Replacement Of Filler Research Articles

Replacement of conventional aggregates and fillers with steel slag and palm kernel shell ash in dense-graded asphalt mixtures

Large quantities of steel slag and palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) – waste products from steel production and palm oil milling, respectively – are generated annually in several countries, and their disposal is challenging. Meanwhile, the over-reliance on conventional rock aggregates for asphalt mixture production poses increasing sustainability challenges. This study investigated the potential of entirely replacing granite aggregates with steel slag and PKSA in a dense-graded asphalt mixture. Two sets of asphalt mixtures were prepared; the control mixture contained crushed granite aggregate and hydrated lime, while the other set incorporated steel slag as coarse aggregate and PKSA as fine aggregate and filler. Both mixture types utilized AC-30 viscosity-graded asphalt binder. The properties of the waste materials met the quality standards required for aggregates in asphalt mixture production. Both mixture types were designed according to the Marshall design procedure and were evaluated for durability (Cantabro abrasion loss), fatigue cracking Resistance, rutting Resistance, and moisture damage susceptibility. The Cantabro abrasion loss test indicated that the waste-based mixture was 3% less durable than the control. However, the cracking Resistance of the waste-based mixture was approximately twice that of the control. Even though the rapid rutting test indicated that the control mixture was slightly superior in rutting Resistance, the Marshall quotient suggested otherwise. Both mixture types exhibited similar moisture damage resistance. Overall, the steel slag and PKSA samples have shown high potential to replace virgin granite aggregates and lime in asphalt mixtures fully and are, thus, recommended for field performance evaluation and possible adoption.

Fracture characteristics of SMA mixtures with hydrated lime through the semi-circular bending approach

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a composite mixture made up of high-quality crushed stone, fine aggregates, an asphalt binder, and a significant percentage of mineral filler in contrast to conventional mixtures. Renowned for its durability and rolling resistance, it is predominantly employed as a surface “wearing” course on main roads subjected to heavy traffic, but it can also be used as a binder course under specific project requirements. In this study, we investigated the effect of hydrated lime as a partial replacement of limestone filler at various concentrations on the mechanical and cracking resistance characteristics of 10-mm SMA mixtures. The semi-circular bending (SCB) test, which is pivotal for understanding the cracking mechanism was used to assess the mixtures performance-related response to this distress type. The mixture cores were produced with granite aggregates, limestone filler as natural filler, hydrated lime as natural filler replacement, and a 30/45 penetration asphalt type. Mixtures containing 1.1 %, 2.2 %, and 3.4 % of hydrated lime by weight of aggregates were evaluated, in addition to a control mixture without hydrated lime. The factors considered for comparing the mixtures included: load and deformation curves, stiffness, fracture toughness, fracture energy, and flexibility index of the mixtures. The experimental program also comprised a set of various test temperatures (0°C, 10°C, and 20°C) to better understand the cracking mechanism. Experimental results indicated a significant performance-dependency on the HL concentration and the test temperature. Precisely, it was found that the mixture with the highest hydrated lime content (3.4 %) exhibited the best cracking performance at 0°C and 20°C, making it a suitable filler replacement concentration. However, at 10°C, the mixture containing 2.2 % hydrated lime showed the most consistent performance overall, suggesting and important improvement in asphalt mixtures’ cracking resistance. Overall, these findings obtained from the SCB test approach substantiate the potential benefit of hydrated lime filler replacement in optimizing the cracking performance and durability of SMA mixtures under varying temperature conditions and loading regimes.

