality of life along the path of development of world civilization is impossible without internal stability and consolidation, preservation and strengthening of inter-ethnic harmony at all levels of relations. The scientific research is focused on the study of interethnic interac-tion, prevention of interethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan and their prevention through institutional regulation mechanisms, which in our opinion is one of the most effective ways to form tolerant attitudes, values of soli-darity and mutual respect. In conditions of continuing social and cultural distance, uneven and unstable eco-nomic development, disproportionate composition of ethnic groups, increasing marginalization of society, it becomes an important task to maintain and strengthen peaceful integration processes, create and preserve harmonious relations between representatives of various ethnic groups and ethnic communities. The problem of interethnic relations is the sphere of scientific interests of various sciences, schools and directions. Inter-ethnic relations are considered as a system in which a set of elements with different shares can be, on the one hand, united, but at the same time opposed to each other. This is a complex social process, including intercul-tural and interethnic communications, cooperation in the field of interethnic relations. When analyzing the sphere of interethnic relations, the focus is on the actions, courses of action, and behavior of people of differ-ent nationalities, with special importance given to attitudes and values that reflect the facts of consciousness of interethnic interaction and communication.

ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИЯ СЕМАНТИКИ КАЖИМОСТИ И ПРИТВОРСТВА В ТУВИНСКИХ ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫХ И СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ТЕКСТАХ

The article examines grammaticalized comparative constructions of the Tuvan language, identified in texts of different genres. Particular attention is paid to the comparison standard marker. The purpose of the study is to identify and interpret the main means of expressing pretense and appearances in Tuvan texts, both modern and folklore. The relevance of the study is determined by the insufficient knowledge of the semantics of pretense and the increased interest in the study of the traditional and cultural characteristics of the linguistic consciousness of representatives of various ethnic groups. It seems relevant to show what lexical units can verbalize the semantics of appearance. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time, comparative structures were studied using the material of the Tuvan language and semantic types of markers of the specified semantics in folklore and modern texts were identified. The main research methods are the descriptive method and the structural modeling method. As a result of the study, comparative structures expressing both real and unreal comparison were identified and interpreted. In constructions of unreal comparison, the situation presented to the dependent predicative unit (DPU) does not take place in reality. It is arbitrarily constructed as a subjective interpretation of what is reported in the main predicative unit (GPU). This fictitious, unreal event becomes the standard comparisons for a real event expressed in MPU. The main means of marking modal meanings in the system of real comparison in the Tuvan language are comparatives: yshkash ‘like’; deg ‘like’. The same markers are also noted in unreal structures. Marking of unreal semantics is carried out in Tuvan folklore texts with multifunctional forms from the verb bol = ‘to be’ (boop, boor, etc.). The semantic invariant of such constructions is ‘pretend that...’. In addition, syntactic constructions of the predicate are widely used, expressing the relationship of the communicated or the message itself to reality with the postpositions deg, yshkash. It was established that the folklore texts under consideration use the same methods of expressing comparative relations that have been identified for the modern Tuvan language. However, the qualitative side (the complex of means and the nature of their functioning) and the quantitative side (the frequency of use of these units) are determined by the purpose of communication and depend on specific extralinguistic factor.

Лексические особенности русской речи студентов поликультурного региона

The topic of the article is conditioned by the relevance of the Russian language performance in the polycultural space of the region. The purpose is to describe how various native (ethnical) languages influence the lexical consistency of Russian students' speech. The research material was the author's collection (about 200 units), which is based on recordings of spontaneous informal speech of students from Astrakhan Tatishchev State University. The informants were 120 philology students who study in multinational academic groups including Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kalmyks, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Georgians, Armenians, as well as representatives of various ethnic groups from Dagestan. Using the methods of participant observation and questioning, data on the students' speech lexical composition were obtained and further correlated with the codified lexicographic information. It was found out that ordinary students' speech is infiltrated with regionally marked units, such as jargon and vernacular words, that reflect lingua-cultural environment of the region; Astrakhan dialectisms (astrakhanisms) of Turkic origin; borrowings from native languages of students, exotic words (mainly gastronimisms) resulting from the cross-cultural interactions in students' community. The results can be employed for sociolinguistic and intercultural communication studies.

