To investigate the stress state of self-healing microcapsules in asphalt pavement during their operational phase, this study utilizes the finite difference method to establish a macroscopic structural model of asphalt pavement and a multi-scale model of representative volume elements (RVE)containing self-healing microcapsules. It systematically analyzes the effects of microcapsule content, capsule wall modulus, and wall thickness on the its mechanical performance under different asphalt pavement. Experimental findings indicate that an increase in microcapsule content initially increases and subsequently decreases the maximum principal stress and shear stress of the capsule wall, suggesting an optimal content range for achieving optimal mechanical response. Moreover, an increase in capsule wall modulus results in increased maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress, and maximum shear stress borne by the capsule wall, underscoring the importance of capsule wall modulus for the mechanical properties of microcapsules. The impact of increasing wall thickness on minimum principal stress shows an initial increase followed by a decrease, emphasizing the critical role of appropriate wall thickness selection in facilitating prompt response of microcapsules to pavement cracks. This research provides essential theoretical foundations for the design and application of microcapsules, thereby enhancing the self-healing capability of asphalt pavement.