Utilising natural pigments as a filler replacement on the mix design, performance and colorimetric characteristics of the microsurfacing mixture: laboratory evaluation

Coloured pavements enhance road safety and urban aesthetics. This study examined the use of bitumen emulsion and natural pigments as replacements for natural filler in coloured microsurfacing mixtures (CMMs). Coloured powders and natural fillers were analyzed, and seven colour combinations of red, yellow, and blue pigments with titanium dioxide (TiO2) were used to create CMMs. Performance was evaluated according to ASTM D6372, while colour evaluation was assessed using a colorimetric system and a spectrophotometer device. The results revealed that the mixture containing the red pigment exhibited the most appropriate performance, which was based on its particle size and properties among the CMMs. Compared to the control sample, the red combination showed improved cohesion (9.3-9.5% increase), reduced moisture sensitivity (40.1% decrease), and less vertical displacement under traffic (14.5% reduction). TiO2 was beneficial for blue and red compounds at 1-3% content, while 1% TiO2 yielded optimal results for yellow compounds.

Recycling of magnesium oxychloride cement: Application of crushed MOC waste as a filler in the next-generation MOC composites

This study deals with magnesium oxychloride- (MOC-) based construction composites in which, a filler formed from end-of-life MOC-based composite recyclate is used as a partial or full replacement of standard quartz sand filler. The developed composites pose as a highly environmentally sustainable alternative to Portland cement (PC), which has dominated the global construction sector, largely due to its unique properties and adaptability to various conditions. As the PC industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, it is ultimately necessary to find a suitable alternative. In our study, we demonstrated that the proposed composite, even with a very high content of the MOC-based recyclate performs well concerning its mechanical parameters evidenced by compressive strength exceeding 64 MPa. The developed composites also yield a low water absorption of about 3.3 wt% and even when exposed to the harsh environment of 95 % RH for 7 days, their softening coefficient reaches values higher than 85 %. The acquired material parameters of the prepared composites make them suitable for application in the production of construction materials with high mechanical strength and acceptable resistance to the action of moisture. The approach which was taken, where MOC-based construction waste can be fully reutilized in the next generation of MOC composites as a filler represents a very promising route for the development of waste-free and CO2-neutral technology.

Functional and structural assessment of an experimental section gap graded modified with sugarcane bagasse ash

Gap-graded aggregate combined with asphalt rubber presents a high-performance alternative for roads with heavy traffic loads, offering advantages over conventional mixtures in terms of permanent deformation (rutting), fatigue life, and texture. In this study, the conventional filler in the well-established mixture was substituted with sugarcane bagasse bottom ash (SCBA) at a proportion of 5% of the total mineral aggregates. The objective was to enhance the mechanical performance of the asphalt coating while ensuring proper disposal of this waste material. Compared to conventional filler, SCBA is less dense, has smaller dimensions, and exhibits greater roughness, thereby affecting the volumetric parameters of the Marshall mix design. Consequently, the volume of voids in mineral aggregates and voids filled with asphalt increased while maintaining the same volume of air voids (5.3%). Consequently, there was a notable increase in Marshall Stability (40%) and Indirect Tensile Test (22%) mechanical parameters. Following laboratory analysis, the modified mixtures were applied as asphalt coating on a high-traffic highway (BR-158). Field specimens revealed an 18% increase in the Resilience Modulus (4088 MPa; 3478 MPa). Additionally, its Flow Number exhibited a 73% increase (16,707; 9681), and its permanent deformation rate was 28% lower within 10,000 cycles in the dynamic creep test. This was further supported by an 11% reduction in permanent deformation rate in the Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD) within 20,000 cycles (3.2 mm; 3.6 mm). In conclusion, the partial replacement of conventional filler with sugarcane bagasse ash within the established granulometric range has demonstrated technical feasibility both in laboratory and field settings.

Polyurethane Composites Recycling with Styrene-Acrylonitrile and Calcium Carbonate Recovery.