ГАЛИНА ВЯЧЕСЛАВОВНА ЛЕБЕДИНСКАЯ – ДОСТОЙНЫЙ ПРОДОЛЖАТЕЛЬ ДЕЛА М.М. ГЕРАСИМОВА

The article is dedicated to the famous anthropologist, successor of the school of anthropological reconstruction M.M. Gerasimov to candidate of bio-logical sciences Galina Vyacheslavovna Lebedinskaya. In 2024 she would have turned 100 years old. Brief biographical information and the creative path of the scientist are presented. In 1970, after the death of Mikhail Mikhailovich, Galina Vyacheslavovna headed the Laboratory of Plastic Reconstruction of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. She continues the traditions laid down by M.M. Gerasimov. The laboratory is constantly conducting scientific research to search for patterns of relationship between signs of external appear-ance and underlying bone structuresUnder her leadership, for the first time in the world, measurements of the thickness of the soft tissues of the face using ultrasound are being carried out on a modern population. A data bank is being created on the distribution of soft tissue thickness among representatives of various ethnic groups of the population of the USSR. Field studies are being conducted to study the correlations between such important features of appearance as the width of the nose and mouth with the bone base. New students appear in the laboratory, continuing to this day the development of improvements and clarifications of the method of anthropological reconstruction. Galina Vyacheslavovna is working on creating numerous sculp-tural and graphic portraits based on the skulls of ancient populations and histori-cal figures. The article describes a number of famous works of the scientist

INTERETHNIC INTERACTION IN THE YOUTH ENVIRONMENT AT PRESENT STAGE: HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECT

In the 1990s, after the USSR collapse, during a period of spiritual vacuum, the Russian society turned out to be open and unprotected from the challenges connected with global problems of humanity. During this period, the rise of ethno-cultural traditions takes place in the regions of the country. Post-Soviet Russia becomes involved in intensive migration processes as well. All this actively affected the formation of new interethnic relations, in which the younger generation of the Russian Federation citizens became active participants.
 
 In this regard, the aim of the work is to study interethnic interaction among young people in various regions of Russia in order to prevent possible conflicts and to take preventive measures.
 
 Materials and methods. The article is prepared on the basis of sociological surveys conducted in 2022–2023 in the territory of 5 subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as on the basis of research literature. The survey was conducted among young people aged 18–30 years, taking into account the sociological sample and focus groups (anonymous survey, N = 1624).
 
 Results. Among the main results of the study, the main trends that have emerged should be singled out: the process of assimilation influence from the Russian ethnic group is observed in the regions; when describing their nationality, in some cases there are mixed answers, which indicates a complex identity of young people; for the majority of respondents, national identity is a fairly significant factor in life; most respondents are tolerant to marriage with representatives of various ethnic groups; the main part of the surveyed youth is familiar with their national culture. Given a favorable interethnic situation, the expert community expressed concern about preserving ethnic culture among young people. According to expert opinion, young people know their national roots quite superficially; for the new generation national languages are becoming colloquial with significant mixing with the Russian language; ignorance of their history among young people leads to a large amount of falsification of facts, including in the field of ethnography.
 
 Conclusions. The obtained information of a historical and sociological nature made it possible to study interethnic interaction among young people in the territory of 5 republics of Russia. Among the main results of the conducted research, the main trends that have emerged should be singled out: the process of assimilation influence from the Russian ethnic group is observed in the regions; for the majority of respondents, national identity is a fairly significant factor in life; most of the respondents are familiar with their national culture, etc. Given a favorable interethnic situation, the expert community expressed concern about preserving ethnic culture among young people.

НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ В СИСТЕМЕ МЕЖНАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

To understand the modern role of nonprofi t organizations in the system of interethnic relations, it is important to analyze the historical experi-ence of public participation in the formation of ethnic policies in Russia. The goal of this article is to identify the potential of civil society organizations in the field of harmonization of interethnic relations, and to consider the possibilities and limitations of the potential of national-cultural autonomies based on reference to historical experience and its comparison with modern phenomena. To achieve research goals, the article uses a historical-genetic method that allows us to identify cause-and-eff ect relationships of historical processes and phenomena, as well as classifi cation methods that allow to systematically analyze the mechanisms of cross-sector partnership. Th e idea of national-cultural autonomy as a tool for maintaining and harmonious development of the cultural identity of “non-dominant” ethnic groups gained particular popularity in Austria-Hungary and Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. The revival of this concept in our time is due to the fact that NCA is a historically established and theoretically substantiated “classical” principle for implementing ethnocultural development that does not violate the political structure and territorial-administrative composition of multinational states. However, the national-cultural autonomies created in accordance with the 1996 law are heterogeneous both in size and development potential. Due to this inconsistency, the possibilities of civil society in the ethnocultural and ethnopolitical sphere are realized not only in the form of creating national and cultural autonomies, but also using other organizational and legal forms. Th e nonprofi t sector is the organizational and economic basis of civil society, and it is in this capacity that it reflects the diversity of public interests. Th e role of the nonprofi t sector is not limited to representing the interests of diverse groups, including national and religious groups, in the public political space. Nonprofi t organizations are called upon to solve specifi c problems of society, provide social assistance, prevent crises and help resolve them. It is in this capacity that they are most useful as a tool for harmonizing interethnic relations. Civil society organizations, due to natural resource limitations, cannot eff ectively solve the problems of harmonizing interethnic relations without cooperation with the state and business. The issues of development of national culture and national heritage, social assistance and support for representatives of various ethnic groups, public participation in the activities of government bodies on issues of interethnic relations become the responsibility of various civil structures involved in the system of intersectoral social partnership

The experience of living as a minority in Transcarpathia between the two world wars

The territory of the Transcarpathian region was an organic part of Hungary before the peace agreement that ended the First World War. After the region joined Czechoslovakia, the concept of Transcarpathians, Transcarpathian Hungarians was formed. Since literature reflects reality to a greater or lesser extent, we assume that the works written in this region contain linguistic, cultural and other elements of the existence of people who all of a sudden found themselves in a minority status. Thus, after analyzing samples of artistic prose written between the two world wars, we will be able to highlight certain aspects of the process of formation of the existence of a minority. The novel "Water Runs Between Two Shores" by the Hungarian writer Mihály Tamás depicts the period when Transcarpathian Hungarians suddenly found themselves in the status of a minority, and the Czech artist Ivan Olbracht highlights in his works the situation of two other ethnic groups at that time - Jews and Ukrainian Ruthenians. An analysis of the prose of two writers will provide an opportunity to trace how the representatives of various ethnic groups living in the territory of modern Transcarpathia reacted to changes in social, political, economic, linguistic, and cultural circumstances, and how the multilingual colorful cultural reality is reflected on the pages of the works. Keywords: Transcarpathia (Subcarpathian Rus), multilingualism, minority, identity.

On the Way to the Chinese Eastern Railway: Financial Aspects of the History of Kaidalovo Line Construction

