Representation Of Social Class Research Articles

KEBAYA DAN BUDAYA POPULER: PEMBENTUKAN IDENTITAS IDEOLOGIS PEREMPUAN MODIS OLEH KAPITALIS

Balinese Kebaya is a custom clothing used by women when there is a Yadnya ceremony and even used simultaneously by the community on Thursday and Tilem Purnama. Mode Kebaya very quickly changes; almost every week, a new mode appears. Balinese women do not realize that Kebaya in fact the form of adoption of an external culture that blends in the consequences of the past trade. Balinese women do not realize that there is capitalist ideology in the movement of fashion Kebaya in Bali. This research is important to do to reveal the psychology of women in use kebaya Bali and reveal fashion ideology kebaya towards Balinese women. This research is examined using postmodern theory with an ideology approach that is described descriptively and qualitatively. The results show that the following mode, kebaya, is a representation of social class among Balinese women. Balinese women tend to be prestige wearing monotone kebaya. If there is a large special ceremony like Odalan (usually implemented once a year), then Balinese women, especially in Padambulia, feel obliged to have a new kebaya by following the fashion that was trending at that time. The capitalists succeeded in building a fashionable ideology on women with a very rapid change of fashion in order to control the market.

The Representation of Social Classes in Iranian Cinema During the Reformist Era, 2001–2005

This article discusses how social class was depicted in Iranian cinema during the Reformist Era between 2001 and 2005 when the government of Mohammad Khatami advocated economic reforms and cultural liberalization. The agenda of the Khatami government was supported by the middle and upper classes who had modernist cultural attitudes and benefitted from these political and economic reforms. The articles also analyzes how reformist ideology operated through films by presenting a positive image of the modernist middle and upper classes while challenging the values of the traditional classes and portraying the lower class as victims of social problems. The findings indicate that the reformists, contrary to their slogans, sought to normalize the values of their supporter classes in Iranian cinema.

Representation of social class and hierarchy in Bangla address terms

Address terms are important language components that represent the existing norms and practices of behaviour, holding specific contextual meanings in society and adding meanings beyond linguistic codes. This paper explores the connection of Bangla address terms with various parameters like age, religious identity, power position, social relationship, ratio of intimacy, and geo-spatial cultural variation through a close analysis of selected discourses. Based on these parameters, it is found that Bangla speakers use a wide range of address terms, which is a special feature of this language, in contrast to English or other languages. In Bangladeshi societies, kinship terms reflect the relationships among the addresser and the addressee, which vary based on paternal and maternal sides, and in different religious and cultural contexts. By employing a qualitative approach to explore the social interaction process, this paper sheds light on the use of Bangla address terms in a culturally diverse context from a sociolinguistic perspective.

Representation of social class and hierarchy in Bangla address terms

Address terms are important language components that represent the existing norms and practices of behaviour, holding specific contextual meanings in society and adding meanings beyond linguistic codes. This paper explores the connection of Bangla address terms with various parameters like age, religious identity, power position, social relationship, ratio of intimacy, and geo-spatial cultural variation through a close analysis of selected discourses. Based on these parameters, it is found that Bangla speakers use a wide range of address terms, which is a special feature of this language, in contrast to English or other languages. In Bangladeshi societies, kinship terms reflect the relationships among the addresser and the addressee, which vary based on paternal and maternal sides, and in different religious and cultural contexts. By employing a qualitative approach to explore the social interaction process, this paper sheds light on the use of Bangla address terms in a culturally diverse context from a sociolinguistic perspective.