The glycolysis process of flexible polyurethane foams containing styrene-acrylonitrile and calcium carbonate as fillers was explored in detail. The use of DABCO as a catalyst allowed us to reduce the catalyst concentration and the polyurethane-to-glycol mass ratio to 0.1% and 1:1, respectively. The glycolysis process allowed us to obtain a high-purity polyol (99%), which can totally replace raw polyols in the synthesis of new flexible polyurethane foams, maintaining the standard mechanical properties of the original one and modifying the ratio of isocyanates employed to correct the closed cell structure caused by the impurities present in the recovered polyol. This isocyanate mixture was also optimized, resulting in a ratio of 30 and 70% of the isocyanates TDI80 and TDI65, respectively. Additionally, the fillers incorporated in the glycolyzed foams were recovered. Both recovered fillers, styrene-acrylonitrile and calcium carbonate, were fully characterized, showing a quality very similar to that of commercial compounds. Finally, the replacement of commercial fillers by the recovered ones in the synthesis of new polyurethane foams was studied, demonstrating the feasibility of using them in the synthesis of new foams without significantly altering their properties.

Role of Nanotitania Ceramic Particulate Filler on Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Dental Composite

Nanotitania is a well-acceptable material in biomedical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, its other performances in terms of physical properties, mechanical properties and specific wear rate have been the keen interest of researchers. The study aims to modify dental composite formulation by adding nanotitania filler in different mass fractions and study to investigate its influence on physical and mechanical properties. A conventional monomer matrix consisting of Bisphenol A-Glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), Camphor Quinone (CO), Ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB) was first added and modified with varying nanotitania filler fractions (0,0.5,1,1.5 wt. %). The performance of newly formulated composites was investigated in four major parameters like apparent porosity, hardness, compressive strength and specific wear rate. All tests are performed as per ISO4049 standard which are requirements for fabrication, characterization, direct/indirect restoration of dental composite, inlays, onlays, veneers, crowns and bridges. Specific wear rate was estimated using pin on disk tribometer under constant load of 20N. Due to its extremely hard and brittle nature, the micro-hardness and compressive strength of resin composite on adding 0.5 wt.-% of nanotitania filler fraction (DC0.5TiO2) were increased by 68% and 16% respectively. Using a pin on disc tribometer, a wear assessment has been performed and it was found that under constant wear parameters and distilled water environmental conditions, the specific wear rate was decreased by 26 % on adding 0.5 wt.-% mass fraction of nanotitania. Nanotitania indicated excellent performance based on mechanical and wear properties and hence, it can be suggested to use nanotitania as a novel filler of dental composite for the replacement of other non-biocompatible ceramic filler.

Research on the purification effect of major pollutants in water by modular constructed wetlands with different filler combinations.

Constructed wetland systems have been widely used in China due to their advantages of good treatment effect, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, traditional constructed wetlands have challenges in application such as deactivation due to filler clogging, difficulty in filler replacement and low adaptability. To address the above problems, this research proposes a modular filler design constructed wetland based on the concept of assembly construction, which can quickly replace the clogged filler without destroying the overall structure of the wetland. Four commonly used fillers were selected and applied to the pilot system of the assembled constructed wetland in this study, in order to investigate the purification effect of the constructed wetland system with different filler module combinations (CW1, CW2, CW3) on the simulated wastewater. The results showed that the filler combination CW1 was the best for the removal of NH4+-N, and for TP and COD, CW2 has the best removal effect. Therefore, the assembled constructed wetland is adjustable and substantially reduces the maintenance cost, which provides technical guidance for its application in engineering.

Performance evaluation of marble dust as a filler material in asphalt concrete in Peshawar, Pakistan

Marble dust generated during cutting, grinding, carving, and polishing is one of the significant sources of marble production. Due to its high production, it can be used as an alternative material and has been used as a filler replacement to retain outstanding usability. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of marble dust as filler in asphalt concrete. A mixed design was developed for asphalt concrete with marble dust. To assess the impact of various percentages of these industrial waste on the qualities of the asphalt filler matrix by contrasting it with the properties of the mix, including stone dust as filler, various tests like Marshall stability and flow, indirect tensile, wheel tracker and Resilience Modulus (RM) were carried out. The comparison results reveal that modified asphalt concrete has 1.63% more stability than normal concrete. Similarly, the indirect tensile test shows 23% more strength, the wheel tracker test shows low rutting depth for modified HMA and a 44% increase in MR. The bitumen extender marble dust infill reduces the ideal binder by 4.05%. As a result, marble dust can be used as a filler in asphalt concrete up to 4.5% with success, creating a stable, economical, and eco-friendly pavement.

