Hole Repair Research Articles

Secondary acute angle closure glaucoma after 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for a macular hole: a case report

BackgroundPosterior synechiae of the iris rarely cause secondary angle-closure glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy, mainly reported in cases with high postoperative inflammation. The face-down position with gas tamponade can cause acute angle-closure glaucoma in phakic eyes owing to relative pupillary block. This report presents a rare case of pseudophakic eye with secondary acute angle-closure glaucoma after 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy and long-term vitreous gas tamponade for a macular hole.Case presentationA 61-year-old Japanese female patient presented with a chief complaint of right-sided visual impairment that had persisted for several months. Slit-lamp examination revealed deep anterior chamber and moderate nuclear sclerotic cataracts in both eyes. The axial length of the eye was 23.53 mm right eye and 24.05 mm left eye, and the fundus examination revealed a full-thickness macular hole (stage 3) in the right eye. The patient underwent simultaneous cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy with 7-mm diameter 3-piece monofocal intraocular lens implantation, internal limiting membrane peeling, and air tamponade. There were no complications during surgery. Due to non-closure of the macular hole, a second pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane inverted flap and SF6 gas tamponade was performed 13 days later. The patient maintained face-down position after both surgeries, and 6 days after the second surgery, intraocular pressure was elevated to 53 mmHg, and acute angle-closure glaucoma with iris bombe was diagnosed in the right eye. A laser peripheral iridotomy was performed, resulting in a deepened anterior chamber, normalized intraocular pressure, and a closed macular hole.ConclusionsThis case presents a rare occurrence of secondary acute angle-closure glaucoma in a pseudophakic eye after 25-gauge minimally invasive pars plana vitrectomy and SF6 gas tamponade for macular hole. The cause was presumed to be posterior synechiae of the iris or relative pupillary block due to forward pushing of the intracapsular intraocular lens by vitreous gas. In cases where surgery is repeated without achieving macular hole closure, necessitating long-term face-down position, where vitreous gas is retained for an extended period, or when a large-diameter intraocular lens is implanted, secondary acute angle-closure glaucoma should be considered. This applies even when the 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy is performed not for a highly invasive proliferative diabetic retinopathy but for macular hole repair, especially if the patient has a pseudophakic eye.

A non-melting additive approach to structural repair of aluminum aircraft fastener holes

The damage to fastener holes in aerospace aluminum structures presents significant challenges for aircraft durability, and conventional bushing methods for repairing oversized holes often fall short due to the lack of metallurgical bonding and limited edge distance availability. This study investigates additive friction stir deposition, a non-melting additive process, as a viable alternative for the structural repair of aerospace fastener holes. The repair process, demonstrated on AA7050 (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr) hole structures, involves filling oversized holes with new material and machining to restore the original hole size. The repaired hole coupons are defect-free and exhibit good fatigue performance under fully reversed tension-compression loading (R = -1). At a nominal stress amplitude of 123.5 MPa, the average number of cycles to failure is 12,666 for unrepaired baseline coupons and 17,372 for effectively repaired coupons. Restoring complex geometries without compromising fatigue performance has been difficult in aerospace applications; this study marks the first demonstration of additive repair that consistently outperforms the unrepaired baseline coupons. Notably, the result is achieved through a low-energy, cost-effective solution without the need for post-repair heat treatment. Except for a few outliers, the post-repair fatigue performance generally remains inferior to that of undamaged, pristine coupons, likely due to precipitate evolution in AA7050 caused by the thermomechanical processing nature of additive friction stir deposition. This evolution weakens the repair region and the adjacent base material, leading to faster crack initiation and growth compared to the properly aged base material, AA7050-T7451.