Editorial

Welcome to the second issue of Volume 32, Journal of Modern Languages (JML). Here, we present six scholarly works that reflect the diversity and depth of current linguistic research. In the opening paper, The Development of Paediatric Malay Matrix Sentence Test (PaedMalayMST) Materials through the Construction of a Paediatric Malay Corpus, a collaborative team from Malaysia and New Zealand introduces an innovative approach to the development of a paediatric speech perception test. The authors detail the process of constructing a paediatric Malay corpus, which unveils the rich and intricate nature of Malay children's language use. This work illustrates a remarkable path to the development of tests that can more accurately assess the speech perception skills of children in Malaysia. The second paper, Female Sympathisers of ISIS as Muhajirahs in ISIS-Affiliated Media investigates the representation of women in ISIS-affiliated media. Through a well-structured critical discourse analysis, the authors explore the complexity of gender roles and dynamics within a politically charged setting. This research provides valuable insights into the portrayal and influence of women within extremist organizations. Shifting to the realm of audio-visual translation, the article Subtitling Strategies and Translation Accuracy in the Malay to English Translation of ‘Ejen Ali: The Movie’, assesses the quality and strategies of subtitle translations. This work represents a significant step towards understanding how translation strategies affect the accuracy of subtitle translations, a crucial aspect of global media consumption. The subsequent study, Characteristics of Exocentric Nominal Compounds in Berom: A Semantic View of the Noun-Verb Agentive ‘mwat tabak’ and ‘mwat ha’, provides an in-depth analysis of the agentive nominal compounds in Berom. It illustrates how meaning is shaped by the constituents and the context of usage, serving as a fine example of the intricate interplay between structure and semantics in language. The fifth study, A Study of Number Marking in Izere Nouns, offers a detailed examination of noun inflections for number in Izere. It underscores the importance of understanding the morphological processes involved in less-studied languages. Finally, our issue concludes with Representation of Social Class and Hierarchy in Bangla Address Terms: A Sociolinguistic Study, which explores the sociocultural significance of address terms in Bangla. It sheds light on the various socio-cultural factors influencing address term choices, and consequently, the reflection of social class and hierarchy in language. Together, these six papers demonstrate the profound diversity in language and linguistics research. As always, we hope this issue inspires stimulating discourse and further scholarly inquiry in the field of languages and linguistics. We extend our gratitude to all our authors, reviewers, and readers who continue to support and enrich our journal.

Off-Center Articulations

Abstract Recent studies on Singapore Chinese literature have employed analytical lenses such as the Sinophone and postloyalism, which are exogenous to the historical and everyday experiences in the region that produced the texts. This article proposes using the lens of the Chinese-educated to bridge local self-understandings with extralocal modes of interpretation, in order to better illuminate place-specific writing practices. As a salient category of both lived experience and analysis by local researchers, the category of the Chinese-educated occasions a form of “off-center articulation” that maintains strategic distance from Sinophone studies while also enriching the field's conceptual repertoire. Specifically, this analytical perspective highlights how literary representations of social class play a significant role, alongside language and ethnicity, in registering the historical diversity of the Singapore Chinese community. Through examining Singaporean Chinese writer Chia Joo Ming's novel Exile or Pursuit (2015), this article reinterprets the novel's gallery of characters and depictions of interpersonal relations to elicit fading memories of socioeconomic divides and gaps in cultural attainment among ethnic Chinese Singaporeans and their migrant predecessors. It ends by charting future directions for Southeast Asian Chinese literary studies that collectively track a broader locus of “Chinese-educated” literary and cultural practices, and that promote critical inter-referencing within the region.

Jim Crow Networks: African American Periodical Cultures

Jim Crow Networks: African American Periodical Cultures

REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL CLASSS IN PARASTE MOVIE

Film works can be created from various perspectives and production methods by teams in the film industry. Parasite is a South Korean movie present as a production-based film and it raises a big theme of lifestyle differences between social classes. Parasite Movie portrays a new perspective with an astonishing story and plot-twist in the context of film with the issue of social inequality in the modern era. Various awards were obtained by Parasite films on a national and international scale for its beautiful story. The data is collected from the scenes in the movie which later the data is connected with some theories. This study also aims to find out the literary meaning of the movie Parasite, specifically the representation of social class through some literary research.

