Report Of Vertical Transmission Research Articles

Outcome of a Neonate Born to a Mother with COVID-19: A Case Report of Vertical Transmission

Background: Although COVID-19 in pregnant women and their neonates has been verified, its impact on neonates born to infected mothers has remained unclear and there is not enough evidence about how this vertical transmission occurs. Case Report: In this case report, we explained that a neonate girl was born to a mother with COVID-19 infection. Our main goal was to focus on the follow-up and outcome of the neonate. The neonate was at GA = 28 weeks who was born by cesarean section due to respiratory distress of her mother. Also on day 18, she experienced recurrent unilateral seizures so the sample of her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined. Results: The neonate had a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for COVID-19, while this neonate after birth, due to mother’s positive PCR, immediately was isolated from the operating room. The neonate’s nasal sample was positive for more than 18 days. Twenty-six days after birth, the neonate was re-evaluated for clinical laboratories, all of which were normal and she had favorable outcomes. Conclusion: In our case report despite the neonate was premature and had seizures, she had favorable outcomes because we quickly started treatment and supportive measures. It is recommended; Symptomatic neonates born to infected mothers must be evaluated for COVID-19 to start proper treatment and quarantine. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the outcomes of COVID-19 in neonates and how to minimize the risk of this disease in neonates.

Risks of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Pregnancy; a Narrative Review.

The outbreak of the new Coronavirus in China in December 2019 and subsequently in various countries around the world has raised concerns about the possibility of vertical transmission of the virus from mother to fetus. The present study aimed to review published literature in this regard. In this narrative review, were searched for all articles published in various databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, and Web of Science using MeSH-compliant keywords including COVID-19, Pregnancy, Vertical transmission, Coronavirus 2019, SARS-CoV-2 and 2019-nCoV from December 2019 to March 18, 2020 and reviewed them. All type of articles published about COVID-19 and vertical transmission in pregnancy were included. A review of 13 final articles published in this area revealed that COVID-19 can cause fetal distress, miscarriage, respiratory distress and preterm delivery in pregnant women but does not infect newborns. There has been no report of vertical transmission in pregnancy, and it has been found that clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in pregnant women are not different from those of non-pregnant women. Overall, due to lack of appropriate data about the effect of COVID-19 on pregnancy, it is necessary to monitor suspected pregnant women before and after delivery. For confirmed cases both the mother and the newborn child should be followed up comprehensively.

Vertical transmission of Salmonella paratyphi A

Neonatal enteric fever is a rare but life-threatening illness. Patients may present with varying severity, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi causing more severe illness than Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A. Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A is considered to cause milder infection with fewer complications. We report a rare case of vertical transmission of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A with severe complications and high mortality. Even though there are case reports of vertical transmission of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, to our knowledge, this is the first case report of vertical transmission of Salmonella enterica serotype ParatyphiA. The role of blood culture in accurate diagnosis and treatment is also discussed.

Current status of scrapie.

Abstract Despite being controlled in many developed countries, scrapie remains endemic in many parts of the world. Economic losses result from mortality and culling of small ruminants and from market restrictions. Moreover, it is difficult to develop all-inclusive guidelines that could establish a scrapie-free status for a country. Unfortunately, the global picture remains incomplete because in many countries confusion still remains regarding the clinical picture of scrapie and information is not available owing to the absence of adequate epidemiosurveillance networks. Currently, the predominant theory is that PrPSc is the infectious agent where host genetic factors play a central role. The precise transmission routes of scrapie and their relative contributions to the overall transmission intensity remain poorly documented and the physiopathology is not fully understood. However, it is evident that the purchase of female sheep from scrapie flocks, sharing pastures with scrapie flocks, sharing breeding rams and genetic host susceptibility are the main risk factors for the spread of the disease. A better understanding of the epidemiology of scrapie would greatly aid the development and evaluation of control and eradication strategies that were mainly based on selective depopulation of infected animals and genetically susceptible and/or related animals and also on the biosecurity and the use of selective genetic breeding programmes in healthy flocks. Some numbers of a new transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) form in small ruminants (atypical scrapie) have meanwhile been identified by TSE rapid testing using an assay, which also recognizes comparatively less proteinase K-resistant PrPSc. Uncertainties remain regarding the pathogenesis of this new TSE form, as well as regarding its potential transmissibility within the affected species and to other species. Thus far, no bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) cases have been confirmed in sheep under natural conditions (a report of vertical transmission after experimental infection merits attention), but two historical cases of BSE in goats born in the 1990s have been identified. Currently BSE must also be considered in the differential diagnosis of scrapie. The development of prevention and control programmes should be assisted by new scientific findings.