Multi-stage precipitation modeling for AA 7050 hole repairs in additive friction stir deposition

A multi-stage precipitation model is formulated to predict the microstructural evolution and explain the high performance of additive friction stir deposited aluminum alloy 7050 (AA 7050) for hole repair. The first stage is the heating process due to the high-temperature thermomechanical process of the stir. In this process, small η precipitates dissolve as they lose their stability with increasing temperature, and this causes the volume fraction of η precipitates to decrease and the concentration of Mg and Zn in the matrix to increase. The second stage is the cooling process at the end of the repair where material feeding ends and the tool is lifted away. Heterogeneous nucleation of η precipitates may occur and as the temperature cools below 250 °C, Guinier–Preston (GP) zones start to form. The final stage is the natural aging process, where the η′ precipitate starts to grow. The volume fraction and precipitate radius are predicted for each type of precipitate. Furthermore, the fine η′ precipitates and GP zones with a decent volume fraction improve the material strength and fatigue life.

Experimental study on the improvement of bamboo properties using amide polymer repair material based on the principle of self-energy dissipation

Traditional bamboo and wood components have different holes due to their own and external factors, and the appropriate hole repair technology is the key to improve the component's energy dissipation capacity. In this paper, based on the principle of in-situ free radical polymerization and hollow glass microsphere (HGM) reinforced polymer, PAM hydrogel (PAMHG) with better deformation recovery ability and PAM/HGM amide polymer (AP) with better mechanical properties were prepared. Based on the principle of self-energy dissipation of components, AP is used to improve the deformation capacity of hollow bamboo. The ratio of PAMHG and AP was optimized by single factor test and orthogonal test. The performance of AP was verified by bending test, SEM, energy consumption analysis，durability test and statistical analysis of small diameter round bamboo. The size of the bamboo sample is 250 mm (L)×15 mm (D)×2.5 mm (t), in accordance with LY/T 3347–2023 " Testing methods for physical and mechanical properties of small diameter round bamboo " (China). The results showed that an appropriate amount of glycerol could effectively improve the volume stability of the hydrogel. HGM effectively improved the strength of the polymer, and when the mass ratio of HGM/PAM was 0.48, the maximum compressive strength was 0.8 MPa, which was 2.4 times higher than that of the undoped HGM, and at this time, the optimal polymer ratios were 25 g of AM, 1 g of MBA, 0.01 g of APS, 2 g of TEA, 2 g of Carbomer SF-1, a volume ratio of 1:1 of glycerol/deionized water that the dispersion medium was 70 ml, and HGM was 12 g. The average energy dissipation of grouted bamboo at ultimate load was 2.02 times that of the control group, and the highest bending strength and elastic modulus were 128.01 MPa and 11.24 GPa, which were 41.39 % and 39.75 % higher than that of the control group, respectively. The SEM results revealed that the AP partially prepolymerized solution could infiltrate into the cells and pores of the bamboo material to achieve filling, bonding, as well as reinforcing the bamboo tissue. In addition, the durability test shows that AP has good resistance to environmental pressure. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the restoration materials of bamboo and wood components.

Exploration and Practice of Treatment Technology for Casing Damage in Gas Wells

Abstract In order to solve the adverse effects of casing damage on potential exploration measures such as layer inspection and hole repair, repeated fracturing, and bridge plug fishing in gas wells, to prevent the problem of annular pressure, and to effectively ensure the safety production of gas wells, exploratory research on the treatment technology for casing damage in gas wells has been carried out. First, the principle of casing damage and the technical difficulties of treatment are systematically analyzed. Then, combined with auxiliary technologies such as casing cutting and milling, various technological processes were introduced, including cement squeeze sealing, chemical squeeze sealing, permanent annular sealing, casing patching, small casing wellbore reconstruction, and casing milling and squeeze sealing. Successfully tested on-site in over ten wells, a series of treatment technologies for gas well casing damage has been developed, providing a technical reference for the treatment of other gas wells with casing damage. Furthermore, in response to the challenges faced by the technology of gas well casing damage, new technical ideas and development directions have been proposed to promote continuous improvement in the low-cost and high-reliability aspects of gas well casing damage treatment technology.

The Flip and Fix internal limiting flap technique versus the classic temporal flap for macular hole repair.

