Representative Of Central Government Research Articles

PUBLIC SECTOR INNOVATION ON COVID-19 IN SOUTH SUMATRA: CALLING FOR A MORE SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION

On the one hand the COVID-19 pandemic is seen as a disaster that has had a massive impact on various aspects of life, but on the other hand it is considered as momentum to urge the public organizations to be more innovative and adaptive in adapting to various types of new conditions and adjustments. Many studies have explored public sector innovation, especially in normal circumstances. While studies on the public sector innovation in a critical situation have not caught much attention from academics. This study aimed to fill the gap by analyzing the public sector innovation in South Sumatra as one of the provinces with the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Indonesia. There was a total of 16 innovations in this study. Content analysis was conducted to determine the types, categories, innovators, and challenges faced. The researchers found that the organizations that innovate (innovators) consisted of city governments, regency governments, provincial governments, central government representatives, and the community. Meanwhile, for the innovation category, the researchers found more innovations with types of public services and health information. The researchers also found three types of innovation categories in South Sumatra including mass/social resilience, quick response/quick wins, and public knowledge. Lastly, the challenges in implementing the innovation which includes public awareness, human resources, financial, facilities and infrastructure, and time. Academically, this study contributes to the understanding of public sector innovation in a critical situation, that innovation in such condition is an innovation that was made for pragmatic purposes and it won’t last. It is only adjusted to the situations that force people to implement physical distancing to each other.

HARMONISASI PERATURAN DAERAH KABUPATEN/KOTA PASCA PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 137/PUU-XIII/2015

Constitutional Court has issued Verdict No. 137/PUU-XIII/2015 about withdrawing the Governor’s authority in cancelling regency/city regulation. The Constitutional Court has tested Article No. 251 (2), (3), (4), and (8) on the Constitution No. 23 of 2014 about Local Government. By this verdict, the only way to issue the cancellation of the regency/city regulation is through judicial review mechanism of Supreme Court (MA). Only after the Governor’s authority in cancelling the regency/city regulation has been revoked, a problem appears in how to ensure the harmonization between the regency/city regulation and another regulation. This research uses statute approach, examining all of the constitutions with examined law issues and conceptual approach which starts from points of view and developing doctrines in science of law. Based on this research result, it is discovered that during the implementation of the Verdict of the Constutional Court No. 137/PUU-XIII/2015 did not deprive the control of central government towards local government, including the establishment of regency/city regulation. Governor as representative of central government in the region was given an authority to supervise preventively towards the establishment of regency/city regulation. By maximum preventive supervision, it would harmonize between regency/city regulation and another constitutional regulation.

EKSISTENSI GUBERNUR SEBAGAI WAKIL PEMERINTAH PUSAT DI DAERAH

In the Indonesian national government system is recognized the existence of local government, the region consists of provincial, district and municipal areas. The Provincial Region is headed by a Governor, a Regency area headed by a Regent and a City area headed by a Mayor. Based on Law Number 23 Year 2014 on Regional Government placed the Governor in 2 (two) functions, namely; As Head of Region and As Deputy of Central Government in Region. The governor as the representative of the central government in the regions gained the delegation of authority from the government to carry out central government affairs in the regions. As a representative of the central government in the region the governor carries out the absolute affairs and implements the concurrent governmental affairs which are the authority of the central government and conducts the guidance and supervision of the districts / municipalities in carrying out the concurrent affairs which are the authority of the district / city government. In the implementation of central government affairs in the region it is necessary to have central government representatives in the regions and vertical institutions. Prior to the issuance of Law Number 23 Year 2014 in relation to the Governor as the representative of the central government in the regions is regulated in Law Number 32 Year 2004 regarding regional government and followed up by Government Regulation No. 7 of 2008 on Deconcentration and Co-Administration. In Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government it is stated that the representative of central government in the regions is only given to the Governor, while the Regent / Mayor does not get the authority as a representative of the central government in the region. In carrying out the guidance and supervision on the implementation of government affairs which is the authority of the district / city and the task of assistance by the district / city, the President is assisted by the Governor as the representative of the central government.

