Representative Sample Of Adult Population Research Articles

Health behavior and psychological treatment utilization in adults with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder symptoms

BackgroundAvoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), an eating disorder not associated with weight and shape concerns, results in nutrient or energy deficiencies related with further health consequences and a pronounced need for specialized treatment. These interventions need to be tailored to individual health behavior. However, research about health behavior and treatment utilization in ARFID is scarce, particularly in adults, as ARFID is more common in children despite occurring across the lifespan. One important aspect of health behavior is the individual’s health regulatory focus (i.e., health prevention and health promotion). Additionally, symptoms of eating disorders have generally been associated with various health risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, or unhealthy physical (in)activity. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate health behavior and psychological treatment utilization in adults with symptoms of ARFID.MethodsA representative adult population sample (N = 2415) completed several self-report questionnaires assessing symptoms of eating disorders and health behavior. Differences between groups (symptoms of ARFID vs. no symptoms of ARFID) were tested with analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney-U-tests, and binary logistic regression.ResultsIndividuals with symptoms of ARFID (n = 20) did not differ in their health regulatory focus, smoking status, physical activity or psychological treatment utilization from individuals without symptoms of ARFID (n = 2395). However, they reported higher alcohol misuse than individuals without symptoms of ARFID.ConclusionThe findings suggest a relevance of further exploration of the relationship between alcohol misuse and ARFID, given the preliminary nature of these results. This exploration could inform treatment strategies for addressing potential comorbid substance misuse. Furthermore, the low psychological treatment utilization in adults with symptoms of ARFID suggest a need for more specialized psychological treatment services, public education about ARFID being an indication for psychological treatment, and further research about treatment barriers.

Exploring the structure and psychometric properties of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) in a representative adult population sample

This article reports the psychometric properties of both full and the abbreviated (Short) Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scales (WEMWBS; SWEMWBS) in the Finnish general population. A large cross-sectional dataset (N = 5,335) was collected as part of the nationally representative FinHealth Study in 2017. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the data evaluated one-, two-, three-, and bi-factorial solutions with a split-half approach. McDonald's omega was used to assess internal consistency and convergent validity was evaluated using four established mental health and well-being scales (BDI-6, GHQ-12, MHI-5, EUROHIS-QOL8). Contrary to previous findings, our results supported a three-factor model of the full scale with separate, yet highly correlated, mental, social, and eudemonic well-being factors. For the SWEMWBS, the bi-factor model showed the best fit, with a strong general mental well-being factor and a weaker specific eudemonic well-being factor. In this sampling context, the social aspect of mental well-being may be considered a separable construct from other mental well-being dimensions and the shorter 7-item version might thus be a preferable option when assessing overall mental well-being.

Behavioural and biological risk factors of non-communicable diseases among adults in Cabo Verde: a repeated cross-sectional study of the 2007 and 2020 national community-based surveys

ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to estimate trends in the prevalence and associated factors of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in adults from 2007 to 2020 in Cabo Verde.DesignPopulation-based...

Role of leadership and incentive-based programs in addressing vaccine hesitancy in India

The current study goes beyond the popular 5Cs model of vaccine hesitancy to explore perceived social norms, role of leadership and the role of incentive-based intervention for improving the likelihood of vaccination, in a population-representative sample of adults in India (N = 1129). We investigated differences in socio-demographic status, perceived descriptive norms like vaccine behaviours, beliefs, experience and perceived injunctive norms like community and political leadership within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic are related to vaccination. Further, we examined the role of incentive-based intervention as a potentially salient predictor of adults’ vaccine uptake. The study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in July-November 2021, which included questions about impacts of pandemic collected by phone call interview from adults’ beneficiaries of Government free food schemes, across 11 states in India. The data include 81 % vaccinated and 19 % vaccine hesitant participants, with a higher proportion of business or self-employed (53.1 %) as vaccine hesitant. We performed the t-test to assess the variation between vaccinated and vaccine hesitant adults, and Exploratory Factor Analysis to uncover the underlying dimension of vaccine hesitancy. Subsequently, Binary Logistic Regression model probed the factors associated with likelihood of vaccination uptake. In contrast to the prevailing evidence, results demonstrated community and political leadership has significant negative impact on vaccination (p-value < 0.06, 95 % CI, 0.57–1.01). Incentive-based intervention offer a vital leverage to enhance positive attitude towards vaccination (p-value < 0.05, 95 % CI, 1.01–1.80). The results thus broadly highlight the limited role of political and community leaders in leveraging their influence on vaccination, the role of timely, accurate information, applications of telemedicine as an important tool to provide healthcare and the need for optimal design of incentive-based vaccination programs recommended by trusted sources.

