Replacement Of Diesel Research Articles

Lewis Acid-Base Site-Assisted In Situ Transesterification Catalysis to Produce Biodiesel

Biodiesel, a potent replacement for petroleum diesel, is derived from fatty acids in biomass through transesterification, which is renewable, non-toxic, and biodegradable and is a powerful replacement for petroleum diesel. Lewis acid has been proven effective for esterification and transesterification. The Lewis base enhances the electrophilic and nucleophilic properties of the molecules that bind to it, leading to the remarkable versatility of the Lewis base catalytic reaction. Many studies have shown that Lewis acid/base catalyzed in situ transesterification is a fast and environmentally friendly method for producing biodiesel. The utilization of Lewis acid-base sites to catalyze transesterification has been shown to enhance their efficiency and utilization of acid-base active sites. This review explores biodiesel production by different catalysts using Lewis acid-base sites, the conditions for catalytic transesterification, the effects of different reaction parameters on biodiesel production, and the biodiesel production process.

Mobile laboratory measurements of air pollutants in Baltimore, MD elucidate issues of environmental justice

ABSTRACT The City of Baltimore, MD has a history of problems with environmental justice (EJ), air pollution, and the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Current chemical transport models lack the resolution to simulate concentrations on the scale needed, about 100 m, to identify the neighborhoods with anomalously high air pollution levels. In this paper we introduce the capabilities of a mobile laboratory and an initial survey of several pollutants in Baltimore to identify which communities are exposed to disproportionate concentrations of air pollution and to which species. High concentrations of black carbon (BC) stood out at some locations – near major highways, downtown, and in the Curtis Bay neighborhood of Baltimore. Results from the mobile lab are confirmed with longer-term, low-cost monitoring. In Curtis Bay, higher concentrations of BC were measured along Pennington Ave. (mean [5th to 95th percentiles] = 2.08 [2.0–10.9] μg m−3) than along Curtis Ave. just ~ 150 m away (0.67[0.1 – 1.8] μg m−3). Other species, including criteria pollutants ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), showed little gradient. Observations with high spatial and temporal resolution help isolate the mechanisms leading to locally high pollutant concentrations. The difference in BC appears to result not from heavier truck traffic or slower dispersion but from the interruptions in traffic flow. Pennington Ave. has three stoplights while Curtis Ave. has none. As heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles accelerate, they experience turbo-lag and the resulting rich air-fuel mixture exacerbates BC emissions. Immediate mediation might be achieved through smoother traffic flow, and the long-term solution through replacing heavy-duty trucks with electric vehicles. Implications: We present results documenting the locations within Baltimore of high concentrations of Black Carbon pollution and identify the likely source – diesel exhaust emissions exacerbated by stop-and-go traffic and associated turbo-lag. This suggests solutions (smoother traffic, retrofit particulate filters, replacement of diesel with electric vehicles) that would enhance Environmental Justice (EJ) and could be applied to other cities with EJ problems. Synopsis: This paper presents observations of atmospheric black carbon aerosol showing impacts on environmental justice, then identifies causes and suggests solutions.

Diesel Control Strategy in Dual-Fuel Engine

Dual-fuel engines are capable of operating using a mixture of two different fuels. Generally, the primary fuel is a gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG, Hydrogen), while diesel is used as a pilot ignition source, i.e. functioning on heat of compression and not a spark plug. There have been a few dual-fuel engine strategies to control the speed of the engine based on varying loads, but these require the addition of complex mechanisms to the existing systems. This paper discloses a methodology for controlling the diesel quantity during dual-fuel operation. According to the engine speed and accelerator pedal position, a gaseous fuel injector in the system injects a predetermined quantity of gaseous fuel. Based on the regulated quantity of gaseous fuel, the intake manifold creates an air-gas fuel mixture. The air-gaseous fuel mixture and a metered quantity of diesel are delivered to the combustion chamber via the intake manifold, fuel injection pump, and other components. The governor and fuel injection pump work together to measure the quantity of diesel according to speed and load conditions. During dual-fuel operation, the governor regulates engine speed by controlling the quantity of diesel delivered to the engine based on speed and load conditions. Keywords: Dual-fuel, Control Strategies, Off-Road Engines, Combustion, Emissions, Diesel Replacement