Representation of Social Class in the Illustration of Sketches by Boz by Dickens

The study object in this research is the representation of social class in the illustration of Sketches by Boz by Charles Dickens (1895). Social class is one of the most prominent themes raised by Charles Dickens in his work to satirize the condition of Victorian England as a form of empathy towards the lower class people. Dickens tries to portray that phenomenon into a series of story and illustration of people’s everyday life in his work ‘Sketches by Boz’. However, this social phenomenon is always depicted and discussed mostly in term of the narration form. On the contrary, illustration is often being ignored. The aim of this study is to bring together the importance of illustration in its relationship to the text. The method used in this study was a descriptive qualitative. It will examine how social class is portrayed in the illustration of Dickens’ Sketches by Boz by focusing particularly on the variety of techniques used by the illustrators in producing the illustrations. The result shows that both narration and illustration highlights the social class reality in the Victorian era. The narration and the illustration cannot be separated in Charles Dickens’ Sketches by Boz since it is created to be a description of people’s everyday life in Victorian London.
 Keywords: Charles Dickens, Illustration, Narration, Social Class

The Chav Youth Subculture and Its Representation in Academia as Anomalous Phenomenon

The Chav Youth Subculture and Its Representation in Academia as Anomalous Phenomenon

Shanghai gangster films and the politics of change

In this paper through a very close textual reading I will show the ideological differences between two films based on the life of Shanghai gangster Du Yuesheng (1888, Pudong – 1951, Hong Kong) through close formal and narrative analysis. Du was already a celebrity in his day in the Republican era and is still a con-troversial figure in Greater China. However, there are only two films based on the life of the French Con-cession opium kingpin, the recent Hong Kong/PRC co-production The Last Tycoon (Da Shang Hai, Wong Jing, 2012) and the epic two part Lord of the East China Sea I & II (Shang Hai huang di zhi: Sui yue feng yun & Shang Hai huang di zhi: Xiong ba tia xia, Hong Kong, Poon Man-kit 1993). I show how these films reflect HK's and China's politico-economic changes focusing on the representation of social class and the subject, depiction of internal migration and immigration, and nationalism. The films will be discussed in their relation to changes in the Hong Kong film industry, Chinese and world cinema and the transnational gangster genre, showing how local and global cinemas have affected these films.

MENGAJUKAN ANALISIS KELAS SOSIAL DALAM MEMBACA IKLAN

Many studies on advertising in Indonesia have been conducted. The discussions are mostly about the influence of advertising on consumers. However, such studies often slip into a deterministic understanding. Actions are understood as behaviors merely influenced by external factors. The study of advertising deals with the relationship between the subject's intentions, actions, and the meanings contained in the advertisement. Thus, it not only discusses the influence of advertising on consumption behavior, but also requires a study of representation in advertising. Unfortunately, some studies of advertising representation have not touched the theme of the representation of social classes, as if advertisements don't talk about social classes explicitly. The absence of social class analysis in advertisement study tends to disguise the actual conditions of the society. Using the method of semiotic analysis to read advertisements on television as the subject of the study, this paper aims to show that images of social class are still present in advertisements. This paper finds that social class images in advertisements are stereotyped. The lower social class is described as a social class that is dominated and is doing a class-passing. Based on the findings, this paper argues that the analysis of social classes is still required to examine any forms of popular culture such as advertising and, at the same time, can show the actual conditions of social classes in the society.

UNVEIL THE DAY OF DISCOURSE ON THE USE OF TRADITIONAL BALINESE CLOTHING FOR ASN IN THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF BALI