Disparities in neighborhood park access among adults in Philadelphia

Researchers have clearly identified the importance of green space to promote mental and physical health among humans. In urban areas, public parks are essential for providing access to green space for many residents. This study identified the relationships between demographics, neighborhood social capital, violent crime, and residential distance to the closest park (park proximity) with self-reported access to neighborhood parks, among a population-representative sample of adults in Philadelphia. Women, older age groups, minorities, and those with lower education levels had lower self-reported access to neighborhood parks. Those reporting high neighborhood social capital had higher self-reported access to neighborhood parks. Park proximity and number of violent crimes within 100 m from respondents’ residence were inversely associated with self-reported access to neighborhood parks. Interestingly, those living proximal to parks had higher odds of self-reported access to parks, but only among residents living in lower violent crime quartiles, and not in the highest violent crime quartile. These results suggest that those who lived in areas with high violent crime might be deterred from using neighborhood parks, even if there are parks close to their residence. Results of the study show that demographic groups that have been historically marginalized in the U.S., including women, older age groups and minorities, had lower self-reported access to parks in Philadelphia. The study also highlights the potential importance of neighborhood social capital and perceptions of safety to self-reported access to neighborhood parks.

Positive mental health in Slovenia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundMental health has been heavily affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study we compared the prevalence of flourishing and languishing mental health during the pandemic and examined which factors are associated with either category of positive mental health respectively.MethodsData from two cross-sectional surveys with nationally representative samples of adult population in Slovenia conducted in 2019 (n = 9,047) and in 2021 (n = 3,429) are used. Positive mental health was measured with Mental Health Continuum–Short Form instrument. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between flourishing and languishing mental health and relevant COVID-19 specific and other health-related factors.ResultsThere was a substantial decrease in the prevalence of flourishing and an increase in the prevalence of languishing mental health during the pandemic. Distribution of both flourishing and languishing mental health followed the socio-economic gradient. Resilience, COVID-19 literacy and changes in family relations, social interactions, and dietary habits were associated with both flourishing and languishing mental health.ConclusionPositive mental health of the population worsened during the pandemic, more so in traditionally disadvantaged populations. Public health efforts need to be focused appropriately with an increased emphasis on strengthening resilience and health literacy.

Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB-E) and normative values in a representative adult population sample

BackgroundThe Frontal Assessment Battery is a short bedside test used to assess executive functions (EF). The aims of the present study were, first, to evaluate the psychometric proprieties of the Spanish version of the FAB (FAB-E) in a representative sample, and second, to establish cut-off points for impairment in executive function according to age and education level. MethodsA sample of 798 healthy Spanish adult subjects aged 19 to 91 participated in this study. Neuropsychological assessment of participants was conducted using the FAB-E, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Trail Making Test (TMT). We examined internal consistency, intraclass correlation, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and divergent validity. In addition, we established a cut-off point for detecting executive function impairment based on the 5th percentile by age group and education level. ResultsThe analysis of the psychometric properties of the FAB-E showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.60), intraclass correlation (0.72), test-retest reliability (0.70) and concurrent and divergent validity between the TMT (r = −0.523), MMSE (r = 0.426) and the FAB-E. The cut-off points for each age group were 16 points for the ≤ 29 group, 15 points for the 30-39 group, 14 points for the 40-49 and 50-59 groups, 12 points for the 60-69 group, and 10 points for the ≥ 70 age group. ConclusionsThe psychometric analysis showed that the FAB-E has good validity and reliability. Thus, FAB-E may be a helpful tool to evaluate EF in a healthy Spanish population. In addition, this study provides information on reference data that will be very valuable for clinicians and researchers.

