Replacement Of Breastfeeding Research Articles

Microbiota in food allergy: prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics

The close relationship between the microbiota and allergic diseases has been known for several years, particularly food allergy. Although the best studied microbiota is that related to bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi are also constituents of this, although their role is not definitively clarified. The microbial world interacts with the human body constantly, we are in daily contact with an infinite and innumerable number of varieties of microbes in our environment, some of them can pass through the body without causing any harm, while others generate undesirable risk for the body. health. Alteration of the original composition of the microbiota (dysbiosis) is associated with food allergy. This dysbiosis is related to changes in habits, method of termination of pregnancy (birth or cesarean section), replacement of breastfeeding or interruption at an early age; decrease in family size; loss of contact with farm animals or pets; inappropriate prescription or abuse of antibiotics. The transition from a diet based exclusively on milk to one with solid foods is associated with a drastic increase in microbial diversity. Immunomodulatory components of the microbiota (cell surface polysaccharides), dietary factors (vitamin A), and production of secondary metabolites (short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acid metabolites) promote differentiation of the RORγt+ cell population Treg. ILC3 produces IL-2, which plays a decisive role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

Environmental Impact of Feeding with Infant Formula in Comparison with Breastfeeding.

Young children have unique nutritional requirements, and breastfeeding is the best option to support healthy growth and development. Concerns have been raised around the increasing use of milk-based infant formulas in replacement of breastfeeding, in regards to health, social, economic and environmental factors. However, literature on the environmental impact of infant formula feeding and breastfeeding is scarce. In this study we estimated the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula compared to four months exclusive breastfeeding in a Norwegian setting. We used life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, including the impact categories global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication, and land use. We found that the environmental impact of four months exclusive feeding with infant formula was 35–72% higher than that of four months exclusive breastfeeding, depending on the impact category. For infant formula, cow milk was the main contributor to total score for all impact categories. The environmental impact of breastfeeding was dependant on the composition of the lactating mother’s diet. In conclusion, we found that breastfeeding has a lower environmental impact than feeding with infant formula. A limitation of the study is the use of secondary LCA data for raw ingredients and processes.

Stress degree demonstrated in mothers with phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia infant when requested for total or partial breastfeeding replacement

Abstract Obejctives Phenylketonuria (PKU) and hyperphenylalaninemia (HPHE) are metabolic disorders of phenylalanine (phe) metabolism due to the liver enzyme phe hydroxylase deficiency resulting in mental retardation. The only treatment of these disorders is the total or the partial breastfeeding replacement with special formula, respectively. Case presentation We aimed to evaluate the maternal stress degree in the two groups of mothers and compare the stress degree between mothers who were obliged to replace breastfeeding completely with those who replaced it partially. Mothers (n=50) were divided into two groups: n=25 with PKU and n=25 with HPHE infants. Mothers with PKU newborns were obliged to replace breastfeeding completely and feed their newborns with a common formula plus phe free medical food, whereas mothers with HPHE infants partially replaced breastfeeding with phe free medical food. Stress degrees were calculated using special questionnaire checklist by Bourne E. Psychological support was provided for both groups of mothers with stress. Conclusions Most mothers with PKU infants experienced high or severe stress, whereas mothers with HPHE newborns suffered from low and moderate symptoms and signs of stress. After psychological support most mothers with PKU newborns were ameliorated from stress symptoms; mothers with HPHE neonates experienced almost no stress symptoms. Mothers with PKU infants obliged to complete breastfeeding replacement experienced high and/or severe stress degrees as compared to mothers with HPHE newborns with partial breastfeeding replacement. Psychological support resulted in amelioration of both tested groups.

Replacement of breastfeeding with medical food for the treatment of galactosemia and phenylketonuria: maternal stress.

