Representative Sample Of Adults Research Articles

The changing nature of how and where Australians play sport.

Understanding participation in sport is important for sport policy, strategy and management. Most research regarding participation in sport report general trends in participation rates. However, as societies trends in leisure-time activities are changing, we need to also understand the settings of sport participation. The aim of this study was to investigate the settings of sport participation of children and adults across 13 major sports in Victoria, Australia. This study utilised data about sport participation collected in the AusPlay survey from a representative sample of adults and children in Victoria, Australia. For each of the 13 sports, the settings of participation were identified for 2020, 2021 and 2022. Respondents can report participation in a particular activity in more than one setting. Therefore, we use the term "instance of participation" to refer to a person playing a particular sport in a particular setting. We calculated the weighted frequencies and prevalences pertaining to sport participation instances in each setting. In 2022 compared to 2020, overall participation was 1.1% higher for children and 1.2% higher for adults. For children and adults, the most popular sport for each year was swimming. In 2022, the next most popular sports for children were Australian football, basketball, gymnastics and soccer, and for adults' tennis, basketball, golf and Australian football. For children, approximately half of participation took place within a sports club or association setting (56-60%). For adults, approximately one third of participation took place within a sports club or association setting (36%). Much of the adult participation took place in non-organised settings. The largest increases in participation in clubs and associations in 2022 compared to 2020 for children was for, hockey, soccer, gymnastics, and Australian football. The adult participation in sports clubs or associations did not fair as well, with 8 sports decreasing the proportion of participation in this setting. As a society, we continue to evolve in how we consume participation in sport, and sport policy, infrastructure and opportunities to play need to be directed towards those particular settings and modes of delivery of sport where and how individuals want to play.

Abstract 4114461: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors, and predicted cardiovascular disease risk among young adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2020

Introduction: It is unclear if young adults with hyperlipidemia are also more likely to have non-lipid cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-factors or higher long-term CVD risk. As such, we assessed associations between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and non-lipid CVD risk factors as well as 10- and 30-year risk of CVD in young adults. Methods: We included a nationally representative sample of adults 20-<40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (January 2015-March 2020). We described sociodemographic characteristics and CVD risk factors by LDL-C level. We used simple logistic regression to determine associations between LDL-C level and each CVD risk factor. We then calculated the median 10- and 30-year CVD risk by LDL-C category for each participant using the PREVENT risk estimating equations. Results: Among 2,133 (weighted estimation: 90.3 million) young adults, 51.0%, 32.6%, 12.5%, and 3.9% had an LDL-C <100 mg/dL, 100-<130 mg/dL, 130-<160 mg/dL, and 160-<190 mg/dL, respectively. Compared to participants with an LDL-C <100mg/dL, those with an LDL-C 100-<130 mg/dL, 130-<160 mg/dL, and 160-189 mg/dL were more likely to have metabolic syndrome, an enlarged waist, hypertension, elevated glucose, diabetes mellitus, high triglycerides, and high hs-CRP (Table). The median 10-year risk of CVD was approximately 1% across all baseline LDL-C levels. Over a 30-year time horizon, the median risk of incident CVD exceeded 5% only in the 130-<160mg/dL and 160-189mg/dL LDL-C categories (6.0% and 7.6%, respectively). LDL-C and the interaction between LDL-C and CVD risk enhancing factors were independently associated with 30-year predicted risk of CVD (p=0.006 and p=0.005, respectively). Discussion: Many young adults with an elevated LDL-C have concomitant high-risk CVD characteristics. The risk/benefit calculous for addressing this modifiable risk factor in these patients should be further explored.

Excess costs of depression among a population-based older adults with chronic diseases in Singapore.

