Lubricant Replacement Research Articles

Transformer-based novel framework for remaining useful life prediction of lubricant in operational rolling bearings

Accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of lubricants in rolling bearings is crucial for maintaining efficient operation of rotating machinery and ensuring timely lubricant replacement. We propose a comprehensive framework that integrates the temporal variation transfer function (TVTF), harmonic-sideband Matrix, and the harmonic frequency transformer (HarFT), a transformer-based model. This approach effectively utilizes vibration characteristics to enhance the accuracy of lubricant degradation prediction in rolling bearings. Validation with rolling bearings experiencing lubrication failure confirms that our framework significantly outperforms alternative methods in RUL prediction. The proposed framework excels in extracting and analyzing harmonic components from vibration responses, enabling detection of minute status variations due to lubricant degradation. By applying explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), it is possible to ascertain the rationale behind the RUL predicted by the HarFT model, facilitating evidence-based decisions. Our research provides a novel strategy for lubricant RUL assessment in rolling bearings, thereby improving reliability and maintenance efficiency in industrial applications.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КАЧЕСТВА МОТОРНЫХ МАСЕЛ В ОЦЕНКЕ ПЕРИОДИЧНОСТИ ИХ ЗАМЕНЫ В ДВИГАТЕЛЯХ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ

The results of the research of motor oils with different base bases contaminated with established concentrations of diesel fuel are presented. The result of the research was to obtain indicators indicating the loss of engine oil performance under operating conditions. The presented results can be used to determine the frequency of replacement of lubricants in internal combustion en-gines, depending on the technical condition of the engine oil.

Development of Android Based Application for Monitoring Engine Lubricant Condition in Four Wheeled Vehicle and Driving Behaviour Effects on Engine Lubricant Condition

Engine lubricant is a liquid chemical that is given between two moving objects to reduce the frictional force that occurs. Engine lubricant needs to be replaced periodically to maintain the durability of four-wheeled vehicles. Manufacturers of four-wheeled vehicle manufacturers have given the lubricant replacement period to consumers, but this time period is only a reference. The purpose of this research is to study the calculation method to find the right time to replace the lubricant along with its parameters, study the relationship and characteristics between engine lubricant temperature with coolant temperature, and study the relationship of driving behaviour to decrease engine lubricant conditions. This research was carried out by taking data on engine lubricant temperature and coolant using ANCEL and then analysed it to get the formula for determining engine oil temperature and found the mean absolute error of 0 to 3.60. This research is done by testing the driving behaviour of eco, normal, and sport as far as 300 km for each driving behaviour. In this study, engine speed and coolant temperature data are taken through OBD II and then processed using Raspberry Pi into RPS and engine lubricant temperature then further processed by the backend then the data is sent to Android. On the Android application, the output of the data processing results is displayed as a percentage of engine lubricant conditions, engine lubricant remaining distance, and engine lubricant remaining time. The test results show that in sports driving behaviour, the condition of engine lubricants decreased the most at 3.9% followed by normal at 3.18% and the lowest decreased was eco with 2.39%.

Production of A Biolubricant by Enzymatic Esterification: Possible Synergism Between Ionic Liquid and Enzyme

Abstract The possible replacement of lubricants with fossil-fuel sources and the manufacture of biolubricants with more beneficial features were studied. Oleic acid and isoamyl alcohol were reacted with an enzyme in an ionic liquid. During the reaction conventional as well as microwave heating was applied. After the experimental determination of the optimal reaction parameters, it was unexpectedly found that a synergistic effect occurred by applying ionic-liquid and microwave-heat treatment simultaneously. The enzyme exhibited a much higher level of activity than the value expected based on the measurements carried out separately by using an ionic liquid instead of an organic solvent and microwave-heat treatment or a conventional method. In the experiments with recycled enzyme it was found that ionic liquid maintained the enzyme more effectively, as if it was immobilized by it: the enzyme managed to maintain its activity and recycling ability.