Sustainable Application of Waste Sludges from the Wastewater Treatment Plant Generated during the Production of Heating Devices in the Construction Industry.

This research presented, for the first time, the results of the successful application of the waste press sludges, WSLP (plant for lacquer and paint) and WSEP (powdery enamel plant), from a wastewater treatment plant generated during heating device production in the construction industry. The results of WSEP characterization and its influence on cement paste, mortar, and concrete properties showed that this material could be used as a cement replacement (with a maximum replacement amount of 20%) in producing mortar and concrete. Although waste WSLP sludge does not possess pozzolanic properties and does not meet the criteria prescribed by the standards for application in mortar and concrete due to its chemical inertness and fineness, as well as its extended setting time, it can be used as a replacement for stone filler or other powdered mineral admixture in the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in amounts up to 100%, with a maximum quantity of up to 100 kg/m3. The obtained results indicate that with the appropriate conversion, waste sludges, despite representing hazardous waste, can be used as safe products in the construction industry; i.e., the waste material can become a useful and valuable raw material by applying (respecting) all of the principles of the green economy.

Sustainable geopolymers from polyethylene terephthalate waste and industrial by-products: a comprehensive characterisation and performance predictions

Several researchers have recently worked to create sustainable building materials. One of the fundamental prerequisites for sustainable construction methods and environmental impact assessments is the use of green building materials and manufacturing processes. In this research study, geopolymer bricks were developed using polyethylene terephthalate waste and different industrial by-products (rice husk ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, red mud, construction, and demolition waste) and investigated their performances. The polyethylene terephthalate waste was used as a replacement for sand filler in the geopolymer brick up to 100%. Key findings include a workability decrease of 14.75% and a compressive strength reduction of up to 75% with 100% plastic waste replacement, attributed to increased voids and weak geopolymer matrix interaction. Dry density consistently decreases, and water absorption rises to 13.73% with full sand replacement, indicating a porous structure. Impact resistance improves with plastic waste inclusion, enhancing ductility and thermal conductivity by 57% at full replacement. Microstructural analyses reveal correlations between physical–mechanical properties and changes in porosity, microcracks, and bond strength. Machine learning, especially linear regression, proves effective for strength parameter prediction (up to 100% efficacy, R-square of 0.998). The promising results obtained could offer a substantial environmentally friendly solution to the building and construction industry in line with Circular Economy principles.

Pengaruh Sekam Padi & Serbuk Kayu Sebagai Substitusi Filler pada Campuran Laston AC-WC

Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) is a flexible highway pavement, where this pavement is a combination of: Asphalt, fine aggregate coarse aggregate, and (filler). In this study, the replacement of Portland cement filler was carried out as an experiment with alternative materials, namely rice husk ash and wood sawdust. Where in this research mixture the percentage of cement filler is 2% replaced using 2% SP ash, 2% SK ash, 1% SP ash: 1% SK ash, in terms of Marshall properties In accordance with the standard requirements of General Specifications 2010 (revision 3) Section 6.3 Hot bituminous mix. From the Marshall test results, the highest stability value was 938.71 kg and a flow value of 2.83 mm by substituting 2% SP ash filler, where the resistance was better than the standard 2% cement filler mixture with a stability value of only 889.68 kg . The VIM value obtained was 3.57%, although it met the standard, the VIM value indicated that the 2% rice husk ash filler substitution mixture was not watertight. It can be seen that the high VMA value of 23.30% indicates the large number of cavities in the AC-WC mixture. Where the greater the percentage of VIM and VMA, the lower the adhesiveness of the asphalt mixture by substituting Cement filler using SP ash, as evidenced by the VFA value of only 52.41% which does not meet standard specifications, because the voids created will be filled with air or water. Replacement of 2% SP ash filler obtained a Marshall Quotient value of 333.70 kg/mm which met the specification standard, namely Min 250 kg/mm but higher than the normal 2% cement filler mixture which was only 258.23 kg/mm.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ КОМПОЗИТОВ С ПОЛИМЕРНОЙ ФАЗОЙ ПОЛИЛАКТИДА И КОСТРОЙ КОНОПЛИ