There is limited evidence on the economic burden of depression among the older population in Singapore. We aim to evaluate the impact of depression on healthcare expenditure and productivity loss among older adults with chronic diseases in Singapore. Using the data from the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly study (WiSE), a 2011 national representative survey of older adults aged 60 years and above, 2510 respondents were included in this study. The sample comprised 44% male and 56% female respondents with 75% respondents aged between 60 and 74 years old. Healthcare utilisation data was obtained from respondents and healthcare cost was tabulated by multiplying each service unit by the unit cost price. These services include care from polyclinic doctors, private general practitioners (GP), outpatient specialists and inpatient care. We modelled the relationship of healthcare cost and depression using two-part models (probit & generalised linear model - loglink and gamma distribution). For total healthcare expenditure, older adults with both depression and chronic diseases were associated with an average annual incremental cost of $7940 (95% CI 1490-14400; p = 0.016), compared to those without these conditions. They were also associated with an average incremental cost of $257 (95% CI 38.7-475; p = 0.021) for primary care. Likewise, in the case of specialist outpatient clinics, they had an average incremental cost of $970 (95% CI 163-1780; p = 0.018). However, for inpatient setting, the average incremental cost of $6180 (95% CI 418-12800; p = 0.066) was not significant. Additionally, older adults with depression and chronic diseases contribute to an annual productivity loss of $676 (95% CI 346-1010; p < 0.001). This study provides evidence that there are significant incremental costs associated with depression amongst the older adults with chronic diseases in Singapore's primary healthcare setting. The increased somatic presentations among the depressed older adults and the underdiagnosis of depression in primary care may contribute to higher utilisation of healthcare resources which entail higher expenditure. This is one of the first studies to look at the cost of depression using a representative sample of Singaporean older adults and taking into account the multi-ethnic nature of the population. Analyses were restricted to a cross-sectional design, and data relied heavily on the accuracy of self-report utilisation on health care services which was subjected to recall bias. Depression was found to inflate the total healthcare expenditure among older adults with chronic disease by two-fold. This study provides evidence that there are significant incremental costs associated with depression among the older adults with chronic diseases, demonstrating a need for more resources to improve systematic and clinical care for depressed older adults with chronic diseases.

Looking back at Covid-19 government restrictions: were local lockdown regions with tighter restrictions less adherent before the restrictions and more adherent after?

It is assumed that increases in Covid-19 cases are caused by people not adhering to advised individual transmission-reducing behaviours. Upon the implementation of restrictions, the hypothesis is that those individuals will change their behaviour. We aimed to retrospectively explore adherence to physical distancing before and after restrictions (e.g., lockdowns) were implemented in a region of Scotland. We assessed adherence, intention, and self-efficacy to physical distancing in a series of cross-sectional telephone surveys of a representative sample of adults in Scotland. We included data from before regional restrictions and after restrictions and examined whether regions with and without restrictions differed in adherence. A total of 1724 Scottish adults (675 men, M age = 52.79 years, SD = 17.92) participated (879 (51.0%) pre-restriction, 466 (27.0%) from a restricted region). ANOVA showed that none of the main effects (for region or time) nor the interaction effect were significant. There was a main effect of time on self-efficacy, such that self-efficacy was lower post-restriction measures (M = 4.13, SD = 0.81) compared to pre-restriction time (M = 4.22, SD = 0.79). There was no evidence that adherence was weaker before restrictions were implemented in regions with higher case rates. Nor was there evidence that imposing restrictions increased adherence. In a future pandemic, it is advisable to assess behaviour and beliefs about Covid-19, risk, and behaviours on an ongoing basis and to use that as indicators of the need for intervention even before cases rates start to go up.

Housing insecurity and government housing support utilization among a nationally representative sample of transgender and gender non-conforming adults

ABSTRACT Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals experience greater social adversity and negative social determinants of health compared to cisgender people. This study explored housing security and service use within a probability-based, nationally representative sample. Respondents were adults (264 TGNC; 23,096 cisgender) from the U.S. Federal Reserve Survey of Household Economics and Decision-making. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression analyses compared differences between TGNC and cisgender respondents for housing security indicators and government housing support use. Multivariable analyses were weighted for complex sampling design. Despite a large proportion of TGNC respondents reporting inability to pay their bills (27.9%) and not being homeowners (62.0%), utilization rates for government housing assistance were low (10.4%). Adjusting for covariates, TGNC respondents had significantly greater odds of reporting governmental housing assistance (aOR = 2.64, 95%CI = 1.52–4.60) than cisgender respondents. There was no difference in ability to pay bills or homeownership. Findings indicate that government housing services are reaching TGNC adults relative to cisgender results, but utilization rates remain low despite indicators of high need. Factors influencing utilization and efficacy of services should be assessed in future research to support policy implementation.