Significant Nutritional Gaps in Tibetan Adults Living in Agricultural Counties Along Yarlung Zangbo River.

BackgroundDietary intake and nutritional assessing data from a representative sample of adult population living in an agricultural zone on Tibet Plateau are still lacking nowadays. This study aimed to assess the daily dietary intakes and respective food sources in 552 local residents (≥ 18 years old, 277 men and 275 women) living in 14 agricultural counties along the Yarlung Zangbo River on Tibet Plateau.MethodsFood consumption data were collected using a validated cultural-specific food frequency questionnaire that contained all local Tibetan foods and analyzed with three fixed factors: gender, age, and region. Nutrient intakes were calculated using Chinese food composition tables. Nutritional gaps and the percentages of participants who had inadequate and excessive nutrient intakes were calculated by estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point methods.ResultsCompared with the dietary reference intakes, 68.4% of nutrient intakes were inadequate. Fiber, Ca, I, Zn, Se, and vitamin (Va, Vc, and folic acid) intakes appeared to be particularly deficient. The dietary energy intake was 7838.8 ± 537.1 KJ/d, with 78 and 84% of EAR values for men and women, respectively. The dietary intakes of most nutrients were below the estimated energy requirement/EAR or adequate intake values, while more than 70% of the participants had excessive intake of carbohydrate, especially the elderly (aged ≥ 51 years). The nutritional gap of Cu was more than 300%. Almost 100% of the participants was vulnerable to fiber, Se, and Va shortfalls due to the deficiency in sole food sources. The top five food sources of Se intake were highland barley (34.2%), meat (13%), rice (12.4%), eggs (12.2%), and cultural-specific beverages (7.8%). Eggs (42.1%), tubers (62.2%), vegetables (66.4%), and highland barley (49.7%) were the first contributors of Va, Ve, Vc, and folic acid, respectively.ConclusionThe dietary intake of a large sample of Tibetan adult population living in agricultural counties of Tibetan Autonomous Region is alarmingly insufficient. Gender inequality is common, and regional difference is widespread due to rapid urbanization. Young Tibetan adults aged 18–30 years are particularly vulnerable to micronutrient shortfalls and currently facing the risk of nutrition-insecurity-related dietary inadequacy. The respondents who belong to the elderly category (≥51 years of age) are facing the risk of “double burden of malnutrition” characterized by the coexistence of undernutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies and overweight or obesity.

Cannabis use frequency, route of administration, and co-use with alcohol among older adults in Washington state

BackgroundThe US national surveys and data from legal adult use cannabis states show increases in the prevalence of cannabis use among older adults, though little is known about their manner of cannabis consumption. Here, we examine cannabis use frequency, routes of cannabis administration, and co-use with alcohol, focusing on adults aged 50–64 and ≥65.MethodsData come from a general population survey conducted January 2014–October 2016 (N=5492) in Washington state. We first estimate prevalence and trends in cannabis frequency, routes of administration, and co-use with alcohol in gender by age groups (18–29, 30–49, 50–64, ≥ 65). To test associations between cannabis frequency, route of administration, and co-use with alcohol, we then use sample-weighted multinomial regression adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, employment, and survey year. Sampling weights are used so results better represent the Washington state population. Regressions focus on the 50–64 and ≥65 age groups.ResultsAmong men and women 50–64, the prevalence of no cannabis use in the past 12 months decreased significantly (84.2% in 2014 to 75.1% in 2016 for women, 76.8% in 2014 to 62.4% in 2016 for men). Among those who report past-year cannabis use, oral administration and vaping and other routes of administration increased by 70% and 94%, respectively each year. Almost one-third of women aged 50–64 and one-fifth of women aged ≥65 who use cannabis reported daily/near daily use, and more than one-third of men who use cannabis in all age groups reported daily/near daily use, including 41.9% of those ≥65. Among men, the prevalence of edibles, drinks, and other oral forms of cannabis administration went up significantly with age (6.6% among 18–29, 21.5% among ≥65). Vaping and other administration are more strongly related to regular and daily/near daily use than infrequent use among those ≥65. The pattern of associations between cannabis frequency and co-use with alcohol differed for women vs. men.ConclusionsIn a general population representative sample of adults living in a state with legal adult use cannabis, the prevalence of cannabis use increased among those aged 50–64 between 2014 and 2016, the prevalence of daily use is substantial, and oral administration and vaping are increasing.