To describe a novel technique of macular hole (MH) repair and compare it to the perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL)-assisted temporal internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique. Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients with MH were randomized on a 1:1 basis into two groups. Group A cases were treated using the Flip and Fix technique, in which the single-layer ILM flap was flipped, flattened over the macula using PFCL, and fixed in place using two drops of autologous nonheparinized blood over the superonasal and inferonasal edges of the flap (away from the MH center). Group B patients had the classic temporal ILM flap technique without using the PFCL or autologous blood. All patients were followed up for a period of 6 months after the surgery. No significant difference was observed in initial and final visual acuities between Groups A and B. Intraoperative flap displacement did not occur in Group A and occurred in two eyes in Group B (18.2%). One of them showed failed MH closure and required reoperation. These two cases had a final (W shape) MH closure and a worse final vision than the remaining cases, which had either a U shape or V shape final MH closure. The study results show that the Flip and Fix technique is as effective as the PFCL-assisted temporal ILM flap technique and is associated with less ILM flap displacement risk for the repair of macular holes.

Long-term Visual Outcomes in Patients With Idiopathic Macular Hole Surgery.

This study assesses long-term outcomes following surgical repair of idiopathic full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs) in patients with at least 5 years of postoperative follow-up. A retrospective study evaluated patients diagnosed with idiopathic FTMH who received surgical repair at a single tertiary center with at least 5 years of postoperative follow-up. Data collection included demographic and preoperative characteristics along with macular hole structural integrity as determined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Functional and structural improvement were assessed by collection of visual acuity and findings on OCT at determined time points until 9 years of follow-up. The study comprised 90 eyes of 80 patients with a mean age of 67.2 ± 6.8 years, with an average postoperative follow-up of 80.8 ± 17.4 months (range 54 to 130 months). The mean macular hole diameter was 239.7 µm ± 92.2. Macular hole reoperation occurred in four eyes (4%) at a mean duration of 5.5 ± 6 months (range 0.3 to 13 months). Over the study duration, ellipsoid zone (EZ) integrity was maintained in 67.8% of eyes, with an absence of intraretinal fluid (IRF) in 96% on final OCT. The preoperative mean Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best visual acuity (BVA) of 51 improved to a mean BVA of 76 at 5 years postoperatively, with an average gain of 24 letters at one year that remained stable over 5 years (P < 0.05). Eight years after surgical repair, more than 80% of patients achieved a BVA > 65. Vitreoretinal surgery for idiopathic FTMH resulted in successful hole closure and sustained visual acuity improvement over long-term follow-up. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:XX-XX.].

Sparing versus Removal of Epiretinal Proliferation in the Surgical Repair of Full-thickness Macular Holes.

To evaluate the efficacy of vitrectomy with epiretinal proliferation (EP) sparing for full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) accompanied by EP. A multicenter, retrospective study. Eyes were divided into two groups: the sparing group (Group S) included eyes in which the EP around the hole was peeled and preserved, whereas the removal group (Group R) included eyes in which the EP was partially or completely removed. The internal limiting membrane was peeling in all eyes. Forty-six eyes were included. Twenty-five eyes were in Group S, and 21 eyes were in Group R, with no difference in preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (P = 0.96). After primary surgery, MHs were closed in all eyes, and there were no complications in either group. Postoperative 12-month BCVA significantly improved in both groups (both P < 0.01), while Group S had better 12-month BCVA than Group R (P = 0.016). In the multivariable analysis, EP sparing was associated with better BCVA at 12 months (P = 0.006) after accounting for the minimal macular hole size and preoperative BCVA. EP sparing and removal were both safe and effective techniques, while EP sparing may provide a favorable outcome for eyes with FTMH and EP.

Duration of face down positioning following full-thickness macular hole repair: A protocol for a randomized pilot study.