Anti-fracking protests and compliance with police: An examination of public opinion in the Anthropocene

Few studies that investigate public views about compliance with police consider the environmental movement. The present study helps fill this gap in the literature by investigating attitudes about protester compliance with police at anti-fracking protests. Study data come from a representative sample of adults living in the United Kingdom ( n = 1051). Multivariate findings generated by ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and structural equation modelling show that the public is less likely to agree that anti-fracking protesters should obey police commands when they perceive that hydraulic fracturing is a risk. Moreover, views about hydraulic fracturing, the environment, protest and protesters all appear to influence perceptions that anti-fracking protest police act in ways that are procedurally (un)just. Procedural justice, in turn, is positively correlated with people’s attitudes that anti-fracking protesters should comply with police. These findings have important implications for future UK energy policy and state legitimacy.

Adverse childhood experiences and ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder in Poland: a population-based study

ABSTRACT Background: Research on the prevalence of ICD-11-based complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in nationally representative samples is lacking, with no such studies conducted considering national Polish samples until now. Objectives: The primary aim of this study was to explore profiles of study participants in terms of either PTSD or CPTSD symptoms regarding to ICD-11 diagnosis with the aid of latent profile analysis. We also investigated the relationship between the types and cumulative number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with the probability of CPTSD rate in a national sample of Poles. Methods: A representative sample of Polish adults (n = 3,557) participated in this study. ACEs were assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, while the core features of PTSD and CPTSD were measured using the International Trauma Questionnaire. Results: The findings showed a 11% prevalence rate of probable CPTSD in the studied sample of Poles. Sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect and having the experience of a mentally ill household member were the most significant predictors of potential diagnosis. Furthermore, significant differences concerning lifestyle data were observed in the group of participants with CPTSD. Conclusions: The current rate of probable CPTSD in Poland is substantially higher than the respective data reported for other countries. We also noted that the ICD-11 diagnosis of CPTSD may not apply to all cultural environments. Finally, it was observed that the ACEs – CPTSD association may depend both on the ACEs types as well as on their overall cumulative character.

Prevalence of gun carrying and gun violence victimization and perpetration among a nationally representative sample of US youth and young adults

IntroductionGuns were one of the leading cause of death in children and youth 0 to 24 years old in the US over the last decade, with large variations by gender, race, region and income. This paper examines rates of gun involvement for a group of youth and young adults in the US from ages 10-34 across major demographic and background factors. MethodsA cross-sectional nationally representative survey of participants recruited through an ongoing national research panel. Completed surveys were collected from 5,311 participants from September 2023 to January 2024. ResultsLifetime rates for carrying guns was 26.7%, gun violence victimization rates was 9.5% and gun violence perpetration rates was 3.3%. High levels of past year involvement with guns and gun violence were observed, with 13.9% carrying guns, gun violence victimization of 2.5% and gun violence perpetration of 0.9%. Even more concerning, data indicate that 7.6% of the participants reported carrying a gun before age 18, 5.2% experienced gun violence victimization, and 1.8% perpetrated gun violence. Gun carrying/violence was higher by demographics, with a statistically significant difference for all demographic subgroups on at least one gun outcome. ConclusionsHigh levels of exposure to guns and gun violence are experienced among a nationally representative population of young Americans, with rates varying considerably by demographic factors. Based on these demographic disparities in gun involvement, more work is needed to address community and other risk and protective factors across different levels of the social ecology, such as structural inequities, associated with gun violence.

Design and methodology of the harmonized diagnostic assessment of dementia for the longitudinal aging study in India: Wave 2.