Breastfeeding replacement is the only treatment for galactosemia (GAL) and phenylketonuria (PKU) during infancy. We aimed to evaluate the stress degree in mothers who were obliged to replace breastfeeding with special formulas as the only treatment for the diseased newborns. Thirty-two mothers with GAL newborns, 19 on breastfeeding only and 13 on breastfeeding plus formula, participated in this study. Additionally, 54 mothers with PKU infants, 32 offered breastfeeding only and 22 breastfeeding plus formula, participated in the study. Stress degree was evaluated in both groups: GAL and PKU. Mothers on breastfeeding only experienced the highest degree of stress than those who were on breastfeeding plus formula. After 1 month of psychological support, most mothers were ameliorated: mothers on breastfeeding only felt better as compared to those on breastfeeding plus formula. Conversely, in mothers on breastfeeding plus formulas, symptoms and signs of stress almost disappeared. In conclusion, GAL or PKU mothers with breastfeeding only experienced the highest degree of stress when asked for breastfeeding replacement. Psychological support made all the studied groups to feel better or free of symptoms and signs of stress.

Acquired human immunodeficiency virus/ HIV in the neonatal period

Blocking mother-to-child transmission was one of the greatest victories against HIV infection. A reduction in infection rates down to below 2% was achieved by applying strategies such as the recognition of maternal infection (HIV serological testing or rapid test) during the prenatal period or at delivery, use of antiretrovirals, elective route of delivery according to the patient’s viral load, and replacement of breastfeeding by formula. In Brazil, the recommended regimen includes the use of an anti-retroviral scheme composed of three anti-retroviral drugs from two different class es, from the 14th week of pregnancy (after the first trimester), in all pregnant women infected with HIV regardless of their virological or immunological parameters, use of intravenous zidovudine at the time of delivery, and of zidovudine in all children born to HIV infected mothers during the first four weeks of life. In special situations, adding other antiretrovirals, such as lamivudine and nevirapine, has been suggested. The benefits of maternal use of anti-retroviral drugs to prevent HIV transmission to children are unanimous. The safety of these short-term schemes has already been demonstrated, however, the association between maternal use of antiretrovirals drugs and congenital anomalies, prematurity, mitochondrial toxicity, anemia, neutropenia, and increased liver enzymes have been described. Serious effects rarely occur. Long-term follow-up of all children exposed to antiretroviral drugs is still necessary to answer many existing questions.

Infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en la infancia

This paper describes the increasing trends and changing patterns of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children occurring since 1982-83 when the first cases were reported worldwide and from 1987-89 when the first cases were detected in Chile. Advances and obstacles dealing with pediatric HIV in Chile are discussed. The most relevant advance is the outstanding reduction in vertical transmission of HIV associated with the implementation of preventive strategies. Risk of vertical transmission has decreased from 35%o in absence of preventive strategies to 2%o with prevention that include maternal and newborn antiretroviral therapy, elective caesarean section and replacement of breast feeding by artificial milk. The main obstacle to further reduce cases has been the delay in implementation of universal screening for pregnant women. This delay has resulted in that currently, the great majority of pediatric HIV cases are detected among symptomatic children. We propose a guideline to detect and appropriately derive pregnant women infected with HIV and children exposed or infected with the virus in order to further reduce the number of children with AIDS in Chile.

Transmissão materno-infantil do vírus da imunodeficiência humana: avaliação de medidas de controle no município de Santos

To estimate the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 and evaluate the effect of preventive methods on vertical transmission of HIV, such as: use of AZT by pregnant women during the prenatal period, labor and delivery; use of AZT in newborns; replacement of breastfeeding by formula; and indication of cesarean section. This was a cohort study. Data was collected from medical records of pregnant women and of children followed at reference health centers for HIV/AIDS patients. To estimate the risk of MTCT we divided the number of mothers whose children acquired the virus through vertical transmission by the total number of mothers included in the study; the relative risks were calculated with a CI=95%. Occurrence of transmission was regarded as a dependent variable, the other factors (maternal age, use of oral AZT and use of AZT syrup, gestational age and breastfeeding) were considered as independent variables. Mantel-Haenszel's techniques were used in this analysis to control the possible effect of some variables. The occurrence of HIV in MTCT was identified in 144 children. Fourteen were classified as infected. Risk of transmission was of 0.097 (95% CI; 0.030-0.163). The risk of HIV vertical transmission was smaller in women under thirty years of age when compared with older ones. In the univariate analysis, the MTCT risk was significantly associated with maternal age, prenatal care, use of oral AZT and use of AZT syrup, gestational age and breastfeeding. This study showed that the implementation of preventive measures is important in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, providing a risk reduction of almost 40% when compared to that before use of these preventive measures.