Ammonia energy fraction effect on the combustion and reduced NOX emission of ammonia/diesel dual fuel

With stringent regulations of internal combustion engine on reducing CO2 emission, ammonia has been used as an alternative fuel. Investigating how engine-related performance is affected by partial ammonia replacement of diesel fuel is essential for understanding the combustion. Therefore, in this study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation model is developed for the burning of two fuels of diesel and ammonia based on relevant parameters (i.e., compression ratio, load, ammonia energy fraction, etc.) in a lab-made diesel engine. The consequences of load and compression proportion on combustion and pollutant emissions are investigated for ammonia energy fractions between 50% and 90%. When the ammonia portion rises, the increased ammonia equivalent ratio causes ammonia to move away from the dilute combustion boundary and accelerates the combustion rate of ammonia. An increase in compression ratio significantly increases the specified thermal performance and combustion efficacy. When the compression ratio is 16, as the ammonia energy fractions increases, due to the increase in the proportion of ammonia, that is, the proportion of nitrogen atoms increases, more NOx is generated during the combustion process. When the ammonia substitution rate is 90%, as the compression ratio increases, the cylinder pressure and temperature increase. The combustion efficiency of ammonia increases, generating more NOx and NOx emissions can reach 0.66 mg/m3. At a compression ratio of 18, the NOx emissions can reach 1.59 mg/m3. However, under medium and low load conditions, as the ammonia fraction increases, the total energy of fuel decreases, and the combustion efficiency of ammonia decreases, resulting in a decrease in the heat released during combustion and a decrease in NOx emissions. When the ammonia substitution rate is 90% and the load is 25%, NOx emissions reach 0.1 mg/m3. This research provides theoretical suggestions for the profitable and use ammonia fuel in internal combustion engines in a clean manner.

An experimental study on the thermal efficacy, combustion and exhaust characteristics of a CRDI CI engine fueled with a novel pedicel biodiesel

<p>In contemporary industrialization, the prevalent occurrence of energy crises and emissions poses significant challenges, necessitating the exploration of alternative fuel sources and the implementation of measures to minimize hazardous emissions. These efforts are crucial for attaining the sustainable development goals set forth by the United Nations. The current study is to empirically examine the effects of a newly developed biofuel on the operational characteristics of a CRDI engine this investigation will involve the utilization of different mixtures of pedicel oil at various brake mean effective pressures. The generation of oil from bio-waste collected from industry in Guntur Mirchi-yard, pedicel of dried hot paprika or chili using Soxhlet extraction method. After the synthesis, the characterization of Pedicel bio-oil (PBO) is done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) and results are estimated using standard ASTM methods. After characterization, bio-oil is converted to pedicel bio-diesel (PBD) using a transesterification process. When the engine was operated using a combination of 80% diesel and 20% pedicel oil (referred to as the D80B20 blend), it resulted in a notable improvement in brake thermal efficiency by 1.6%. Additionally, this blend led to a reduction in emissions of oxides of nitrogen by 6.7%. However, it is worth noting that smoke levels marginally increased under full-load conditions with a 500 bar fuel injection pressure (FIP). The D80B20 fuel mixture exhibited a 7% reduction in hydrocarbon emissions compared to pure diesel fuel when the engine was operating at maximum load with an ignition timing of 23 ̊ before the top dead center. This numerical analysis clearly shows that D80B20 at IT 23 ̊ bTDC and FIP 500 bar give better results. Although it doesn't need any engine adaptations, the biodiesel made from leftover chili pedicel is a viable diesel replacement fuel.</p>

Performance and environmental sustainability studies on a dual-fuel IC engine working with producer gas of variable calorific values from rural biomass.