Dinamika hubungan kekuasaan pusat dan daerah

In 2001 President Wahid made a significant change in the administrative systemfrom a highly centralised to a decentralised system. After the downfall of Soeharto,governors, regents and mayors, who had felt the unfair distribution of resources, started to claim a greater share of their resources. In the implementation of local autonomy the relationship between the central and the localgouemments and the respective functions of each administrative level became cru­cial. Regional autonomy aimed at changing the balance between the central bureaucracy and the Iocal btaeaucracy, and between upper leuel bureaucracy and lozaer level bureaucracy. The need to change the concentration of power and resouces in the hands of power holders and, informally, also in hands of its cronies, was a logical consequence of the struggle to eliminate cronyism and collusion: According to Law Na 22 of 1999 on Local Government, districts had full autonomy. This meant that the provincial governor continued to act as the representative of the central government in the province, but that the head of a district could no longer be regarded as a representative ofcentral government The governor had a dual role as head of the autonomous region, the governor did not have power over the regent. As the central government representative, however, the governor clearly had the power of the centre to supervise and to facilitate the district and city governments.

Stakeholders’ Perspectives on the Feasibility of Their Cooperation in the Carsharing Market: Evidence from Japan

This study surveys and analyzes the characteristics of the carsharing market in Japan, focusing on cooperation among the stakeholders in the Japanese market. Twenty-three individuals from 10 organizations associated with the carsharing industry were interviewed, including carsharing operators, rail operators, bus operators, and local and central government representatives from July to August 2010. The results show that the stakeholders recognize two types of carsharing: a primary-mode-based system and a secondary-mode-based system. No carsharing operator has any plan to cooperate with the other operators currently, and the perceptions and expectations of the operators are different from those of the national government. Although local governments have a willingness to promote carsharing, they find difficulties in doing so because they worry about uncertainties regarding the effects of carsharing. Finally, this study summarizes three potential cases where cooperation is required among stakeholders in the urban carsharing market.

Zewnątrzmiejska dostępność komunikacyjna w kontekście budowania atrakcyjności lokalizacyjnej metropolii w Polsce na przykładzie województwa małopolskiego

This article's basic assumption, and starting point, is that there is a strong correlation between accessibility (the availability of transport) and territorial potential of an economy. Increased accessibility is one of most important goals for metropolis authorities, central government representatives and key EU officials alike. The article shows intentions of different levels of public administration representatives for how they would like to use communication infrastructure to speed up regional and local social-economy indicators. Accomplishing that goal is especially important for metropolises which seek to join global network of potential exchange. It is also important for governments because strongest cities are the mirrors of strength of national economy. Economic strength is important for regions as well as metropolitan areas and metropolitan centre officials because they would like to attract potential. The article reviews possibilities and solutions for building transport links to improve economic potential of most powerful cities in Poland.

