Representation Of Women In Government Research Articles

Women's Representation To Establish Anti-Corruption In The Village Government Of Kotaraja, Hulu Sungai Utara

The representation of women in village governance, particularly in the Village Consultative Body (BPD), is mandated by Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages. Fulfillment of this mandate becomes a subject of debate when the role is merely symbolic to meet the quota of women in village governance. In this context, the method employed is qualitative analysis, utilizing a socio-legal approach that highlights the complexity of social and legal dynamics influencing women's representation in the Village Consultative Body. The role of female representatives is crucial in enhancing the welfare of rural communities, simultaneously contributing to the realization of a corruption-free village. Additionally, they possess a unique closeness and empathy towards the issues faced by women in their villages, enabling them to gain the trust of the community. Residents of Kota Raja Village also perceive female candidates as being corruption-free and capable of fulfilling their duties and responsibilities, thereby earning trust from their respective neighborhood associations (RT - Rukun Tetangga). This situation is evident in the increased representation of women in the governance of Kota Raja Village, especially in the Village Consultative Body. In the newly elected Village Consultative Body for the period 2023-2029, 50% of its members are women, up from 44%. This figure demonstrates the positive perception of Kota Raja Village residents regarding the importance of women's representation in village governance. However, doubts persist regarding whether women's representation is merely symbolic and whether it reflects sincere efforts to empower women in village governance. Nonetheless, this raises further questions about the skills of female representation in addressing the complex issues faced by rural communities.and application within the framework of Indonesian law.

Strategy for Winning Women's Legislature in the 2019 Malang General Election

This study aims to explore strategies for winning women's legislatures in politics. Women in the history of civilization are often number two. With the help of previous studies, we can find out that the impacts that women bring on politics to policy making have a significant positive impact. This study uses a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. The location in this study is Malang Raya (Malang City, Batu City and Malang Regency) as the second largest city and an education city located in East Java province, where East Java province is known as a province with mature political maturity in Indonesia because several stakeholders important power is women. With the help of some descriptive data that shows the level of participation or representation of women in government in Malang Raya, the researchers focused on how the strategies of these women in enabling themselves to assume power. The results of the study show that various strategies used by women in Malang Raya in winning legislative seats can be used as further studies as points that allow for an increase in the realization of women's representation in government.

Strategy for Winning Women's Legislature in the 2019 Malang General Election

This study aims to explore strategies for winning women's legislatures in politics. Women in the history of civilization are often number two. With the help of previous studies, we can find out that the impacts that women bring on politics to policy making have a significant positive impact. This study uses a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. The location in this study is Malang Raya (Malang City, Batu City and Malang Regency) as the second largest city and an education city located in East Java province, where East Java province is known as a province with mature political maturity in Indonesia because several stakeholders important power is women. With the help of some descriptive data that shows the level of participation or representation of women in government in Malang Raya, the researchers focused on how the strategies of these women in enabling themselves to assume power. The results of the study show that various strategies used by women in Malang Raya in winning legislative seats can be used as further studies as points that allow for an increase in the realization of women's representation in government.

WOMEN’S POLITICAL RIGHTS IN A SOCIETY OF GENDER EQUALITY

Background. In the XX-XXI centuries politics is becoming an increasingly professional field of activity, to which more and more women are joining. Insufficient representation of the latter in state bodies gives grounds for doubts about the democracy of the state system, which determined the relevance of the study. Analysis of recent research and publications. Various aspects of the position of woman in Ukrainian politics have been studied by T. Martseniuk, Ya. Radysh, V. Smachylo, and G. Yurovska, but today we are required to carry out a comprehensive legal analysis of the formation of a gender equality society in Ukraine. The aim of the article is to study national legislation on the issue of gender equality in the political sphere, taking into account international standards; analysis of mechanisms for increasing the number of women in politics based on the generalization of the experience of developed democracies. Materials and methods, that were used - dialectical, comparative analysis, systemic, formal and legal scientific methods and principles. Results. An important aspect of the struggle of women for their political rights was that the latest constitutions of the states enshrined the principle of equality of citizens, including in the electoral process, regardless of gender, race and political views. Analysis of the political experience of social democracies has shown that the participation of women deputies in the work of parliaments and other representative institutions is extremely important and effective for society as a whole, because they focus on health care, upbringing, education, social protection of population, etc. In Ukraine, equality between woman and man has been established de jure, but gender stereotypes regarding the distribution of roles continue to dominate society and consciousness. The most successful international practices include the creation of a parliament on the basis of gender equality through the application of: positive actions for the implementation of gender quotas; creation of state institutions to monitor the observance of equal rights for women and men; implementation of gender expertise of bills. Conclusion. Our study has improved the thesis that in Ukraine there is an objective need to change the patriarchal type of political culture. In this regard, we have proposed measures that can increase the status of Ukrainian woman in politics: to further monitor national legislation; introduce national mechanisms to ensure the representation of women in government; create the necessary economic conditions for the implementation of women's political activity. Keywords: gender equality, democracy, parliamentarism, women’s political rights.