Full-thickness macular holes (FTMH) are defects in the fovea involving all neural retinal layers. They reduce patients' visual acuity (VA) and impact their quality of life. FTMHs are repaired with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intraocular gas tamponade and post-operative face-down positioning (FDP). There is no consensus regarding the ideal positioning requirements following FTMH repair and there lacks clear guidelines on the topic. While analysis of global practice patterns indicates that between 5-7 days is the most common duration suggested by surgeons, there is significant heterogeneity in surgeon preferences. There is, however, biological plausibility to support minimal or even no FDP following surgery and given the disabling nature of FDP for patients, there is a need to better assess key patient outcomes with different FDP durations. As such, this prospective randomized controlled pilot trial will compare 3-days of FDP to 7-days of FDP following PPV for FTMH. This single-centered, parallel-group randomized controlled pilot trial will randomize patients 1:1 following PPV to 3 days or 7 days of FDP. This investigation has been approved by the local ethics board (HiREB # 16100) and has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06000111). The primary objective will be focused on assessing the feasibility of a larger trial; this will be determined through an assessment of the recruitment rate, retention rate, completion rate and recruitment time. The secondary outcomes involve assessment of the following patient-important outcomes a) macular hole closure rate, b) best-recorded VA, c) a general quality of life measure and vision-specific quality of life measure, d) patient compliance and e) complication rates. Outcomes will be evaluated at 3 months following surgery. The results of this pilot study will determine the feasibility of a larger-scale trial that will answer a patient important question with clinical equipoise.

MANAGEMENT OF LARGE FULL-THICKNESS MACULAR HOLES: Long-Term Outcomes of Internal Limiting Membrane Flaps and Internal Limiting Membrane Peels.

To determine and compare the efficacy of a surgical internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique with the traditional ILM peel on long-term visual and anatomical outcomes for large (>400 µm) full-thickness macular holes. From October 2016 to July 2022, patients undergoing initial full-thickness macular hole repair with the ILM flap or ILM peel technique were reviewed. Final outcomes were recorded and based on size in microns: 401 to 800, 801 to 1,200, and >1,200. Patients treated with ILM flap (n = 52, 94.2% closure rate) or ILM peel (n = 407, 93.6% closure rate) were followed with a mean follow-up time of 15.0 ± 10.2 and 20.0 ± 13.4 months, respectively. Success rates for ILM flaps and ILM peels were compared for full-thickness macular holes of 401 to 800 (100%, 95.8%, P = 0.39), 801 to 1,200 (95%, 93%, P = 0.74), and >1,200 (86.7%, 86.7%, P = 1.0) µm. Mean best-recorded logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution visual acuity for ILM flaps and ILM peels, respectively, was 1.02 ± 0.46 and 0.87 ± 0.47 preoperatively, with follow-up acuity of 0.48 ± 0.32 (P < 0.03) and 0.39 ± 0.42 (P < 0.01) at Year 3. Both techniques provide a similar anatomical closure rate and functional improvement in vision. Comparisons should be cautiously made based on difference in preoperative hole size.

Clinical trial to test the safety of the EVA Nexus surgical platform

BackgroundThe EVA Nexus system offers several technical improvements over its predecessor. The newly designed Aveta cannula system for vitrectomy surgery avoids the need for removal of the valve from the infusion cannula. The chamfered leading edge of the cannula also reduces the insertion force needed. The new EquiPhaco needles in combination with SmartIOP provide excellent anterior chamber stability during phaco-emulsification surgery, enabling to work at lower infusion pressures, and the multiburst phaco mode allows easier removal of hard cataracts. The system offers a secondary active infusion line for independent control of pressure to the anterior and posterior chambers, monitoring of flow rate/reflux and warning of infusion bottle emptying. This study evaluated whether these technical improvements result in improved surgical safety.MethodsIn total, 250 eyes that underwent vitrectomy (53%) or phaco-vitrectomy (47%) using the EVA Nexus system were prospectively included. The occurrence of intraoperative adverse events was compared to that of historically operated eyes using the EVA system.ResultsThe average age of the patients was 63 years. A total of 33% of the patients were operated on for retinal detachment, 17% for macular pucker, 11% for treating floaters, 9% for removing silicone oil, 8% for macular hole repair and 22% for other diseases. In 75% of surgeries, 23 G instruments were used, and 27 G instruments were used in 25% of cases. Device issues that occurred included priming cycle issues (n = 4), eye pressure stability problems (n = 6) and vitrectome performance issues (n = 1), all of which in the first 100 patients who were included and were fixed with software updates. The frequency of surgical complications in the anterior segment was lower than that in the historically recorded surgical reports. Intraoperative events in the posterior segment included hemorrhage from retinal vessels, choroidal hematoma, iatrogenic retinal damage/tear, and subchoroidal infusion. Again, these events occurred rarely and less frequently than in the historical surgical reports.ConclusionsThe EVA Nexus provides a surgical platform that reduces the incidence of intraoperative adverse events and iatrogenic complications in both anterior and posterior segment surgery. This could increase surgical safety during cataract and vitrectomy surgery.Trial Registration number Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05229094 Data 22/5/2021.