The article analyzes the financial component of Kaidalovskaya line construction of Trans-Baikal Railway that established access to the Chinese Eastern Railway from the West. Designed to connect the CER with Russian railway network, this line played a vital role during late 19th — early 20th century establishing a connection between Trans-Siberian Railway and Vladivostok. However, researchers have barely paid attention to it, which makes the study relevant. It is promising to study the history of the construction of Kaidalovkaya line using the modern approaches to the analysis of global connectivity. The construction of the line took place simultaneously with the construction of the other section of Trans-Siberian Railway, which required significant financial investment from the Russian Empire. The construction started on September 16, 1898, and was completed by October 11, 1901. The construction, which fell under the jurisdiction of the Committee of the Siberian Railway, was subject to regular audit supervision of the State Control. The preserved archival documents make it possible to identify key financial actors and determine priority areas for economic support. The construction of this rather short line in comparison with the CER and the Trans-Siberian Railway (321,3 versts, or 342,8 km) turned out to be a costly affair for the treasury. Having become, to a certain extent, a transboundary area, the territory adjacent to the line inhabited by representatives of various ethnic groups required additional investments to ensure its maintenance. The study of the financial aspect of the Kaidalovskaya line construction allows us to see how financial imperatives influenced the goals and mechanisms of the imperial policy on the development of the Far East and on building a system of interethnic and international relations in the region.

Epstein-Barr virus (Herpesviridae: Gammaherpesvirinae: Lymphocryptovirus: Human gammaherpesvirus 4) in Kalmyks and Slavs living in Russia: virus types, LMP1 oncogene variants, and malignancies

The discovery of the Epstein-Barr virus types (Herpesviridae: Gammaherpesvirinae: Lymphocryptovirus: Human gammaherpesvirus 4) (EBV) - EBV-1 and EBV-2, which have different transforming abilities in vitro, stimulated the study of their prevalence in populations in order to elucidate the relationship with malignant neoplasms.The aims of the work are to study the prevalence of EBV-1 and EBV-2 among representatives of 2 ethnic groups of Russia, Kalmyks and Slavs, sequencing analysis of the LMP1 oncogene in virus isolates, and analysis of the correlation between virus types and the incidence of certain forms of tumors. DNA samples were isolated from the biological material of oral swabs obtained from ethnic Kalmyks of the Republic of Kalmykia (RK) (n = 50) and Slavs, residents of the Moscow Region (MR) (n = 40). DNA samples were used to amplify EBV DNA, followed by determination of its concentration per 1 cell of washout, amplification of the LMP1 oncogene in viral samples, their sequencing, and determination of LMP1 protein variants. It has been established that with the same burden of EBV among representatives of both ethnic groups in the Kalmyk group, the ratio of persons infected with transforming and non-transforming types of the virus was almost the same (EBV-1 - 51%; and EBV-2 - 49%). Meanwhile, in the group of Slavs the transforming EBV-1 type virus dominated (80.6%). The predominance of EBV-1 type in representatives of the Slavs correlated with increased incidence of certain forms of tumors in the population of the MR when compared with similar values in the population of the RK, where both types of the virus were prevalent. Differences between the compared rates of cancer incidence were not statistically significant. Analysis of viral isolates showed a similar set of LMP1 variants in both ethnic groups. In order to establish the influence of EBV types on the incidence of malignant tumors, additional studies involving representatives of various ethnic groups from different geographical regions are needed.

Features of interethnic trust of various ethnic groups representatives of a multicultural region

The paper presents the results of a study conducted in 2021 of perceptions of trust in interethnic relations of representatives of various ethnic groups of a multicultural region. The purpose of the study was to examine the components of trust of ethnophores, to identify ideas about the factors affecting interethnic trust. The study used the authors methodology to assess the structure of ideas about interethnic trust, trust factors, as well as revealing the self-assessment of the ability to trust in interethnic relations. Respondents were offered a modification of the methodology Unfinished Sentences by Sachs Levy in the authors modification, reflecting the respondents understanding of the interethnic aspect of trust and the degree of trusting relationships to individual ethnic groups. When analyzing the features of the ideas of interethnic trust, the methodological development of the assessment of the structure of the ideas of trust was used by M.M. Borisova, S.D. Gurieva. The Students t-test was used in the study to determine the statistical significance of differences in average values. The sample consisted of 418 respondents, representatives of ethnic groups of Ossetians, Russians, Chechens, Kabardians, Georgians who live in the territory of the North Caucasus Federal District of the Russian Federation (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Chechen Republic and Kabardino-Balkarian Republic). The study involved two age groups: the first respondents from 16 to 25 years old; the second respondents over 25 years old. The results of our study showed that the cognitive component in the structure of perceptions of trust prevails throughout the sample of subjects, regardless of age and ethnicity. As factors influencing interethnic trust, respondents identified: personal qualities of ethnophores, behavioral characteristics, the history of relations between peoples, social environment, knowledge about other peoples, the state, as well as the media.