Decentralized power generation using renewable gaseous biofuels faces challenges due to their inconsistent quality and availability. Mixing producer gas (PG) with diesel as a secondary fuel is a promising option, but the non-stable calorific value (CV) of PG from different biomasses poses a serious problem for the efficient operation of a dual-fuel engine. This study aims to examine how the CV of PG from various biomasses affects a 3.75-kW dual-fuel IC engine's performance. The experimental facility, which has a dual-fuel engine and a 115-kW thermal gasifier, tested the blends of diesel and PG from different biomasses. We chose biomass based on its availability and PG's CV of 3.4, 4.4, 5.2, and 6.3MJ/Nm3. For this range of CV, the efficiency, energy consumption, and fuel replacement of a dual-fuel engine vary between 20.9 and 26.6%, 17.3 and 13.5MJ/kWh, and 10.8 and 76.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the blend with the maximum CV of PG had a 69.64% lower specific diesel consumption and an 86% higher diesel replacement rate than the blend with the lowest CV of PG. In terms of emission characteristics, the comparison showed a 2.02-7.06% reduction in NOx and a 4.05-55.6% increase in hydrocarbons (HCs) for the tested conditions. The overall observations demonstrated that a significant enhancement in a dual-fuel engine's performance is possible with a higher CV of PG. However, the emissions trade-offs demand additional optimization studies, as well as case-based research, in order to integrate renewable energy and emission management in smaller-scale applications across more geographies.

Environmental emission characteristics of diesel engine performance using biodiesel by cotton and pumpkin seed

<p>The hunt for alternative fuels that may be utilized in place of conventional fuels is intensifying quickly since the availability of fossil fuels is dwindling daily. In this work, biodiesel derived from pumpkin and cotton seed oils is presented for use as diesel engine fuel. Related to diesel, the calorific value of this precise biodiesel is low. In a 4-stroke diesel engine, four mixes (B0, B25, B50, B75 and B100) of biodiesel were evaluated. The engine's emissions and combustion results were contrasted with the diesels. When all blended fuels are related to diesel fuel, the test repercussions illustrate a small increase in the thermal efficiency of the brakes and a decrease in the consumption of fuel specifically for the brake. Emissions of Carbon monoxide and the usage of biodiesel subsequent in a reduction in hydrocarbon emissions and an upsurge in carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. The experiment's results showed that biodiesel, which is derived from these seed oils, maybe a useful diesel replacement for compression ignition engines.</p>

Experimental investigation of ternary blends on performance, and emission behaviors of a modified low-heat rejection CI engine

This study investigated the performance, combustion, and emissions of a modified low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine fueled with a blend of 90 % coconut waste cooking oil (CWCO) biodiesel and 10 % diethyl ether (DEE). The engine combustion chamber components were coated with 300 μm lanthanum-doped partially stabilized zirconia for thermal insulation. Engine testing was performed at varied loads from 0 to 100 % using an eddy current dynamometer. Exhaust emissions, including hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke were measured. Compared to conventional diesel, the CWCO-DEE blend showed a 3 % higher brake thermal efficiency of 33.4 % and 2.42 % lower brake-specific fuel consumption at full load. HC, CO, and smoke emissions decreased by 18 % (39 ppm), 11 %, and 19 % at higher loads with the blend. However, NOx emissions increased slightly by 21.2 %. The DEE compensated for CWCO's lower cetane number and viscosity, while the LHR coating enhanced combustion by providing thermal insulation, raising exhaust gas temperatures by 13 %. The improved efficiency and reduced emissions demonstrate the potential of optimized biodiesel-additive blends in conjunction with LHR engine modifications to sustainably utilize inexpensive waste cooking oil feedstocks as renewable diesel replacements. However, further optimization of blend compositions, additives, and coatings is needed to balance performance benefits against possible NOx increases. This study highlights a promising combined approach leveraging engine design and fuel advancements.