The Effectiveness of the State Duma Women — Deputies of the VII Convocation of the Russian Federation According to the Rating “Utility Coefficient of the State Duma Deputies” in Comparison with the CIS Countries

In this article, the author examines the problems of women’s participation in politics based on an analysis of the gender composition of the deputy corps of the State Duma of the VII convocation, and also compares their activity and effectiveness with male deputies on the basis of the rating “The coefficient of utility of State Duma deputies” compiled by the deputy club since 2017 d. The data of the integral rating, consisting of four indices, make it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the activities of female deputies and to identify the cause-and-effect relationships of this. The article also identifies the main trends in gender policy in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and compares the representation of women in government.

A Seat at the Table or a Power Seat: The Impact of Simple Representation Versus Power Representation of Women in Government on Funding for Primary Education

Scholars have repeatedly shown that female politicians focus more on common good issues such as health care and education than their male counterparts. When men hold the majority of positions of political power these issues may not be raised for debate within government even if women are present. Using a cross-country dataset, this research examines the impact of women in government on public spending on primary education. Specifically, it explores whether it is enough for women to be represented in government, or if they must have a position of power to effect policy outcomes. The analysis results indicate that both women’s simple representation and power representation are significantly positively correlated with increases in federal spending on primary education; however, when women hold positions of political power there is a greater impact on funding than when they simply hold a seat in the legislature.

Estimating Causal Relationships Between Women’s Representation in Government and Corruption

Does increasing the representation of women in government lead to less corruption, or does corruption prevent the election of women? Are these effects large enough to be substantively meaningful? Some research suggests that having women in legislatures reduces corruption levels, with a variety of theoretical rationales offered to explain the finding. Other research suggests that corruption is a deterrent to women’s representation because it reinforces clientelistic networks that privilege men. Using instrumental variables, we find strong evidence that women’s representation decreases corruption and that corruption decreases women’s participation in government; both effects are substantively significant.

Do parliamentary gender quotas decrease gender inequality? The case of African countries

Many countries in Africa score very low on gender equality measures; yet, they have some of the highest percentages of women in parliament. They have managed to achieve significant representation of women in government through fast track measures such as the implementation of gender quotas. In the context of fast track reform, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of such parliamentary gender quotas in general, and in particular of different types of quotas, for improving gender equality in African countries. Our empirical results suggest that although all mandated quota systems lead to an increase in the number of women in policy-making, the type of quota affects the de facto ability of women in parliament to influence legislative agendas and ultimately to improve the lives of women. Our findings have implications for the design of affirmative action measures targeting women’s participation in the political process.

Gender Equality and State Executions Within and Across 100 Countries From 1997 to 2010

The achievement of gender equality requires strong support from the state and changes, in turn, the behavior of the state in both domestic and international arenas. Research suggests that an increased representation of women in government provides more ethical governance as well as greater state pacifism in international conflicts. While research has shown that women are more likely than men to oppose death penalty, no study has examined the influence of women’s representation in government on executions carried out by the state. Using a modified negative binomial random-effects model, this study examines gender equality as a predictor of executions and fills the growing need for longitudinal analysis of executions by using data from 100 countries over 14 years. The results indicate that increases in women’s representation in parliament are negatively associated with executions over time and are conditioned by the level of democracy between countries.