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯ АДАПТАЦИЯ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ РАЗНЫХ ЭТНИЧЕСКИХ ГРУПП: СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ МОЛОДЫХ ПЕДАГОГОВ г.АКТАУ)

Abstract. The problematic field of scientific work focuses on the professional adaptation of ethnic groups to socio-economic transformations in the educational environment and the integration of society. The research question within the framework of this work is to find out the influence of belonging to ethnic groups on the process of professional adaptation in the educational environment. To date, there are quite a lot of publications on the problem of social and professional adaptation. However, the issue of adaptation of ethnic groups has not been sufficiently developed. Psychological and pedagogical studies of this problem prevail, while sociological analysis makes it possible to reveal the essential features of these processes. This article was written on the basis of the results of a sociological study on the topic "Professional adaptation of young teachers." The purpose of this study was to study the characteristics of professional adaptation of representatives of various ethnic groups. In the research work, the concept of "adaptation" as a sociological category was considered and classical and modern approaches to understanding the essence and mechanisms of professional adaptation were analyzed. The study of scientific literature, revealing the topic of the study, allows us to distinguish several groups of works. The first group of works is devoted to the study of social adaptation, which analyzes various approaches: a systematic approach, an informational approach, a phenomenological theory, a normative approach (E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, etc.), an activity approach and an interpretive approach (M. Weber). The second group of works is devoted to the study of social and professional adaptation in line with the study of social and labor processes. These are the works of M. Weber, A.B. Georgievsky, T. Parsons, and others. Labor adaptation in the process of vocational training and formation was considered by N.V. Polyakova, K.U. Chembelenge and others. The third group of works is devoted to a comprehensive study of the essence, goals, content of pedagogical activity. For example, the works of S.V. Kondratieva, and others. In the second part of the work, the main factors influencing the social and professional adaptation of representatives of various ethnic groups were analyzed. A comparative analysis of sociological studies on socio-professional adaptation was also carried out. The final part of this article presents the results of the study, reflecting the features of the professional adaptation of representatives of various ethnic groups in the educational environment. Keywords: adaptation, young teachers, socio-economic development, factors of professional adaptation, Kazakhstan, ethnic groups, integration of Kazakhstani society, education, professional activity, interethnic interaction, motivation of professional activity.

Этноконфессиональные процессы в Республике Казахстан в 1991 - начале 2010-х гг.

The article posed the task of studying the main trends of ethnoconfessional processes, traditions and innovations in the sphere of religious ritual of the rural population in Kazakhstan from the early 1990s, during the difficult period of the formation of a sovereign state and the transformation of the socioeconomic foundations of Kazakhstan society. The analysis of confessional processes in Kazakhstan showed a significant increase in the prestige of religion, which is perceived positively by representatives of various ethnic groups. Religious affiliation was dominated by Islam and Orthodoxy, due to the predominance of Kazakhs and Russians in the population. However, part of the Kazakhs and Russians switched from Islam and Orthodoxy to Protestantism, Buddhism and other faiths, which indicates the heterogeneity of faiths in modern Kazakhstan.A study of religious identification in relation to religion revealed that, due to cultural traditions interrupted by the Soviet regime, the religious behavior of the majority of the population is passive, since there are only a small group of active believers who fulfill all religious canons, ethnically more religious among European ethnic groups - Germans and the Eastern - the Uyghurs. As for religious rituals, the main religious holidays and religious rites of the family cycle have entered into the life of most Kazakhstanis. Religion is becoming an important cultural phenomenon.