Comparative analysis of energy, exergy, emission, and sustainability aspects of third generation microalgae biodiesels in a diesel engine

Third-generation biodiesel produced from various microalgae species is being researched for its production, conversion, compatibility, sustainability, and environment-friendly behaviour for the diesel engine as a replacement of conventional diesel fuel. The present work is conducted with the objective of analysing a clean, green, and sustainable microalgae biodiesel for energy, exergy, emission, and sustainability assessment in a diesel engine system, along with the evaluation of air quality in terms of emission analysis for assessing its impact on climate. The fuel samples from diesel and the three microalgae species, viz., Chlorella emersonii, Euglena sanguinea, and Spirulina, are designated as DF100, CE100, ES100, and SP100, respectively. The engine behaviour is assessed and compared at 1500 rpm under 17.5 compression ratio with 25–100 % engine load. DF100 achieves the maximum energy and energy efficiency of 32.76 % and 30.74 %, respectively, and a varied range of 27.32–30.37 % and 25.28–28.10 % with microalgae biodiesels. The air quality is improved with the reduction of PM emissions by 15.82–27.09 % at the cost of improved nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 11.03–15.55 %. The sustainability index is highest for DF100 (1.247–1.444), and among biodiesel fuel samples, it is highest for SP100 (1.233–1.391) at all engine loads. These results point to the possibility of microalgae-derived biodiesel blends as feasible diesel fuel substitutes, providing environmentally friendly and effective solutions for internal combustion engines.

A Novel PETG Microchannel Reactor for Microwave-Powered Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel stands at the forefront as a replacement for fossil diesel in compression ignition engines, particularly in the transportation sector where diesel engines are the primary movers. However, biodiesel production is hampered by poor heat and mass transfer during the transesterification reaction, leading to long production times and high costs due to inefficient energy utilisation. This study targets heat and mass transfer issues during the production of biodiesel via a synergic approach that combines microwave-assisted heating and microfluidics via a polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) microchannel reactor. The transesterification reaction of palm oil and methanol was investigated using a full factorial design of experiments (DOE) method. Biodiesel yield was quantified via gas chromatographic analysis, and the results were optimised using statistical analysis. Optical analysis of slug quantification within the microchannel revealed that small slugs, smaller than 1 mm, accelerated the transesterification reaction. The composite-optimised experimental results, aimed at minimising energy costs and environmental impacts while maximising fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield, indicate a reaction temperature of 50 °C, a catalyst loading of 1.0 wt.%, and a 3:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. Regression analysis revealed that the reaction temperature was statistically insignificant when utilising the PETG microchannel reactor. This key finding positively impacts biodiesel production as it relates to significantly reduced energy intensity, costs, and emissions. Overall, this research work paves a pathway toward an energy-efficient and sub-minute rapid transesterification reaction, highlighting the effectiveness of microwave heat delivery and effects of microfluidics via the PETG microchannel reactor in overcoming heat and mass transfer barriers in biodiesel production.

Numerical optimization and experimental investigation of renewable diethyl ether-fueled off-road CI engines for sustainable transportation

Cleaner energy generation on light-duty off-road diesel engines is one of the objectives of this study, which utilizes renewable diethyl ether (DEE) as a replacement for diesel to minimize the reliance on fossil diesel fuel. In an air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine, various DEE mixes of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% were attempted and evaluated under varying loads (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in an effort to enhance the performance and emission characteristics of agriculture diesel engines and lower the environmental effect of harmful emissions. The injection pressure was optimized using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and performance and emission outcomes were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) techniques. The experimental results found that brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were enhanced for a higher proportion of DEE blends under increasing loads. In addition, increasing the engine load decreased CO emissions while increasing carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Reduced CO, NOx, and HC emissions and increased CO2 were realized in the blended fuel samples compared to those of pure diesel fuel at increasing DEE percentages. In summary, the utilization of a 15% DEE blend and the optimization of the injection pressure to 210 bar resulted in a notable improvement of 10% in thermal efficiency and a decrease in emissions by 5% when compared to other parameters.