Pelatihan KKM (Kepala Kamar Mesin) Bagi Nelayan di Kecamatan Kragan Kabupaten Rembang Jawa Tengah

The diesel engine lifespan increasing in marine operation will decrease their perfomance. Some problems will occur, there are hard starting, bad exhaust gas colour and bad power output, suddenly engine stop and hard to start back. There fore any diesel engine training is needed to guard engine perfome. The KKM (Ketua Kamar Mesin= engine room head) training for maintaining their ability to serve diesel engine properly is necesary. Their ability have came from their friend or autodidact. The 25 fishingman ships were burning at Blora quay last several mounths prove of the lack of their ability. Thre are some rutine maintenances sould be done; every 8 hours Radiator water, diesel fuel and lubricantion oil are controlled, every week (150 hours) air screen cleaning, every two weeks (250 hours) oil lubricant replacement. Every month (500 hours) readjust fuel valve, every 1000 hours oil lubricant replacement and garvernor funtion checking, every 1500 hours inlet manifold cleaning and exhaust sistem, every 3000 fuel tank cleaning and to overhaul also replacement worn out spare parts, every 6000 hours cylinder head take apart and carbonation, and every 12000 hours general over haul and replacement worn out spare part.

The Stability of Lubricant Oil Acidity of Biogas Fuelled Engine due to Biogas Desulfurization

This research is established for the purpose of the understanding the stability of the acidity of lubricant oil in biogas fuelled engine due to the absence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). As was recognized that other than Methane (CH4), there are also other gas impurities in the biogas such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), moisture (H2O) and ammonia (NH3). Due to H2S contents in the biogas fuel, the engine was found failure. This is caused by corrosion in the combustion chamber due to increase of lubricant acidity. To overcome this problem in practical, the lubricant is increased the pH to basic level with the hope will be decrease to normal value after several time use. Other method is by installing pH measurement sensor in the engine lubricant so that when lubricant is known turn to be acid, then lubricant replacement should be done. In this research, the effect of biogas desulfurization down to zero level to the acidity of lubricant oil in the four stroke engine was carried out with the hope that neutral lubrication oil to be available during running the engine. The result indicates that by eliminating H2S due desulfurization process, effect on stability and neutrality of pH lubricant. By this method the engine safety can be obtained without often replacement the lubricant oil.

Influence of the Composition on the Properties of (Cr1–xAlx)N/MoySz PVD Coatings

(Cr1−xAlx)N/MoySz coatings promise a solution for replacement of lubricants on highly forced tools in dry cold forging. Wear resistant (Cr1−xAlx)N together with the self‐lubricating MoySz deposited using PVD technology offers an extension of tool life without lubricants. This combination is insufficiently researched and its capabilities are yet unknown. In this contribution, (Cr1−xAlx)N/MoySz coatings are deposited by means of PVD in an industrial‐scale unit. Decreasing the Cr and Al content by increasing Mo and S content, influences the coating properties considerably. It is found that hardness and indentation modulus decrease. However, an increase of the deposition rate is observed. A reduction of the friction coefficient with the increase of MoySz content is detected.

In vitro tests of substitute lubricants for wear testing orthopaedic biomaterials

Bovine serum is the lubricant recommended by several international standards for the wear testing of orthopaedic biomaterials; however, there are issues over its use due to batch variation, degradation, cost and safety. For these reasons, alternative lubricants were investigated. A 50-station Super-CTPOD (circularly translating pin-on-disc) wear test rig was used, which applied multidirectional motion to ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene test pins rubbing against cobalt chromium discs. Thirteen possible alternative lubricants were tested. The use of soy protein as a lubricant gave statistically higher wear, while soya oil, olive oil, Channel Island milk, whole milk, whey, wheatgerm oil, 11 mg/mL egg white, albumin/globulin mix and albumin/globulin/chondroitin sulphate mix all gave statistically lower wear than bovine serum. The lubricants giving the closest wear results to bovine serum were 20 and 40 mg/mL egg white solutions. A light absorbance assay found that these egg white solutions suffered from a high degradation rate that increased with increasing protein content. While egg white solutions offer the best alternative lubricant to bovine serum due to the wear volumes produced, cost-effectiveness and safety of handling, protein degradation will still occur, leading to the need for regular lubricant replacement. Of the lubricants tested in this study, none were found to be superior to bovine serum.