As a result of the study the indicators of key physical and mechanical properties and biodegradation potential of composites with polymer phase of polylactide and technical hemp shives were determined, the properties of composites based on polylactide with technical hemp shives and reference materials with wood flour were compared. It is established that composites with hemp shives demonstrate on the average higher values of density, Shore hardness and bending strength, as well as lower water absorption at higher values of the wetting angle. The stiffness of samples with hemp shives practically does not change when the filler content is increased up to 30 wt. %, and increases with further increase in the degree of filling. The impact toughness of composites with hemp shives significantly exceeds the parameters of analogs based on polylactide and wood flour. In addition, the increase in the content of hemp shives, in contrast to technical wood flour, has practically no negative effect on the impact toughness of composites. Introduction of wood flour into the composition of polylactide leads to a sharp increase in water absorption, while the water absorption of samples with hemp shives does not exceed 2% regardless of the degree of filling. Replacement of wood filler with hemp shives in the composition of the composite leads to a significant decrease in the mass loss index after aging in the active soil for 30 days. In general, composites with polylactide polymer phase and hemp shives are superior to analogs with wood flour in terms of physical and mechanical properties. Lower biodegradation potential can be both an advantage and a significant disadvantage for composites with technical hemp shives.

Assessing the Reasons for Motivation of Patients Seeking Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Procedures in Saudi Arabia

Background: Humans have always sought self-fulfillment by improving their appearance. Cosmetic operations increased in number to fill this need. The study aimed to assess the reasons for the motivation of patients seeking minimal invasive cosmetic procedures. Methods and material: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to May in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was adapted from another study. The data was cleaned, coded, and entered using SPSS. Proportions were calculated and bivariate. Data were tested by the suitable test of significance. Results: Out of 1026 participants, 87% were females and 13% were males. 56.8% of participants were 18-24 years old. Almost half of the participants had a major change in professional or personal life in the last year, but this was not significant with having the motivation to seek minimally invasive cosmetic procedures (P= 0.767). Out of the responders,41.7% and 21.9% think that cosmetic treatment will moderately or significantly affect their appearance. The most received cosmetic treatments were dermal filler replacement and Botox, 30.2% and 20.6% respectively. The mostly aged facial features were eyes related or around the eyes in 64.1% and neck related in 13.7%. History of prior facial cosmetic procedures was found in 11.4%. The most expected complications of Botox were bruises in 65.3%. The most expected complication of dermal filler was swelling at 69.9%. Conclusion: Our study found that middle-aged women were the most to undergo a cosmetic procedure. Most of the responders that were treated had learned about the treatments online. Social media was most frequently used by our patients.