Do Parliamentary Gender Quotas Decrease Gender Inequality? The Case of African Countries

Many countries in Africa score very low on gender equality measures; yet, they have some of the highest percentages of women in parliament. They have managed to achieve significant representation of women in government through fast track measures such as the implementation of gender quotas. In the context of fast track reform, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of such parliamentary gender quotas in general, and in particular of different types of quotas, for improving gender equality in African countries. Our empirical results suggest that although all mandated quota systems lead to an increase in the number of women in policy-making, the type of quota affects the de facto ability of women in parliament to influence legislative agendas and ultimately to improve the lives of women. Our findings have implications for the design of affirmative action measures targeting women’s participation in the political process.

Representing Women in Chinese Village Self-Government: A New Perspective on Gender, Representation, and Democracy

ABSTRACTRecent feminist debate about how to achieve the substantive representation of women in government has been conducted largely in relation to national parliaments in democratic states. This article brings a new perspective by examining grassroots rural government in contemporary China – an authoritarian state, which, however, began implementing village “self-government,” including elections, in 1987. The article draws on qualitative fieldwork in the Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Yunnan. The authors went into this fieldwork with an understanding that women's substantive representation, democracy, and gender equality are mutually constituted and with an expectation that village self-government might make a much-needed contribution to the achievement of all three. However, we ran into trouble with this analytical framework. First, there were marked variations in villagers’ practices and understandings of “representation.” Second, we found that democracy was not a prerequisite for substantive representation. Third, most villagers we talked with claimed that “men and women are equal” and there was little conception of villagers’ interests diverging by gender. This article explores our analytical “trouble,” with a view to advancing scholarship on constraints to democracy in authoritarian states and suggesting fruitful directions for feminist theorists interested in the relationship between gender, representation and democracy.

Gender Roles, Work-Life Balance, and Running for Office

Political scientists have studied why so few women run for office in the United States, but explanations concerning the challenge of balancing work and life have received little empirical support. I present two forms of data to show how expectations about work-life balance affect the supply of potential women politicians. The common thread in these analyses is that time spent traveling to and from work is particularly burdensome for those who spend time caring for children. Because women do a majority of the child care and housework, commuting is particularly burdensome to women. Analyzing a novel data set, I find that women are less likely to run for state legislative office in districts further from state capitals. I validate these results with an original survey experiment run on undergraduates in the midst of choosing their own careers. I find that female students weigh proximity to home twice as heavily as male students do in a hypothetical decision of whether to run for higher office. These results suggest that equal representation of women in government would require men and women to share household responsibilities more equally.

Gender Balance and the Meanings of Women in Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda

Across Africa many countries have taken initiatives to increase the participation and representation of women in governance. Yet it is unclear what meaning these initiatives have in authoritarian single-party states like Rwanda. Since seizing power in 1994 the Rwandan Patriotic Front has taken many steps to increase the participation of women in politics such as creating a Ministry of Gender organizing womens councils at all levels of government and instituting an electoral system with reserved seats for women in the national parliament. This article explores the dramatic increase in womens participation in public life and representation in governance and the increasing authoritarianism of the Rwandan state under the guise of democratization. The increased political participation of women in Rwanda represents a paradox in the short term: as their participation has increased womens ability to influence policy making has decreased. In the long term however increased female representation in government could prepare the path for their meaningful participation in a genuine democracy because of a transformation in political subjectivity. (authors)

Modestly staffed and modestly resourced: An exploratory critique of women’s entry to rural and regional governance

In Australia, a significant shift has occurred in regional governance arrangements with the emergence of new forums for the practising of regional leadership. In this paper we provide a critical reading of a recent report on the representation of women in governance in rural and regional Australia as well as a textual analysis of the language in use around the entities reviewed in the report. We first consider women’s representation in regional local government. While women have increased their representation in elected positions in this sphere of governance, we argue they continue to occupy a marginal position. We then consider a range of institutions identified as making up the new regional governance arrangements. Our analysis suggests that many of these new governance bodies are modestly staffed and modestly resourced and are expected to facilitate/ coordinate networking activities. We conclude with a caution against viewing women’s involvement in new forms of nonmetropolitan governance as symptomatic of a shift in rural and regional gendered power relations.

Representation of women in governance in Singapore: Trends and problems

(2000). Representation of women in governance in Singapore: Trends and problems. Asian Journal of Political Science: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 59-87.