Investigation of the degradation of a low-cost untreated biogas engine using preheated biogas with phase separation for electric power generation

Today, environmental concerns push for new technologies to reduce our energy dependence on fossil fuels.The use of treated biogas in dual-fuel diesel engines is common as it has no major effects on engine performance and it only requires minor engine modifications, consisting mostly on premixing and injection timing advance.However, biogas itself cannot be directly used in engines because of degradation caused by acid attacks and sulfidation, making sulfur compound filtration a necessity. In this case, biogas use is economically competitive for relatively big installations with electrical power above ≈100–200 kW. Simple, low-costs solutions are needed for small installations (below 100 kW).The objective of this paper is to assess the degradation of a 3.1 kW diesel engine in dual-fuel mode with preheated untreated biogas with phase separation. The modifications on the engine consist only in an exhaust/biogas heat exchanger with phase separation and lubricant replacement with a higher total base number. These changes are relatively costless compared to removing sulfur from the biogas. A test engine did function for 550 h with preheated untreated biogas containing 2000 ppmv of H2S. The load was maintained at 60% of maximum load with 50% of diesel replacement with biogas. Degradation was monitored by visual inspection, weight and size measurements of engine parts, in-cylinder pressure measurements, and oil analysis. Dismantling of the engine at the end of the experiment showed almost negligible signs of degradation.For comparison purposes, a similar test was conducted on the engine with the same operating conditions but without biogas preheating or phase separation. The degradation observed was noticeably more important in that experiment as the oil total base number decreased faster and cylinder head gasket wear was more important.Biogas preheating with phase separation seems a promising low-cost alternative for biogas use in small farms as it limits acid attacks and sulfidation in engines.

Evaluation of environmentally friendly lubricant for aluminum cold forging using friction test based on spline extrusion

It is required to replace the aluminum fluoride coating, which is a popular lubricant for aluminum alloy cold forging in Japan, with environmentally friendly lubricants, because the aluminum fluoride coating has high environmental risks and needs much expense. Evaluations of lubrication performance are necessary before lubricant replacement. The authors proposed new friction test based on combined forward spline-backward can extrusion. It can realize large surface expansion, which is a characteristic of aluminum cold forging. In the present paper, a double-layer-type environmentally friendly solid lubricant film and the aluminum fluoride coating were applied to a precipitation hardened aluminum alloy. The lubrication performance was evaluated by the friction test. The double-layer-type lubricant showed superior performance enough for the replacement. The effect of surface treatment applied to workpiece on the lubrication performance was also investigated. The surface asperity generated by a wet-blasting showed high pickup resistance and low friction.

Hip simulator wear comparison of metal-on-metal, ceramic-on-ceramic and crosslinked UHMWPE bearings

Alumina ceramic-on-crosslinked polyethylene (C-CLPE), metal-on-metal (M/M) and alumina-on-alumina ceramic (C/C) articulations are high performance, low wear options for hip replacement bearings. Our objective was to compare the hip joint simulator wear performance of these alternative bearing couples to each other and to a control bearing of standard ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Contemporary hip joint simulators were used for wear testing. All components were tested at 1 Hz under a joint reaction profile (2450 N maximum) and 50% diluted alpha-calf serum lubrication. Standard lubricant replacement, specimen cleaning and wear loss measurement methods were followed. Crosslinked polyethylene (PE) showed a 10-fold reduction in wear over control UHMWPE liners, regardless of head size. M/M components showed a nine-fold reduction in wear over the control PE. Wear performance of the M/M bearings was non-linear and highly variable; one M/M sample had a wear rate similar to that of the PE controls. Wear rates for C-CLPE and C/C were far less variable than for M/M. C-CLPE bearing wear was more consistent than M/M, although both had similar average wear. C/C showed a consistent 500-fold wear reduction over control PE and a 50-fold reduction over M/M or C-CLPE.