The rising burden of dementia calls for high-quality data on cognitive decline and dementia onset. The second wave of the Harmonized Diagnostic Assessment for the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-DAD) was designed to provide longitudinal assessments of cognition and dementia in India. All Wave 1 participants were recruited for a follow-up interview, and a refresher sample was drawn from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, a nationally representative cohort of Indians aged 45 and older. Respondents underwent a battery of cognitive tests, geriatric assessments, and venous blood collection. Their health and cognitive status were also assessed through an interview with a close family member or friend. Clinical consensus diagnosis was made based on the Clinical Dementia Rating®, and comprehensive data on risk factors of dementia were collected, including neurodegenerative biomarkers, sensory function, and environmental exposures. A total of 4635 participants were recruited between 2022 and 2024 from 22 states and union territories of India, accounting for 97.9% of the population in India. The response rate was 84.0%, and 71.5% of the participants provided venous blood specimen. LASI-DAD provides rich new data to study cognition, dementia, and their risk factors longitudinally in a nationally representative sample of older adults in India. Longitudinal cognitive data, together with longitudinally assessed biomarker data and novel data on sensory function and environmental exposures, provide a unique opportunity to establish associations between risk factors and biologically defined cognitive aging phenotypes.

What factors attenuate the relationship between childhood neglect and adverse health outcomes? Examining the role of socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and the presence of a protective adult

BackgroundThe detrimental effects of childhood neglect on adult health outcomes are well-recognized; however, less is known about factors that may attenuate this relationship. Objective(1) To examine the associations between childhood neglect and various physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood among those who had not experienced childhood physical or sexual abuse; and (2) To determine whether adjusting for risk and protective factors, including socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and the presence of a trusted adult, attenuates these relationships. Participants and settingData came from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a representative sample of community-dwelling US adults (n = 41,322). MethodsThe relationships between childhood neglect and health outcomes were investigated using logistic regression analyses. Adjustments were made for demographics, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and the presence of a protective adult. ResultsChildhood neglect was significantly associated with adverse health outcomes, including health behaviors (e.g., smoking, low physical activity), physical health indicators (e.g., self-reported fair/poor health, stroke, asthma, COPD), disabilities (e.g., hearing impairment, vision impairment, cognitive impairment, difficulty walking or climbing stairs, difficulty bathing), and mental health indicators (e.g., poor mental health/past month, depression) after controlling for demographics. All significant associations indicated small or very small effect sizes. Associations were substantially attenuated when controlling for adult socioeconomic status, and further attenuated when controlling for the presence of a protective adult, with several outcomes becoming non-significant. ConclusionsSocioeconomic status and the presence of a protective adult in childhood considerably diminishes the association between childhood neglect and health outcomes in adulthood.

Spinal pain prevalence and associated determinants: A population-based study using the National Survey for Wales.

Spinal pain (SP) remains the leading cause of disability worldwide. The present study aimed to establish a current prevalence of SP and associated determinants in Wales by retrospectively analyzing data from the National Survey for Wales Dataset (NSWD). The NSWD is a large-scale cross-sectional, representative sample of adults across Wales, UK. A univariable and multivariable regression analysis was carried out on self-reported answers to health and well-being questions contained within the NSWD (2016-2020) to determine the strength of association of various determinants and comorbidities related to spinal pain. A total population of 38,954 of adults were included in the analysis. The study population included interview responses of 21,735 females and 17,219 males. The prevalence of SP in Wales was 4.95% (95% CI: 4.74%-5.15%) with a total of 847 males (4.92%, CI: 4.60%-5.24%) and 1082 females (4.98%, CI: 4.69%-5.27%) reporting spinal pain. The age group with the highest prevalence of SP was in the 70+ years age group for both males (5.44%, CI: 4.82%-6.07%) and females (5.95%, CI: 5.37%-6.54%). The strength of association between age and SP reaches its peak at 50-59 years with an adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) of 3.74 (p = <0.001), that decreases slightly at 60-69 years and 70+ years. For various comorbidities included in the NSWD, significant associations with SP were confirmed for: mental illness (aOR = 1.42, p = <0.001), migraine (aOR = 2.73, p = <0.001), nervous system issues (aOR = 1.61, p = <0.001), arthritis (aOR = 1.30, p = <0.001) and issues with bones/joints/muscles (aOR = 1.93, p = <0.001). For lifestyle factors, associations were confirmed for current smokers (aOR = 1.41, p = <0.001) and ex-smokers (aOR = 1.23, p = 0.003). This study demonstrates a low prevalence of SP in Wales when compared to global estimates and strong associations to a variety of determinants. This still represents a significant societal burden and these findings may help inform public health initiatives to encourage prevention and evidence-based interventional strategies and ultimately, improve the quality of life for those suffering with SP in Wales.