Evaluation of the Stability and Flow of Asphalt Concrete Produced with Waste Brick Tile Powder as a Filler

The utilization of recycled brick tile powder as a replacement for conventional filler in the asphalt concrete mix has been studied in this research. This research evaluates the effectiveness of recycled brick tile powder and determines its optimum replacement level. Using recycled brick tile powder is significant from an environmental standpoint as it is a waste product from construction activities. Sixteen asphalt concrete samples were produced, and eight were soaked for a day. Samples contained 5% Bitumen, 2% to 5% brick tile powder, and conventional stone dust filler. The properties of samples were evaluated using the Marshall test. It was observed that the resistance to stiffness and deformation of asphalt concrete was increased by 99% when the conventional filler was replaced with brick tile powder. The resistance to deformation decreases as the percentage of brick tile powder increases while Marshall stability values increase significantly. At an optimum content of 4% recycled brick tile powder as filler, the Marshall stability is increased by 123%. Based on this investigation, it is established that brick tile powder can be effectively used in asphaltic concrete as a filler. This presents a sustainable solution to waste utilization and pavement performance.

Investigating the Influence of Rigden Void of Fillers on the Moisture Damage of Asphalt Mixtures

Moisture damage and bond loss are major factors in pavement degradation, often stemming from excessive moisture accumulation due to weather events. Water infiltrates the gap between asphalt binder and aggregate, weakening the asphalt bond. Rigden Void (RV) has emerged as a crucial parameter in assessing the susceptibility of asphalt mastic-aggregate systems to moisture-induced damage. However, numerous waste natural fillers have been researched as potential aggregate filler replacements, yet their role in moisture damage remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to understand how different fillers, including waste natural materials like coconut peat and bagasse, affect asphalt mixture performance and moisture damage. Results showed that Rigden Voids were positively correlated with pore size and negatively correlated with surface area. Larger pores contributed to higher Rigden Voids, while greater surface areas led to lower values. Limestone had the highest Rigden Void percentage due to its larger pore size and lower surface area. The research also explored contact parameters between fillers and asphalt, revealing varying interactions based on filler and asphalt types. Moisture damage testing demonstrated that all mixtures, both dense and porous, displayed good resistance to moisture damage. The correlation analysis between Rigden Voids and moisture damage revealed varying degrees of influence, dependent on asphalt type and aggregate gradation. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-12-014 Full Text: PDF

ANALYSIS OF MARSHALL CHARACTERISTICS WITH FLY ASH MATERIAL FOR STONE DUST SUBSTITUTION AS FILLER IN HRS-WC MIXTURE

Lataston asphalt mix is a thin layer of asphalt concrete that is often used on light-traffic roads because it produces roads with good flexibility and durability. An economical way of doing this is to vary the asphalt mix, especially by modifying fillers, to improve the quality of the road pavement and asphalt mix. So, an alternative was found, namely the use of fly ash, residue from the Asam-Asam PLTU. The filler material for fly ash which will be varied with the filler for stone dust, plays a role in filling the voids between aggregate grains in the Hot Rolled Sheet-Wearing Course (HRS-WC) mixture with each predetermined composition. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the HRS-WC asphalt mixture with respect to the utilization rate of rock dust and fly ash fillers. To find out the characteristics of a HRS-WC mixture with mixed variations of the two fillers, the method that will be used is the Marshall Test by analyzing each characteristic of the parameters to be obtained in accordance with the 2018 Revised Highways Specifications II Year 2018 to make the mixture hot asphalt. The bitumen content used in this study was 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, and 6.5%, with varying levels of fly ash and rock dust filler, namely 100%: 0%, 80%: 20%, 50%: 50%, 20%: 80%, and 0%: 100%. The results of the Marshall characteristic calculation analysis show that the asphalt mixture with lataston is very influential in the substitution of rock ash as a fly ash filler. Lataston asphalt mixture tends to be stiff and easily cracked because it has a high stability value of 1,615.38 kg and the lowest flow value of 4.10% in the 100% fly ash filler variation. At optimal asphalt content, the HRS-WC asphalt mixture for each variation in the range of fly ash and rock dust produces a decreased asphalt content because the water absorption capacity of rock dust is less than that of fly ash filler, so less asphalt is needed. In addition, the HRS-WC asphalt mixture also shows increasing durability, along with the replacement of rock dust filler with fly ash filler, which can be seen from the increased stability values, MQ values, and VFB values.