This study aims to uncover the form of power relations and the implications of the discourse on the use of traditional Balinese clothing for the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) in the Provincial Government of Bali. The rules on the use of traditional Balinese clothes for the ASN Bali Provincial Government are the implementation of the policy of the Governor of Bali Wayan Koster at the beginning of his leadership period and has been set forth in the Governor Regulation No. 79 of 2018 concerning the Day of the Use of Customary Bali Clothing. The study uses the scientific foundation of Cultural Studies with a qualitative approach. Two theories used in this research are the theory of power and knowledge relations and social practice theory. These two theories are collaboratively used to uncover the power relation forms and the implications of the discourse on the use of traditional Balinese clothes for ASN within the Provincial Government of Bali. The study revealed the form of power relations in the day-to-day discourse on the use of traditional Balinese clothes for ASN in the Provincial Government of Bali, namely governmentality in the form of regulations aimed at making the application of Balinese customary dress rules effective. Another form of power relation is the hegemonic ideology that is by utilizing the myths of Balinese traditional clothing and symbolic power relations using meaningful symbols. The results also revealed that the discourse on the use of Balinese traditional clothing for ASN in the Environment of the Provincial Government of Bali has implications for the representation of social classes marked by the desire of a group of ASN to differentiate themselves by adding accessories to the traditional clothes they wear. Another implication is consumerism among ASNs, where their desire engine is motivated to add custom clothing collections to the office beyond what they actually need. The application of traditional Balinese dress rules for the Bali Provincial Government ASN also gives rise to what is called cultural hybridization. 
 Keywords: discourse, Balinese traditional clothing, State Civil Apparatus

“He certainly was rough to look at”: Social Distinctions in Anthony Trollope’s Antipodean Fiction

The following article concentrates on the representation of social class in Anthony Trollope’s Antipodean stories, Harry Heathcote of Gangoil (1874) and “Catherine Carmichael” (1878). Although Trollope was aware of the problematic nature of class boundaries in the Antipodes, he nevertheless employed the English model of class distinctions as a point of reference. In the two stories he concentrated on wealthy squatters’ attempts to reconstruct the way of life of the English gentry and on the role of women, who either exposed the false pretences to gentility, as in “Catherine Carmichael,” or contributed to consolidation of the landowning classes as in Harry Heathcote of Gangoil.

A Model for Quantitatively Analyzing Representations of Social Class in Screen Media

Content analyses of prime-time television provide a picture of predominant cultural stereotypes and social trends. The present research is a quantitative content analysis of social class in popular broadcast and cable television in the United States. This research advances scholarship by systematically analyzing character class in addition to more commonly examined variables such as race and gender. A model for the operationalization of class for quantitative content analyses of mediated texts is offered. This proof of concept study demonstrates the viability of studying media representations of class quantitatively to systematically document patterns of portrayal.

‘It’s not the fact they claim benefits but their useless, lazy, drug taking lifestyles we despise’: Analysing audience responses to Benefits Street using live tweets

This paper capitalises on the instantaneity of Twitter as a communicative medium by analysing live audience responses to the second series of the controversial television programme Benefits Street. We examine the discourses and representation of social class drawn upon in public reactions to the program. We compiled a corpus of live tweets that were sent during the first airing of each episode of Benefits Street II, which included the hashtags #BenefitsStreet and/or #BenefitStreet. Our corpus comprises 11,623 tweets sourced from over four thousand Twitter accounts. Drawing on techniques from corpus-based discourse analysis, and contrasting our findings to an earlier study on Benefits Street by Baker and McEnery (2015a), we offer an insight into viewers’ discursive constructions of benefit claimants not just as scroungers, but as a more generally morally inadequate and flawed underclass. We argue that poverty porn programmes such as Benefits Street encourage viewers to see any positive representations of benefits claimants as exceptions to the rule.

Precarity: A Short Literary History, from Colonial Slum to Cosmopolitan Precariat