Derivation and validation of 10-year all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality prediction model for middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling adults in Taiwan.

Prediction model mainly focused on specific diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or patients with cancer, or populations of Europe and America, thereby limiting its generalization. This study aimed to develop and validate a 10-year mortality risk score by using data from a population-representative sample of adults. Data were collected from 2,221 Taichung Community Health study participants aged ≥40 years. The baseline period of the study was 2004, and all participants were followed up until death or in 2016. Cox’s proportional hazards regression analyses were used to develop the prediction model. A total of 262 deaths were ascertained during the 10-year follow-up. The all-cause mortality prediction model calculated the significant risk factors, namely, age, sex, marital status, physical activity, tobacco use, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio, among the baseline risk factors. The expanded cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality prediction model consisted of six variables: age, sex, body mass index, heart disease plus heart disease medication use, stroke plus medication use, and ankle–brachial index. The areas under receiver operating curves of the 3-, 5- and 10-year predictive models varied between 0.97, 0.96, and 0.88 for all-cause mortality, and between 0.97, 0.98, and 0.84 for expanded CVD mortality. These mortality prediction models are valid and can be used as tools to identify the increased risk for mortality.

Estimates of renal net acid excretion and their relationships with serum uric acid and hyperuricemia in a representative German population sample.

Preliminary interventional data suggest that a reduction of dietary acid load raises renal uric acid excretion and decreases serum uric acid (SUA). In line with this, in a recent cross-sectional analysis of a representative adult population sample, a higher potential renal acid load (PRAL) was found to associate with higher SUA levels. Against this background, we re-examined the relationship of the body's acid load with SUA and hyperuricemia using nutrition-derived estimates of renal net acid excretion (NAE). Cross-sectional analyses were performed in n = 6894 participants (18-79 y) of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Two different approaches were used to estimate NAE, one based on the sum of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)-derived PRAL and body-surface area-derived organic acids (eNAEPRAL+OA) and the other based on FFQ-derived protein and potassium intake ratios (eNAEProt/K). The associations of eNAEPRAL+OA and eNAEProt/K with SUA were analyzed in multiple linear regression models. Multiple logistic regressions were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for hyperuricemia comparing higher (T3) and lower (T1) tertiles of the NAE estimates. After adjusting for relevant confounders, eNAEPRAL+OA (p = 0.0048) and eNAEProt/K (p = 0.0023) were positively associated with SUA. In addition, participants with a higher eNAEPRAL+OA or eNAEProt/K had higher ORs for having hyperuricemia (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.24-2.40, OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.10-2.08, respectively). The results substantiate findings of a previous analysis that dietary acid load is a potential influencing factor on SUA. This implicates that a lower dietary acid load may have beneficial effects on SUA.

Romantic Jealousy: A Test of Social Cognitive and Evolutionary Models in A Population-Representative Sample of Adults

Whereas sexually dimorphic evolutionary models argue for clear sex differences in responses to jealousy-evoking scenarios, social cognitive models emphasize the importance of other factors. This paper explores variables associated with responses to a commonly-used jealousy-evoking scenario in a population-representative sample. Data from 8,386 Australian men and women aged 16–69 were weighted to match the population. The results provided some support for evolutionary models among heterosexual respondents, but findings contrary to evolutionary models were found among non-heterosexual respondents. Support for social cognitive models was provided by the identification of six variables that had significant independent multivariate associations with jealousy: sex, age, education, lifetime number of partners, relationship status, and attitudes toward infidelity. The results suggest that although men and women may tend to respond differently to sexual or emotional infidelity scenarios, the anticipated experience of jealousy in each context is strongly influenced by biographical and cultural factors.