Study on the Performance and Emissions of Triple Blends of Diesel/Waste Plastic Oil/Vegetable Oil in a Diesel Engine: Advancing Eco-Friendly Solutions

To provide technical and economical solutions regarding management of plastic waste, which is constantly increasing worldwide, this study addresses the possibility of using plastic oils (PO) obtained from these plastic wastes as biofuels. To this end, the replacement of the fossil diesel employed in internal combustion diesel engines with triple diesel/PO/vegetable oil mixtures has been investigated. Sunflower (SO) and castor oil (CO) mixed with PO in the most appropriate proportion are evaluated as pure vegetable oils (SVO). Thus, diesel/PO/SVO triple blends were prepared, characterized, and then tested on a diesel engine operating as electricity generator, evaluating power output, consumption, and exhaust emissions. The obtained results show that, with the incorporation of relatively small quantities of pure, non-edible vegetable oils, in double mixtures of PO/SO and PO/CO, an effective alternative fuel for transport is obtained, that allows for 100% of fossil diesel to be replaced. In fact, with these double PO/SVO biofuel mixtures, higher engine power values and lower consumption levels are obtained than those achieved with fossil diesel. Regarding exhaust emissions, these are produced with a slightly greater opacity than with fossil diesel, but there are lower values of carbon gases as a whole (CO + CO2) and in NOx gases.

A systematic decision-making approach to optimizing microgrid energy sources in rural areas through diesel generator operation and techno-economic analysis: A case study of Baron Technopark in Indonesia

Microgrid systems are part of the most reliable energy supply technologies for rural communities that do not have access to electricity but the system is generally dominated by diesel generators (DG). The implementation of de-dieselization programs to ensure efficient diesel operations requires addressing several scenarios such as the replacement of diesel completely with 100% renewable energy sources at a significant cost. The design and selection of appropriate configuration, as well as operating patterns, need to be considered in adopting economical and reliable microgrid systems. Therefore, this study aimed to design an optimal configuration and operational pattern for microgrid systems for the frontier, outermost, and least developed (3T) regions using Baron Techno Park (BTP) in Indonesia as a case study. The optimization was conducted through HOMER software combined with benefit-cost analysis and the focus was on daily load variations, selection of control algorithms, reconfiguration of the power supply system, and setting of the diesel generator operating hours. The results showed that the optimum configuration was achieved using loads of resort, 24 kWp of PV, 288 kWh of BESS, load-following (LF) as dispatch controller, and 25 kVa of DG. Moreover, the proposed microgrid system produced 12% excess energy, 36% renewable fraction (RF), 13.25 tons reduction in CO2 emissions per year, $0.28 LCOE per kWh, $250,478 NPC, and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 0.89. It also had a potential energy efficiency savings of 55.56% and a cost efficiency of 20.95% compared to existing system configurations. In conclusion, the study showed that the addition of DG to microgrid systems in 3T areas was more optimal than using only PV and batteries. An effective operating schedule for the DG was also necessary to improve RF and reduce expenses. Furthermore, other energy storage devices considered less expensive than batteries could be introduced to improve the economics of microgrid systems in the 3T region.

Evaluation of emissions and efficiency of corn biodiesel compared to diesel

The fuel sector has been facing sharp fluctuations in prices, including diesel oil, due to turbulence in the global market caused by the conflict between Ukraine and Russia. A promising alternative to address energy issues is to adopt energy generation from fuels derived from vegetable oils. These fuels, produced with local and renewable raw materials, have a lower environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and emissions of a diesel engine in power generation, operating with varying proportions of corn-based fuels. Blends composed of a mixture of corn biodiesel and diesel oil were tested, in the proportions: B5, B10, B15, B20, B50, B70, B90 and B100. The 8 kVA engine was rated up to 6000 W. The increase in corn biodiesel resulted in lower consumption and reduced CO and CO² emissions. Such results indicate the technical feasibility of corn biodiesel blends as partial replacements for traditional diesel.