The German Population of Siberia in the Conditions of Social Transformations of the 1900s-1920s

At the turn of the 19th – 20th century Siberia became a “melting pot” once again, where the representatives of various ethnic groups found themselves. The reasons for the resettlement beyond the Urals were of predominant economic character. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of various social events of the first third of the 20th century on the life of Siberian Germans. Russian Germans engaged in agriculture were forced to seek the ways to survive inside Russia in the situation of the agrarian crisis. Modernization of the state migration policy at the beginning of the 20th century and development of the railway transport allowed for labor migration, as a result of which Siberia turned into one of the agrarian regions, being on the rise, by the mid-1910s. German immigrants, who created capitalist farm type households there and became a model for Russian old-timers and other immigrants, contributed greatly to his process. However, the events of 1914-1922 disrupted the customary pace of life in the German village. The economic policy of the Bolsheviks who came to power provoked famine in the first half of the 1920s.The German population suffered from hunger as well, which drove up emigration sentiments. However, NEP and restoration of cooperation allowed them to start rapid recovery of the small-scale economy. The All-Russian Mennonite Agricultural Union played a pivotal role in this process. The gradual curtailment of NEP and transition to a command-administrative economic model were connected with pressure on the German population among which the conservative-clerical sentiments prevailed. It was sure to provoke a new round of confrontation between the Russian Germans and the Soviet state in the late 1920s already. The article is intended for those interested in the history of ethnic minorities (Russian Germans) and national politics in the twentieth century.

MODERN CONCEPTS OF THE MOLECULAR GENETIC MARKERS OF PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose of the study: to present up-to-date data on molecular genetic studies aimed to identify the risks of developing prostate cancer in representatives of various ethnic groups. Material and Methods. Literary sources were searched in databases such as PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar. We had analyzed 60 sources on the risks of developing prostate cancer. The epidemiological data on the prostate cancer incidence and risk factors depending on age characteristics, hormonal status and hereditary predisposition were shown. Results. The pathogenetic features of prostate cancer depending on ethnicity were described. The paper presents data from both European and Asian ethnic groups. In a number of studies, significant genetic differences in single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the development of prostate cancer were identified. Conclusion. Research in the field of determining the risks of developing prostate cancer becomes more and more relevant due to the emergence of new molecular genetic markers, as well as the influence of various ethnic characteristics. Nevertheless, many questions of modern diagnosis of prostate cancer are still open, therefore, research in this area remains promising.

Потенциал этнокультурного туризма в контексте развития практик гостеприимства

The purpose of the study is to research the potential of ethno-cultural tourism in the context of hospitality practices development. The methodological basis of the research is an interdisciplinary approach, within the framework of which the philosophical-cultural and socio-philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of ethno-cultural tourism is carried out in the context of hospitality practices development Research results. Ethnocultural tourism as a factor of preservation and development of ethnic cultures, as well as hospitality practices in the structure of intercultural communications are studied. It is shown that the phenomenon and practices of hospitality play a constitutive role in the formation and development of modern ethno-cultural tourism, which can reactualize the traditional aspects of interaction between representatives of various ethnic groups on the basis of cooperation and dialogue of cultures.   Prospects of the study are associated with further understanding of ethno-cultural tourism problems, its dynamics, evolution, and development prospects.

КАК ВЫГЛЯДЕЛИ НАШИ ПРЕДКИ, ИЛИ ЧТО МОЖЕТ АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ?

Anthropological Reconstruction Laboratory of the Center for Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS. The article relates the current state of the M.M. Gerasimov Laboratory of Anthropological Reconstruction of the Center for Physical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. Emphasizing the role of the founder of the method of face reconstruction from the skull, the author discusses the latest improvements to this method. The data bank on the thickness of the facial integument in representatives of various ethnic groups, and the accumulated experience with regard to the relationships between facial features and the underlying structures of the skull, made it possible to create a program of craniofacial correspondence ‘The Algorithm of Appearance’, which significantly improves the process of reconstructing in vivo appearance based on the skull. The visual reconstruction of the appearance is supplemented by an anthropological description of the lifetime appearance, in terms of the ‘verbal portrait’ used in forensic science. A description of a unique collection of more than 300 sculptural and graphic portraits made on the basis of the skulls of ancient people and historical figures is given. Based on the examples of specific projects, the possibilities of anthropological reconstruction for solving applied and theoretical problems of science are shown. The reconstruction of the appearance of soldiers killed in the Second World War is the key patriotic direction of the Laboratory s work. Based on the results of these reconstructions, several fi were identifi Th Laboratory is currently at work on reconstructing the lifetime appearance of A.V. Suvorov on the basis of a death mask.