Knowledge and beliefs about dietary inorganic nitrate in a representative sample of adults from the United Kingdom.

Evaluate knowledge and beliefs about dietary nitrate among United Kingdom (UK)-based adults. An online questionnaire was administered to evaluate knowledge and beliefs about dietary nitrate. Overall knowledge of dietary nitrate was quantified using a 21-point Nitrate Knowledge Index. Responses were compared between sociodemographic groups. UK. A nationally representative sample of three hundred adults. Only 19% of participants had heard of dietary nitrate prior to completing the questionnaire. Most participants (∼70%) were unsure about the effects of dietary nitrate on health parameters (e.g., blood pressure, cognitive function, cancer risk) or exercise performance. Most participants were unsure of the average population intake (78%) and acceptable daily intake (ADI) (83%) of nitrate. Knowledge of dietary sources of nitrate was generally low, with only ∼30% of participants correctly identifying foods with higher/lower nitrate contents. Almost none of the participants had deliberately purchased, or avoided purchasing, a food based around its nitrate content. Nitrate Knowledge Index scores were generally low (median[IQR]: 5[8]), but were significantly higher in individuals who were currently employed vs. unemployed (median[IQR]: 5[7]vs.4[7]; p<0.001), in those with previous nutrition education vs. no nutrition education (median[IQR]: 6[7]vs.4[8]; p=0.012), and in individuals who had heard of nitrate prior to completing the questionnaire vs. those who had not (median [IQR]: 9[8]vs.4[7]; p<0.001). This study demonstrates low knowledge around dietary nitrate in UK-based adults. Greater education around dietary nitrate may be valuable to help individuals make more informed decisions about their consumption of this compound.

The Theory of Dyadic Morality and Moral Identity Explain the Public's Response to Harm Done by Government and Organisations

ABSTRACTHarm functions complexly in moral judgement but has been treated differently in the Social Intuitionist Model (SIM) and the Theory of Dyadic Morality (TDM). Both the SIM and TDM see felt harm as an outcome of experienced negative moral emotions (e.g., disgust), but the SIM regards harm as a kind of epiphenomenon in the sense that it does not affect moral judgement or behaviour, whereas the TDM interprets harm as an essential mediator of the link between negative moral emotions and immorality. The TDM also develops an explanation for how harm functions to initiate reactions to triggering events marked by an intentional agent causing injury to a vulnerable social actor. Here norms serve a regulatory function modulating the effects of harm committed by the agent on negative moral emotions. We conduct two experiments on representative samples of adults () and address two different moral contexts (companies doing badly and government doing badly with respect to a threatened health crisis), two different normative moderators (moral identity and belief in conspiracies) and two different moral action tendencies (intentions and word of mouth). Harm is found to have direct and contingent mediated effects on moral action tendencies, in accord with the TDM. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

Factors Influencing Health Literacy among South Korean Adults: A Nationwide Study

Abstract Background Health literacy is crucial for health knowledge, behaviors, and outcomes, but research on health literacy has been limited to specific populations and settings in South Korea. This study aimed to identify factors influencing health literacy in a nationally representative sample of South Korean adults to inform public policies. Methods This cross-sectional study utilized data from the 2020 Korea Health Panel survey (10,262 adults aged 18-84 years). Sociodemographic factors (age, gender, education level, monthly household income, employment status, marital status, household characteristics, and region) and health (subjective health status, presence of chronic diseases, depression, and health insurance status) factors were examined. Health literacy was assessed using the 16-item European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16). Linear regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with health literacy. Results The mean health literacy score was 9.1 (SD 1.60), with significant differences across age groups (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Linear regression analysis (adjusted R2=0.287, F = 322.83, P &amp;lt; 0.001) revealed that higher age, female gender, lower education, lower household income, being single, living outside a metropolitan area, having chronic diseases, lower subjective health, depression, and being uninsured or receiving medical aid were significantly associated with lower health literacy (all p &amp;lt; 0.001). Conclusions This study identified several socio-economic and health-related factors significantly associated with health literacy among South Korean adults. The findings suggest that older individuals, who may require more time to understand and use health information, are particularly vulnerable to low health literacy. These results provide valuable insights for developing targeted interventions and public health policies aimed at promoting health literacy and successful aging in the context of a rapidly aging society. Key messages • Various socio-economic and health-related factors significantly influence health literacy among South Korean adults. • Older individuals are particularly vulnerable to low health literacy, which has implications for successful aging in a rapidly aging society.