Enhanced Mixing Towards the Production of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by In Situ Transesterification of Eucheuma Cottonii: Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis

Biodiesel is one of the alternative replacements for the conventional fossil fuel-based diesel as the demand for energy is increasing with the increasing world population. The production of biodiesel (also known as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)) from macroalgae (E. cottonii) is the focus in this study. Conventionally, production of FAME from macroalgae will be carried out through the two-step transesterification processes, which consists of extraction of algal oil (lipids and free fatty acids) and subsequent transesterification step. However, the two-step transesterification method is time and energy consuming processes and thus ways to enhance the production yield of the biodiesel produced are being studied. This paper concentrates on utilization of enhanced mixing technique via in situ transesterification (ISTE) process in FAME production which elucidate the effects of reaction time and mixing intensity. The ISTE reaction was carried out at the ratio of biomass: Methanol (MeOH): Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) (w/v/v) of 1:20:5 and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. The total reaction time for the reaction was 90 minutes, where samples were collected at 30 minutes interval. The increase in reaction time and mixing intensity gave a significant positive impact on the production of FAME. At 90 minutes of reaction time and impeller rotational speed of 900rpm, the maximum amount of methyl palmitate and methyl stearate produced were 0.5729 wt% and 0.0559 wt% respectively. The results of contour of volume fraction (VF) of palmitic acid obtained from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis from the Aspen Fluent Software is in good agreement to the experimental results of the study.

Review on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine Fueling Non-Edible Vegetable Oil

The tremendous exhaustion of resources, a surprising price increase of petroleum fuel and worldwide ecological issues implement to find renewable fuel for compression ignition engine. Non-edible vegetable oils have proven consensus to opt as a replacement for diesel fuel due to comparable properties and less-pollutant characteristics. Using Unmixed Untreated Non-edible Vegetable Oil (UUNVO) in the CI engine matches the needs of a sustainable future and restricts the intensifying cost involved in biodiesel production. This paper aims to review the influence of various UUNVO (Karanja, Jatropha, Neem, Linseed, Mahua and Rubber Seed etc.) on the important performance parameters and emission level of diesel engine. UUNVO can be fuelled to the unmodified CI engine. However, the viscosity of UUNVO is reasonably higher compare to diesel fuel at room temperature, which deteriorates the engine performance and exhaust emission. Minor changes in the injection line for preheating the UUNVO and operating parameters are the way to improve it. It can clearly understand here that preheated UUNVOs typically increase NOx emissions and decrease PM, HC, and CO emissions level compared to standard diesel. UUNVO can substitute diesel fuel completely for short-duration operation. With the long-duration operation, UUNVO produces problems like poor engine performance, injector chocking, and erosion of piston crown, rings, cylinder liner, and other internal parts, and degradation of the lubricant. Problems raised due to durability can be minimized by controlling operational parameters.

Improvement of the production of bio-oil and biodiesel from Egyptian Jatropha seeds by using microwave and ultrasonic

Bio-diesel is used for engine as a replacement of diesel fuel which is characterized by lower emission, low pollution and renewable some of fuel. This study focus on how to enhance the production of bio-oil from Jatropha seeds by using microwave and ultrasonic as pre-treatments. To achieve that, the effects of extraction temperature (60, 80, 100 and 120 °C) and extraction screw speed (60, 90 and 120 rpm) on oil extraction yield and quality, extraction energy requirements and extraction time and were studied. Studying the effect of pretreatments by microwave and ultrasonic on the yield, energy and time of extraction were studied. The results most important indicate that the highest oil yield (25.1%) was recorded at 120 °C extraction temperature and 60 rpm screw speed. The energy required for extraction ranged from 8 to 11.5 W.h depending on temperature and speed of extraction. The results indicated that using both pretreatments improve the oil yield by 5.03% for microwave and by 6.75% for ultrasonic. Finally, the results concluded that to produce 1 kg of biodiesel you need 1.1 kg raw oil and consume from 2052.5 W.h energy requirement.