Healthy Cities in Europe: Editorial

This special supplement evaluates work undertaken in phase IV (2003–2008) of the European Healthy Cities Network (WHO-EHCN) supported by the World Health Organization regional office for Europe with contextual references to development in the current phase V (2009–2013) of the EHCN and its goals and priorities in phase VI (2014–2018). The network has grown through five phases, spanning 25 years since its inception in 1987 and, as our first article indicates, has had a significant influence on the development of Health 2020: the new European policy for health and well-being.1 Approved by central government representatives of member states of the European Region in 2012, Health 2020 nevertheless emphasizes the leadership and unique position of local governments in addressing the wider determinants of health. Twelve articles convey the scope and substance of policy development and implementation in the 77 member cities of the WHO-EHCN located by the map overleaf, and the 13th article summarizes activities of national networks of healthy cities, with over 1,500 members. All 13 convey both continuity and innovation. As in our evaluation of phase III of the WHO-EHCN summarized in a special supplement of Health Promotion International (issue 24, 2009), there is continuity, first, in membership of the network and, second, in enduring values such as equity and sustainability, political preconditions such as intersectoral partnerships, democratic governance, and strong municipal leadership for health and work on themes such as healthy urban planning and healthy aging. The methodology for evaluating complex cities with concurrent interventions and multiple outcomes was developed by Evelyne de Leeuw for phase III and is further developed both in this special supplement and in a complementary article in the Journal of Urban Health.2 In practice, much of the evidence for our evaluation is derived from the 59 valid city responses to a General Evaluation Questionnaire and a similar number completing an annual reporting template. We are hopeful that the methodology of realist evaluation and synthesis will challenge or at least complement more traditional public health research paradigms. Innovation has developed sequentially within the rapidly evolving socioeconomic landscape of Europe and compelling new evidence on the wider determinants of health inequalities. Innovative City Health Plans of phase II evolved into City Health Development Plans in phase III, with more precision about investing for health in phase IV. The innovative tool of health impact assessment disseminated in phase III was fully operational by phase IV. The imperative of active living evolved from phase III, influencing the innovative theme of healthy aging in phase IV, now high on the agenda of European policy makers in phase V (2009–2013). The framework next phase of the WHO-EHCN (phase VI, 2014–2018) is shaped around the goals and objectives of the new European policy and strategy for health and well-being. Health 2020 reinforces the values and principles on which healthy cities is based and offers the potential to strengthen the policy standing and to broaden both the strategic and operational scope of the work of healthy cities. The adoption of Health 2020 by all 53 member states of the European Region provides a supportive and encouraging environment for implementing Healthy 2020 locally. Most importantly, Health 2020 recognizes the important role of local governments in developing health and especially focused on whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches to health. The 8th Global Conference on Health Promotion in Finland in June 2013 reiterated the importance of health in all policies in addressing the consequences of public policies on health determinants, aiming to improve the accountability of policy makers for health impacts at all levels of policy making and emphasized the need for strengthening governance for health. Phase VI is an adaptable and practical framework for delivering Health 2020 at the local level. It provides a unique platform for joint learning and sharing of expertise and experience between cities, the sub-national level, and countries. It recognizes that every city is unique and will pursue the overarching goals and core themes of phase VI according to the city’s situation. In delivering Health 2020, phase VI will support and encourage cities to strengthen their efforts to bring key stakeholders together to work for health and well-being, harnessing their potential for innovation and change and resolving local public health challenges. The future prosperity of urban populations depends on the willingness and ability to seize new opportunities to enhance the health and well-being of present and future generations. Map

Hospital decentralisation in Romania: stakeholders' perspectives in the newsprint media

In the summer of 2010, Romania undertook a process of hospital decentralisation as part of the reform in the healthcare sector. The national newsprint media covered the process thoroughly. This paper is a study of how key stakeholders' views, attitudes, beliefs and attitudes towards decentralisation are represented in print media. 106 articles, published between June and September 2010, retrieved from the online databases of six leading national dailies were analysed. A mixed methodology was used in the data analysis stage. The qualitative data exploration identified five voices belonging to stakeholders involved directly or indirectly in the process: the representatives of central government, the local authorities (district and local councils, municipal mayors), health professionals (managers and physicians in hospitals), the media (journalists, analysts) and finally voices from civil society, professional associations and advocacy groups. These were the main actors negotiating the subjective meanings of the decentralisation process. An imbalance between these key actors were observed in the frequency, content and tone of the messages delivered in media during the four months. Central government and the local authorities were the most active voices, but the respective discourses differed significantly. An analysis of the accounts identified three main themes: the financial problem (hospitals liabilities and future spending), human resource in hospitals (the impact of decentralisation upon it) and the political character of the decentralisation.

SARAH SCHNEEWIND. Community Schools and the State in Ming China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2006. Pp. xiv, 298. $55.00

In this meticulously researched and eloquently written book, Sarah Schneewind unravels the myths concerning the institution of the Chinese community school (shexue) launched in the first decades of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). According to an imperial edict issued in 1375, every village in the empire was to build a school that any boy might attend to acquire basic literacy and moral improvement. The emperor responsible for the decree was the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang, considered by both contemporaries and later historians a despot, but also known as “an effective architect of state and society.” It is this latter portrayal that the author convincingly demonstrates could not be “more questionable” (p. 8). Using a wide range of local gazetteers, documentary collections, and writings by Ming scholar officials, Schneewind lays bare “the shaky foundations” of Zhu's directive, exposing the tensions between the power of central government and the authority of local society. She shows clearly that the original mandate was ineffective, and that it was really Zhu's successors on the throne who realized an empire-wide education system regulated by state-deputized attendants. In the course of time these schools became an asset of local society, centers of Neo-Confucianism that barred the influences of Buddhism, Daoism, and popular religion. By the mid-sixteenth century, the community school also became a site for social advancement where boys gained basic reading and writing skills, and knowledge of Confucian ethics and ritual, all essential to those wanting to enter the civil service examination track. In turn, their teachers, gentry patrons, and some ambitious officials with the aim of transforming local society, earned social capital for their support of this institution. The high point of community school establishment came during the reign of the Jiajing emperor (1522–1566) when some 183 schools were founded, out of a total number of 551 for the entire dynasty (p. 52). The Neo-Confucian “activist” administrators responsible for this burst of school-building were bent on controlling the local populace as well as promoting their own political and philosophical positions. By the final decades of the dynasty, however, the “localist initiative” to create community schools surpassed efforts by central government representatives. With the aim of bolstering the prestige of their native regions, local gentry backed by ordinary people (merchants, rich landowners, and so on) took the lead to erect schools, an enterprise that the author argues is indicative of a general late Ming movement by commoners to involve themselves in local projects such as community granaries or mutual security groups.