Personality, xerostomia and OHRQoL among 35–54-year-olds

Objective: Personality characteristics mean that people may interpret similar symptoms differently, complicating the measurement of self-reported oral health, and so we tested the hypothesis that controlling for aspects of personality makes a difference to the association between xerostomia and oral-health-related quality of life.Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of a representative adult population sample in Dunedin (New Zealand). Data were collected on xerostomia, OHRQoL and personality characteristics, using (respectively) the 5-item Shortened Xerostomia Inventory (SXI), the OHIP-14 and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Negative binomial regression was used to model the association between the SXI and the OHIP-14 scores, and models with and without the PANAS score were compared.Results: The participation rate was 51.3%, with complete OHIP-14 data available for 250 individuals (56.5% female). The SXI score (mean 6.9, sd 1.8) was strongly and positively associated with the OHIP-14 score (in both models), as was the PANAS negative affect score in the second model, which also explained slightly more of the observed variance than the first model. However, the difference in model deviance fell short of the amount required to reject the hypothesis that adding the PANAS variables to the model made a significant difference.Conclusions: Considering aspects of personality in investigating OHRQoL remains a theoretically important undertaking, but adjusting for it in analyses of associations between xerostomia and OHRQoL is unlikely to be necessary.

Average Values of Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio among a Representative Sample of Adult Population in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Average Values of Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio among a Representative Sample of Adult Population in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Electronic services with impact on quality of life - a survey of usage and attitudes of north-western croatian

Nowadays governmental and non-governmental organizations and private businesses offer a range of electronic services that, if used, directly or indirectly affect quality of life. The supply of electronic services is growing fast, and this growth is expected to continue in the near but also in the distant future. Current generation of digital natives will not know how to live without ICTs and services provided by these technologies. User attitudes towards electronic services and the relationship between their supply and demand are the focus of this paper. Data on demand for and user attitudes towards electronic services were collected on a representative sample of adult population from Northwest Croatia. Participants were interviewed using a measurement instrument created for this purpose. Survey covered usage of electronic services offered by various governmental and non-governmental organizations and private businesses, the nature of user attitudes and the extent to which electronic services are used for the purpose of education, communication, entertainment, employment, improvement of health services and culture. The results show that, on the one hand, participants' demand for electronic services is very poor, while on the other hand their motivation and attitudes towards these services are very positive. Consistently significant differences were found in usage and attitudes toward electronic services by age, level of education and English language fluency. On the other hand, gender, standard of living and urban / rural residence were generally not associated with differences in usage of or attitudes to electronic services.

Insulin Resistance Predicts Cognitive Decline: An 11-Year Follow-up of a Nationally Representative Adult Population Sample.

The aim of this study was to examine whether insulin resistance, assessed by HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), is an independent predictor of cognitive decline. The roles of HOMA-IR, fasting insulin and glucose, HbA1c, and hs-CRP as predictors of cognitive performance and its change were evaluated in the Finnish nationwide, population-based Health 2000 Health Examination Survey and its 11-year follow-up, the Health 2011 study (n = 3,695, mean age at baseline 49.3 years, 55.5% women). Categorical verbal fluency, word-list learning, and word-list delayed recall were used as measures of cognitive function. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed and adjusted for previously reported risk factors for cognitive decline. Higher baseline HOMA-IR and fasting insulin levels were independent predictors of poorer verbal fluency performance (P = 0.0002 for both) and of a greater decline in verbal fluency during the follow-up time (P = 0.004 for both). Baseline HOMA-IR and insulin did not predict word-list learning or word-list delayed recall scores. There were no interactions between HOMA-IR and apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOEε4) genotype, hs-CRP, or type 2 diabetes on the cognitive tests. Fasting glucose and hs-CRP levels at baseline were not associated with cognitive functioning. Our results show that higher serum fasting insulin and insulin resistance predict poorer verbal fluency and a steeper decline in verbal fluency during 11 years in a representative sample of an adult population. Prevention and treatment of insulin resistance might help reduce cognitive decline later in life.