In this essay I analyse fiction by New Zealand authors John A. Lee and Paula Morris to investigate the ways in which literary form might articulate “the precarious” – as an ethical philosophy most closely associated with the work of Judith Butler – with “the precariat” as a (re)emerging social phenomenon. Butler's concept of precarious life proceeds from the idea that apprehension of co-vulnerability in oneself and others can provide the basis for a non-violent, progressive politics. Situated near the beginning and end of a historically unprecedented phase of upward mobility and relative income equality in New Zealand, Lee's semi-autobiographical Children of the Poor (first published 1934) and Morris’s short story collection Forbidden Cities (2008) show an inverse relationship between the apprehension of co-vulnerability and the ability to channel this sensibility into political awareness. Although very different in tone and style, these works both trace the intricate, mundane and seemingly casual erosions of agency that shuffle individuals downward into positions of relative economic and personal disadvantage in a class-stratified social world. However, where the depiction of immiseration in Children of the Poor helped to galvanize prevalent social and economic anxieties into a concrete, politically mobilizing sense of indignation against enforced poverty, the portraits of anxious, disconnected workers in Forbidden Cities show the gradual dissolution of this capability. Most particularly, Morris’s stories include a demographic of geographically mobile, creative-sector characters, now drifting into the insecure and disconnected realm of the precariat. By focusing on texts that foreground social class, and by positing the rise and decline of social mobility in New Zealand as a coherent period of literary history from the mid-1930s to the turn of the twenty-first century, this analysis contributes to a belated but growing move in New Zealand literary criticism to address literary representations of social class.

Portraying Poverty: The Economics and Ethics of Factual Welfare Television

Since 2013 there has been an explosion of a new genre of factual programming on British television that centres on the everyday lives of people claiming benefits. The emergence of Factual Welfare Television (FWT) has coincided with intensifying public and political debates about poverty and the British welfare state, and has proved a deeply controversial and contested genre. While programme-makers have argued that FWT fulfils a public service mandate to inform audiences, critics have accused producers of making inaccurate, provocative and unethical television. Sociological enquiries into FWT have focused on the representations within these programmes and audience reception, arguing that these contribute to hardening anti-welfare sentiment. This article presents a complementary and urgent line of enquiry into FWT, locating it squarely within the conditions of its production by including questions of cultural labour, diversity in the workforce, and increasing competition and deregulation within broadcasting. We argue that market logics governing broadcasting discipline cultural workers and contribute to the production of reductive and stigmatising representations of social class and poverty. In doing so, we offer new insights into relationships between television production, representation and – consequently – consumption.

Racial Assumptions Color the Mental Representation of Social Class.

We investigated the racial content of perceivers’ mental images of different socioeconomic categories. We selected participants who were either high or low in prejudice toward the poor. These participants saw 400 pairs of visually noisy face images. Depending on condition, participants chose the face that looked like a poor person, a middle income person, or a rich person. We averaged the faces selected to create composite images of each social class. A second group of participants rated the stereotypical Blackness of these images. They also rated the face images on a variety of psychological traits. Participants high in economic prejudice produced strongly class-differentiated mental images. They imagined the poor to be Blacker than middle income and wealthy people. They also imagined them to have less positive psychological characteristics. Participants low in economic prejudice also possessed images of the wealthy that were relatively White, but they represented poor and middle class people in a less racially differentiated way. We discuss implications for understanding the intersections of race and class in social perception.

Prosocial reasoning and emotions in young offenders and non-offenders

The aim of this study was to analyse the cognitive processes (prosocial moral reasoning, perspective taking) and emotional processes (empathic concern, emotional instability, state-trait anger) which interact in predicting aggressive behaviour and prosocial behaviour of adolescents who have committed a crime and those who have not, for the purpose of establishing the predictor variables in both groups. Participants were 440 adolescents, 220 of them young offenders residing in four youth detention centres in Valencia, in which they were serving court sentences (67.3% men and 32.7% women). The other 220 were enrolled in public and private schools within the metropolitan area of Valencia (65.9% men and 34.1% women). The two subsamples were equated in age (15-18 years) and sex, controlling the representation of social classes. Prosocial moral reasoning, empathy, emotional instability, state-trait anger, prosocial behaviour, and physical and verbal aggression were assessed. Hierarchical regression analyses show the differential weight of positive emotions (empathic concern) and negative emotions (emotional instability and anger) in relation to prosocial moral reasoning in predicting aggressive behaviour in adolescents, especially offenders. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for prevention and re-education oriented to social reinsertion of young offenders.