Challenging contemporary mental health policy: time to assuage the coercion?

In the United Kingdom (UK) and elsewhere throughout the world, the policy and legal frameworks that surround the provision of mental health care are becoming increasingly coercive. For example, emerging mental health policy in the UK includes a commitment to the introduction of compulsory treatment in the community. In this paper, our aims are: to explore the context in which this more coercive mental health policy has arisen in the UK; to challenge the assumptions and the evidence that lie behind the introduction of proposed new mental health policies; and to consider the impact that a more coercive policy is likely to have on the practice of mental health nursing. In the UK, representatives of central government have declared that 'care in the community has failed'. This view has been reinforced by media representations of mental health issues. Policy documents have drawn attention to the risks posed by people with mental illnesses. Correspondingly, proposed initiatives emphasize the need to more closely 'manage' people with mental health problems, and set out a new legislative and policy framework to achieve this. We question the assumptions and evidence that underlie these planned new developments. We argue that, contrary to government assertions, there is no unequivocal evidence that 'community care' has failed. We observe, too, that people with mental health difficulties are often amongst the most vulnerable members of society. Finally, we consider the impact that a more coercive policy framework will have on the work of mental health nurses, and argue that the shift towards a more 'controlling' role is likely to run counter to what many nurses see as the 'core' of their work.

Les notables locaux dans les Conseils Généraux de Calabre Ultérieure pendant la décennie napoléonienne (1806–1815)

SUMMARY In this article Valeria Ferrari analyses aspects of the Napoleonic modernization of the Kingdom of Naples after 1806, in particular the consequences of the abolition of feudal jurisdictions and the establishment of new institutions of provincial government. These were directed by an Intendant, as the representative of central government, and required the setting up of a council to represent the views of the communities. The article studies the kinds of people who were appointed to the new institutions. The basic qualification for appointment was the possession of a substantial private property, and a record of past activity which suggested political reliability: a major criterion was the evidence of a positive attitude to the short-lived Jacobin Parthenopian Republic in Naples of 1799. The outcome was to substitute for the former oligarchy of fief-holders in provincial affairs the government of a new elite of notables. These were a fusion of members of noble families with members of an upwardly mobile agrarian bourgeoisie, whose position had been strengthened by opportunities to enlarge their properties through the disposal of alienated public lands. The legacy of the Napoleonic regime in Naples was the consolidation of this new provincial elite and its integration into the government of the kingdom.

Post-earthquake co-ordination of technical resources

During 1996, the Management Committee of the Society considered where emphasis should be placed in the future in terms of its study group activities. This strategic review highlighted the important role that the Society and its members will be asked to play following a major earthquake in New Zealand. However the effective response of Society members, many of whom have gained valuable "real" post-earthquake experience from the Society's reconnaissance visits, would be severely limited by the current absence of an effective co-ordination framework.
 The Post-earthquake Response of Structural Engineers Study Group has made a significant contribution in this area, culminating in its recent draft building safety evaluation procedures for territorial authorities. However a wide range of additional procedures and frameworks have also been identified as being required, many of which are outside the customary scope of study group activities.
 This paper outlines the formation of a Working Party on Integrated Planning for Earthquake Preparedness by the Society, and backgrounds the critical issues associated with the post-earthquake co-ordination of scarce technical resources. Proposals for participation by the Society in a concerted approach to addressing these problems are presented. The body of this paper has been circulated to a wide range of involved agencies, including all territorial authorities in New Zealand and central government representatives.