Evolutionary and Social Cognitive Models of Jealousy: A Test in a Population-Representative Sample of Adults

Objective: Evolutionary models posit that jealousy is a sexually dimorphic phenomenon: men worry most about a partner’s sexual infidelity and women worry most about emotional infidelity. Social cognitive models emphasize that the presence and size of sex differences varies between and within cultures. Our aim was to examine how sex and other variables affected responses to a hypothetical jealousyevoking scenario. Design and Method: Computer-assisted telephone interviews were completed by a population-representative sample of 20,094 Australians aged 16-69. Analyses focused on responses to the question ‘What would distress you more: imagining your partner forming a deep emotional attachment to another person, or having sexual intercourse with another person?’ Results: Among heterosexual respondents, men were most likely to report that they would be most distressed by their partner’s sexual infidelity, and women were also most likely to report that they would be most distressed by their partner’s emotional infidelity, but only among women aged 20-49 did a majority report that emotional infidelity would be most distressing. Among bisexual and homosexual respondents, most women and men reported that they would be more distressed by emotional infidelity, and men were more likely than women to choose this option. Among all groups, responses were also significantly related to sexually liberal attitudes. Conclusions: The results provide some support for evolutionary models of jealousy, but highlight the importance of considering how responses to jealousy-evoking scenarios are affected by age, sexuality, and attitudes.

Materijalizam kao društvena vrijednost i poticaj namjerama iseljavanja iz Hrvatske

Materijalizam kao društvena vrijednost i poticaj namjerama iseljavanja iz Hrvatske

Negative perceptions of aging predict longitudinal decline in cognitive function.

Perceptions of aging have been shown to impact the psychological and physical health of older adults. Experimental studies have found that priming older adults with negative attitudes toward aging results in immediate declines in psychological, physical and cognitive functions. Longitudinal studies have supported this work illustrating the longer term impact of negative and positive perceptions of aging on psychological and physical health. However, it is surprising that there are a limited number of studies that have investigated the longitudinal association between perceptions of aging and cognitive function. The aim of this article is therefore to explore the association between perceptions of aging and cognitive function across a number of domains in a population representative sample of adults aged 50 and older. The sample was assessed twice over 2 years. Negative perceptions of aging at baseline were independently associated with longitudinal decline in verbal fluency and self-rated memory over a 2-year period after adjustment for physical and mental health. These findings suggest that negative perceptions of aging may play a role in cognitive decline in the older population. Furthermore, aging perceptions may be a modifiable factor to target for future interventions.

Underweight but metabolically abnormal phenotype: Metabolic features and its association with cardiovascular disease

BackgroundPrevious studies revealed that among people with normal and high body mass index (BMI), metabolic abnormalities contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, studies investigating the metabolic features and its association with CVD are limited. MethodsA national representative sample of adult population in China was used. Underweight was defined as BMI <18.5kg/m2. Participants who had less than 2 criteria of metabolic syndrome were classified as metabolically healthy; those who had 2 or more criteria of metabolic syndrome were classified as metabolically abnormal. Presence of CVD and albuminuria were compared among groups stratified by BMI and metabolic status. ResultsAmong 46308 participants, 2267 (4.6%) were classified as underweight; and 372 (16.4%) of them were identified as metabolically abnormal. Metabolic features were comparable between underweight but metabolically abnormal participants and obese participants. Compared with participants with normal weight and normal metabolic features, the underweight but metabolically abnormal participants were more likely to have CVD and albuminuria, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34–4.05) and 2.56 (95% CI 1.86–3.52), respectively. Among underweight participants, factors associated with metabolic abnormal phenotype included leisure time physical inactivity, mild occupational physical activity, and waist circumference. ConclusionsMetabolically abnormal phenotype is not rare among underweight population in China, and preventive strategy against CVD should also be considered in that population.