Road performance evaluation of prestressed high-strength concrete pile waste powder as alternative filler in asphalt concrete

As a kind of solid waste, using Prestressed High-Strength Concrete Pile Waste Concrete (PPWC) as the replacement for limestone filler in asphalt concrete can not only reduce the accumulation of PPWC and increase its utilization but also avoid the increased road construction costs and environmental degradation associated with limestone mining. This study aims to investigate the effect of using PPWC filler to replace limestone filler on the road performance of asphalt concrete. Firstly, PPWC was ground into filler particles with a diameter less than 0.075 mm. The particle characteristics such as surface morphology, particle size distribution and chemical composition of PPWC filler and limestone filler were compared. Then, PPWC filler was used to replace limestone filler with different volume fractions to prepare asphalt concrete, and the water damage resistance, high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature crack resistance, fatigue resistance and adhesion performance of asphalt concrete were tested. The results showed that PPWC filler has a smaller particle size and rougher surface than limestone filler, and it contains Ca(OH)2 produced by hydration. The addition of PPWC filler can effectively improve the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete without reducing its water damage resistance. PPWC filler can improve the high-temperature rutting resistance and low-temperature crack resistance of asphalt concrete, but reduce its low-temperature fatigue resistance. The low content of PPWC filler will enhance the adhesion between asphalt mortar and aggregate. However, when the content of PPWC filler exceeds 50%, Ca (OH)2 in PPWC will reduce the adhesion between acid asphalt mortar and alkaline basalt aggregate. Therefore, the use of PPWC as filler in asphalt mixtures provides a reliable solution for the sustainable development of road materials.

Laboratory Evaluation of Porous Asphalt Mixtures with Cellulose Ash or Combustion Soot as a Filler Replacement

Porous asphalt (PA) mixtures have become a common and very useful pavement technology for preventing dangerous driving conditions in wet weather and as a permeable surface in permeable pavement systems due to their capacity to filter water. The increased social awareness of sustainability matters has expanded the interest in reducing the impact of construction materials on the environment, mainly by using recycled materials in their composition and, hence, reducing the depletion of raw materials. In this research, two innovative recycled filler materials, namely, cellulose ash (CA) and combustion soot (CS), have been used as a total filler replacement in PA mixtures to look for improved mechanical strengths and characteristics. Four different filler dosages were assessed for each filler material, and the produced PA mixtures were tested for their particle loss, water sensitivity, freeze–thaw durability, Marshall stability, resilient modulus and permeability in order to obtain a full picture of their performance. The obtained results showed that both filler materials, adequately dosed, can generate PA mixtures that significantly overcome reference mechanical values for PA mixtures that maintain adequate infiltration capacities to satisfy the main international standards, proving to be suitable replacements for conventional filler materials commonly used in asphalt mixture production.

Utilization of Steel Slag Waste as Construction Materials of Rigid Pavements

Roads play an important role in realizing the development and distribution of development results in certain areas. Pavement performance shows a decreased durability over time-related to how long the pavement construction can carry out its functions without experiencing fatal damage. This study aims to identify the effect of using steel slag as a substitute for filler with steel slag content of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% on concrete compressive and flexural strength values. This study used an experimental method by conducting experiments for testing the compressive and flexural strength of concrete specimens. The results showed that the use of steel slag as a substitute for filler obtained the average compressive strength value of MPa, 21.87 MPa, 22.17 MPa, and 28.47 MPa in concrete aged 28 days with steel slag content of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% 25.07 respectively. The average flexural strength of concrete aged 28 days with steel slag content of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% were 3.84 MPa, 2.83 MPa, 3.41 MPa, and 4.09 MPa respectively. The composition of 3% steel slag was the optimal composition as a filler replacement material. The pozzolanic properties of steel slag could increase the durability and density of the concrete specimen, but it required a long curing time and the increase in the initial strength of concrete slows down.