Analysis of metal concentration, performance and noise emissions of the CI engine

Biodiesel is a substitute for diesel fuel and is highly required to control global warming and reduce dependence on limited petroleum reserves. Replacement of diesel fuel is unavoidable due to the depletion of oil reserves and environmental threats to existing life on the earth. This study used single-cylinder, four-stroke Compression Ignition (CI) engines for experimental work. An endurance test was conducted on the engine using diesel fuel (D100) and biodiesel blended fuel for 105 hours at 1300 rpm. During the endurance test, a multi-elemental of lubricant oil was conducted. It was found that the average wear concentration in lubricant oil was lower in biodiesel blended fuel than in diesel fuel. In this regard, elemental reduction was observed as AL (38.8%), Cr (67.7%), Fe (58.2%) and Mn (17.89%), respectively. Besides this, higher viscosity and density of lubricant oil were observed on B30 compared to D100. Furthermore, engine performance was determined and resulted from low brake thermal efficiency in diesel compared to biodiesel. The engine’s noise was also calculated during operating hours at various positions such as front, left and back. It was determined that it was reduced at the mentioned positions for B30 compared to D100.

AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL METANOGÊNICO DE CHORUME GERADO EM ATERRO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS DOMICILIARES: O CASO DO CONSÓRCIO INTERMUNICIPAL DO PONTAL DO PARANAPANEMA (CIPP)

Leachate is a liquid produced by the decomposition of organic and inorganic waste in landfills and can pollute soil and groundwater, as well as pose a risk to public health if not properly managed. In this work, the methanogenic potential of the leachate generated in the landfill of the Intermunicipal Consortium of Pontal do Paranapanema was evaluated to estimate the volume of biomethane produced from the leachate. Subsequently, an environmental and economic assessment was made of the potential replacement of diesel used by the waste collection fleets of the member municipalities of the consortium with biomethane. The results indicate that biomethane would supply 23.2% of the demand for fossil fuel, providing savings and a reduction in the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. This study demonstrated that the biomethane generated from landfill leachate can be an important source of renewable energy generation for the Intermunicipal Consortium of Pontal do Paranapanema to replace the diesel used by the waste collection fleets with biomethane.

Design And Development Of A Spiral Tube Water Wheel Pumping System: A

This paper provides an overview of the ancient evolution,design and development of different types of spiral tube water wheel pumping system (STWWPS). It has always been a challenge to lift water and carry it to some other locations for executing meaningful work, making use of the alternative sources of power. Several kinds of non-conventional energy sources and techniques have been tried. Each one is having its own merits and demerits. Making use of the kinetic energy of flowing water can be achieved through different kinds of water wheel.Spiral tube powered by kinetic energy of flowing water has been utilized for lifting and carrying water for irrigation and other purposes, contributing to the replacement of conventional diesel and electric power sources. These conventional sources are expensive (Diesel) and often unreliable in rural areas (Electricity).This review paper examines the design, development, and performance evaluation of various spiral tube pumping systems, including single, double, multilayer, pedal type, four scoop type, and multi-purpose models. It examines the load torque, power, efficiency, and stress analysis of shaft and bearing, and the impact of rotational speed, submerged ratio, and number of spiral pipes on the performance of the pumping system.The working principle allows these pumps to create a column of water within its coil that alternatively the air which is compressed as it moves towards the center of wheel. These pumpsnot only save electricity and diesel cost but the maintenance cost is also lowapart from contributing to the clean environment.