Free fatty acids and mortality among adults in the United States: a report from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Abstract Introduction Free fatty acids (FFAs) serve as vital energy sources in multiple body tissues and they have been associated with elevated cardiovascular disease risk and mortality. There is a scarcity of prospective studies examining the associations between specific FFAs and long-term health outcomes. Purpose To examine the correlation between different FFAs types and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in a large, nationally representative sample of adults in the United States (US), and examine how different concentrations and types of FFAs may mediate this association. Methods This cohort study included 3719 and 3900 participants in the unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) populations, respectively, who participated in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011-2014. Multiple model calibration was performed using univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis to explore the associations between circulating FFAs and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality. Results The UFAs (myristoleic acid (14:1 n-5), palmitoleic acid (16:1 n-7), cis-vaccenic acid (18:1 n-7), nervonic acid (24:1 n-9), eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 n-9), docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6), and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-6)) were associated with an elevated risk of all-cause mortality ((hazard ratio (HR) 1.02 [1.006-1.034]; P=0.004), (HR 1.001 [1.001–1.002]; P＜ 0.001), (HR 1.006 [1.003–1.009]; P＜ 0.001), (HR 1.007 [1.002–1.012]; P = 0.003), (HR 1.027 [1.009–1.046]; P= 0.003), (HR 1.024 [1.012–1.036]; P＜ 0.001) and (HR 1.019 [1.006–1.032]; P = 0.005), respectively), whereas docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) was linked to a lower risk (HR 0.998 [0.996–0.999]; P = 0.007). Among SFAs, palmitic acid 16:0 was associated with a higher all-cause risk (HR 1.00 [1.00–1.00]; P = 0.022), while tricosanoic acid (23:0) and lignoceric acid (24:0) were associated with lower risks (HR 0.975 [0.959–0.991]; P = 0.002) and (HR 0.992 [0.984–0.999]; P = 0.036). Kaplan–Meier survival curves according to FFAs quartiles shown the highest risk for all-cause mortality was observed in the group with the highest concentration, except serum 23:0. The association between FFAs concentration and cardiovascular mortality in the multivariate analysis indicated that only 22:6 n-3 (HR 0.997 [0.994-1.000]; P=0.035) had a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality in the USFAs group, while none of the SFAs was found to be associated with cardiovascular mortality. While, the relationship between 22:6 n-3, and cardiovascular mortality was characterized by neither a linear nor nonlinear association (P-linear = 0.215; P-nonlinear = 0.260). Conclusion In this cohort of US adults, the types and concentrations of FFAs exhibited significant associations with risk of all-cause mortality. Achieving optimal concentrations of specific FFAs effectively lowered this risk of all-cause mortality, but this benefit was not observed in regards to cardiovascular mortality.FFA and all-cause mortality

High Blood Pressure Associated with Depression, Not Anxiety: Results from the Tabriz Older People Survey (TOPS)

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between depression/anxiety and hypertension (HTN) in a large population-based sample in Iran. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan province in northwest Iran. Participants: A total of 1362 individuals were chosen from a representative sample of community-dwelling older adults aged 60 and above, residing in Tabriz. Participants were selected using the probability proportional to size sampling method. Outcome measures: A structured survey was used to measure socio-demographic variables, along with the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Results: The results of a multiple logistic regression revealed that age (70-79 years old; P=0.01), employment status (housewives; P=0.02), level of education (illiterate; P&lt;0.01), smoking status (having quit smoking; P&lt;0.01), and depression (P=0.02) were related to HTN among these older adults. Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical importance of integrating mental health assessments and interventions in HTN management and prevention strategies, particularly for older populations.