Гражданская идентичность населения Кыргызстана в этническом аспекте

Research relevance: The article analyzes civic identity in Kyrgyzstan from the ethnic aspect. The author’s attention was focused on the “malty-sidedness” of the social identification of an individual and reveal the essence of civic identity as its main type. Analysis of some ethnic features of the common Kyrgyz civil identity is relevant. Research materials and methods: questioning the population of Kyrgyzstan to determine the civic identity of representatives of various ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan, consideration of the civic identification of Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Russians, Tajiks and other ethnic groups based on materials from a sociological study. Over the course of many centuries, the ethnic communities of Kyrgyzstan have accumulated centuries-old experience of living together, harmonizing interests, and confronting external and internal threats. Based on the history of the country, the most striking periods of its development were due to the unity of the people, friendship between representatives of different ethnic groups. Research objectives: Civic identity formation presupposes the acceptance of ethnic values, norms and belonging to a particular ethnic group — the ethnic self-determination of the individual of ethnic identity, as well as the adoption of universal, common cultural values, norms and belonging to the population of the country of residence, as the basis for the formation of civic patriotism in the individual, citizenship, patriotism and love for the Motherland of civic identity. Research results: The effectiveness of the formation of a general civil identity of a person requires a clear understanding of the essence of the problem of determining the formation of a person’s civic identity, as one of the components of its social identity, requires a separate study. Conclusions: Among Tajiks, almost 1/4 (23.8%) were determined, among Uzbeks, 1/5 (20.2%) cannot say firmly “Yes” that Kyrgyzstan is their Motherland, out of the ethnic Russians surveyed, only 14.4% belong to this category. Among the Kyrgyz people, 9.1% or 1/10 chose 1 answer to this question.

Расплескавшийся цветом. К.В. Душенко Красное и белое. Из истории политического языка: Сборник статей / РАН. ИНИОН. Москва: Центр гуманитарных научно-информационных исследований, 2018

This review presents the author's views on the book Red and White, which deals with the multivariance of color symbolism of the political language of revolutions in France and Russia. Writers' ideas about color political language of that historical period are reflected in their literary works. The characteristic features of white, red, black and blue colors, which carry an active visual call at all times, are highlighted and described. Conducting his own analysis of the identity of the color palette of the French tricolor and Russian tricolor flags, the author of the article is based on the principles of perception of color by representatives of various ethnic groups, based on the experience of processing external impressions and mentality.

Types of protest: essence and basic concepts

Studying the types of protest, defining the essence and basic concepts is an urgent problem. The experience of protests demonstrates the presence of a number of unsolved socio-economic problems, insufficient effectiveness of the authorities in communication with society. The protest potential of society lies not only in the plane of socio-economic issues, but is formed on the basis of such factors: the level of political activity of citizens, relations between representatives of various ethnic groups, religions, ideologies, external information influence, etc. The role of the media is growing, both as tools for the dissemination of information and for the implementation of the political activity of citizens. New forms of protest are emerging, the study of which is important for understanding their direction, predicting possible options for the development of the situation and developing mechanisms to reduce negative consequences. This article reveals the essence and basic concepts of political, social and cultural protests. The main purpose of the article is to determine the characteristics of political, social and cultural protests by studying the reasons for their occurrence. The study conducted a literature review and a thematic analysis of data from scientific articles collected on the topic. Key words: protests, political protest, social protest, cultural protest.