Parent to child transmission of HIV: policy considerations in the Asia-Pacific region.

As HIV spreads through many countries in Asia and the Pacific, women of reproductive age are becoming infected and we can expect increasing numbers of infants to be infected. Rapid advances in knowledge about mother to child transmission (MTCT), new findings from intervention studies, recognition of complex ethical implications, and changing attitudes and behaviours combine to create uncertainty for policy makers. Policy makers need sound advice but MTCT and its prevention are complicated topics. We aim to provide an overview of MTCT of HIV and suggest some key points to consider in the allocation of resources. This is a policy analysis based on review of the literature, consultation with policy makers and researchers, and observations in the context of projects in developing countries. The risk of MTCT is between 15 and 40%, but the use of antiretroviral prophylaxis, elective caesarean section, and replacement of breastfeeding can reduce this to less than 4%. But most infected women in developing countries are unaware that they are HIV-infected and do not yet have access to these 'test-dependent' interventions (interventions based on testing for HIV infection). Population-based strategies that address known influences on the risk of MTCT can be implemented with benefits for the health of both men and women. The test-dependent interventions can have adverse effects as well as benefits, careful preparation is necessary before they are introduced in resource poor settings. The public health impact of test-dependent interventions is limited by difficulties in achieving wide coverage and because they miss women who become infected late in pregnancy or during lactation who have the highest risk of MTCT. We argue for a broad response to the problems raised by MTCT of HIV that includes gathering information to inform the introduction of strategies that do not depend on testing for HIV infection as well as the test-dependent interventions, community education that reaches men as well as women; strengthening of reproductive health services; and mobilising communities to care for infected women, their families, and orphans.

Infant Feeding and Health in Ibadan

Infant feeding and health in Ibadan Nigeria is examined. Money is being wasted in Nigeria by the introduction of bottle feeding during the early months when breastfeeding is in most cases adequate. The infant is exposed to diarrheal diseases through artificial feeding under conditions of poor sanitation in the home. There are few comprehensive studies of milk feeding in Nigeria. A study undertaken in Ibadan by the Food and Science and Applied Nutrition Unit of the University showed the differences in practice between middle class and illiterate mothers in infant feeding. The following were among the study findings: 1) breastfeeding has declined markedly as the exclusive method of feeding young infants with only 25% of Ibadan mothers feeding their children entirely on the breast; 2) only 1 mother out of the 500 studied used bottle feeding exclusively; 3) 95% of the mothers who combine breast and bottle feeding believed that they were advised to do so by nurses midwives or physicians; 4) the price of packaged milks set against low incomes led many mothers to use milks far below the recommended quantities for each feed; 5) most mothers stopped bottle feeding by 12 months but breastfeeding tended to continue for 18 months to 2 years; 6) most of the children even up to age 4 were being given pap daily and up to age 1 year there was virtually no usage of animal proteins; 7) the father played a major role in the choice and purchase of food and medicine for the child; and 8) the introduction of a protein rich packaged food is under consideration by commercial companies. Weaning has now become more gradual with solids being introduced from the age of about 6 months. The poorly nourished child of 6 months and older has a lower growth rate and a lowered resistance to infectious diseases. Children who are poor in Ibadan are undernourished although there is no evidence of widespread starvation in the community. The primary causes of infant malnutrition are poverty ignorance and too ready acceptance of bottle feeding in partial replacement of breastfeeding.