Association Between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Periodontal Conditions According to Sleep Duration Using Data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and periodontitis according to sleep duration in a representative sample of Korean adults. A total of 3535 subjects who participated in the sixth (2013-2014) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentration of 20 ng/ml. Periodontal status was assessed with the community periodontal index (CPI). A high CPI was defined as a score ≥ 3. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic variables, oral and general health behaviors, and systemic health status. All analyses used a complex sampling design, and a subgroup analysis was performed to determine estimates following stratification for sleep duration (≤ 5, 6, 7-8, and ≥ 9 h per day). Multivariable regression analysis indicated that among participants who slept for ≥ 9 h per day, those with vitamin D deficiency were 5.51 times (95% confidence interval = 2.04-14.89) more likely to have periodontitis than those with sufficient vitamin D levels. This association was not statistically significant in the other sleep duration groups. The findings of this study indicate that people with vitamin D deficiency who sleep 9 h or longer may also be statistically significantly more likely to have periodontitis.

Religious Involvement, Education, and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Adults in Taiwan.

This study examines the relationship between religious involvement and subjective well-being among older adults in Taiwan, focusing on the moderating role of education. Analyzing data from a representative sample of older adults in Taichung, we found that religious participation was positively associated with happiness across the entire sample, regardless of education level. However, identifying as Catholic or other Christian was significant only among the highly educated. When examining life satisfaction, a significant interaction between religious participation and education was found. The positive effect of religious participation was evident among the less educated but absent among the highly educated. These findings suggest that different dimensions of religious involvement may have distinct impacts on well-being, depending on one's social standing.

Acculturation and depression increase trouble sleeping in Mexican immigrant adults.

Knowledge of Mexican immigrant sleep health is limited. We investigated the association between acculturation, depression, and having trouble sleeping among a nationally representative sample of Mexican immigrant adults. We used a logistic regression model on cross-sectional data from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on 2,670 non-U.S.-born Mexican adults aged ≥18 years old. Living in the U.S. for ≥10 years (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.18; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.39-3.41), speaking majority English (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.00-2.64), and mild (AOR = 2.70; 95% CI = 1.82-4.02), moderate (AOR = 3.96; 95% CI = 2.53-6.19), and moderately severe/severe (AOR = 5.75; 95% CI = 3.08-10.75) depression levels were associated with having trouble sleeping. Non-U.S. citizenship status was associated with lower odds of having trouble sleeping (AOR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.43-0.88). Greater acculturation and depression are associated with higher odds of having trouble sleeping. We provide new knowledge on how citizenship status may be linked to the sleep health of Mexican immigrant communities.

Adverse childhood experiences and profiles of healthy orthorexia versus orthorexia nervosa: towards an explanatory model of orthorexia as a multidimensional eating style

BackgroundOrthorexia is a complex phenomenon comprising distinct dimensions, including orthorexia nervosa (ON) and healthy orthorexia (HO). However, little is known about the factors influencing these dimensions, their disparities, and the psychological factors underlying orthorexia behaviours.ObjectivesThis study aims to explore ON versus HO dimensions and the predictive role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a nationally representative sample of Polish individuals. In addition, we aim to investigate the mediating roles of alexithymia, embodiment, and experiential avoidance levels in this association.MethodsA representative sample of Polish adults (n = 3557) participated in this study. Dimensions of orthorexia (HO, ON) were assessed using the Teruel Orthorexia Scale, while ACEs were evaluated using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Levels of alexithymia were measured using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, experiential avoidance through the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, and embodiment intensity via the Experience of Embodiment Scale.ResultsCluster analysis identified two distinctive orthorexia profiles in the whole sample, i.e., HO (n = 469) and ON (n = 1217), alongside three intermediate HO/ON profiles (n = 1871). The number of ACEs predicted ON tendencies as opposed to HO behaviours in participants. The mediating role of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and embodiment in the association between ACEs and ON was also observed.ConclusionsOur study suggests that orthorexia is a multidimensional eating style shaped by socio-cultural factors. Adverse childhood experiences may be related to ON behaviours by mediating psychological factors such as experiential avoidance, alexithymia, and embodiment. Effective education and collaborative support are necessary for addressing ON tendencies.