Combined Amniotic Membrane Graft and Autologous Retinal Transplant for Repair of Refractory Chronic Myopic Macular Holes

Purpose: To report a technique for reconstruction of large, persistent, chronic, myopic macular holes using a combined human amniotic membrane graft and autologous retinal transplant (AMN-ART). Methods: Three patients with large, myopic macular holes that failed prior surgical attempts and underwent subretinal amniotic membrane graft with overlying autologous retinal transplant and short-term perfluorocarbon tamponade. Pre- and postoperative visual acuity (VA) and images were analyzed at 3, 6, and 9 months. Results: All 3 myopic macular holes remained closed at 9 months with resolution of central scotoma. The first case, a 69-year-old female, presented with a persistent macular hole whose minimum linear diameter was 1085 μm. Her pre-op VA of 20/200 improved by 9 months to 20/100. Secondly, a 72-year-old male with history of recurrent retinal detachment repair with silicone oil and persistent macular hole of 1134 μm presented with pre-op VA of 20/200, which was unchanged at 9 months. Lastly, a 76-year-old female with a persistent macular hole of 935 μm with preop VA of 20/80 improved by 9 months post-op to 20/50. No complications were encountered related to the grafts. Conclusion: Combined AMN-ART may provide a surgical option for repair of refractory, large, chronic myopic macular holes with underlying atrophy.

Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant to Treat Persistent Full-Thickness Macular Hole.

Purpose: To describe a new technique for the secondary repair of persistent full-thickness macular holes (FTMHs). Methods: This series evaluated 3 cases of a persistent FTMH after pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and 20% sulfur hexafluoride gas tamponade. After at least 4 weeks (mean, 36.3; range, 32-40) of unsuccessful topical treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, an intravitreal dexamethasone implant was injected. Results: The intravitreal dexamethasone implant led to anatomic closure and visual improvement in all 3 cases over a 3-month follow-up. Conclusions: An intravitreal dexamethasone implant could be considered in the management of selected cases of persistent FTMH. Further studies and a consistent number of cases are needed to fully understand the role of intravitreal dexamethasone implants in persistent FTMHs.

Release potential, neglected leakage and reduction countermeasures of COD and Ammonia in MSWLs

In order to eliminate the impact of the industrial revolution on the environment and improve the water ecological environment, pollutant discharge reduction is imperative. With the acceleration of global discharge reduction process, the huge pollutant release potential and potential environmental effects of municipal solid waste landfills gradually appear, but its release amount and intensity have not been quantitatively revealed. We propose a coupling method of parameter stochastic simulation and physical process model simulation to estimate the hidden leakage of large-scale regional municipal solid waste landfills, and provide a methodology for estimating the hidden leakage of landfills in other countries and even in the whole world by taking China, which has the largest amount of waste generation among developing countries, as an example. Prior to the implementation of stringent construction quality control and assurance management requirements, the average annual leachate generation potential over the entire life cycle of 2600 landfills in China was estimated to be 4.66 × 108 m3, in which the concentrations of COD and NH3-N are 5.38 × 102–6.48 × 104 mg/L and 6.10–3.50 × 103 mg/L, respectively, and the total amounts are 5.21 × 103–7.81 × 108 t and 8.09 × 102–6.65 × 107 t, respectively. About 14 % of these pollutants may leak into the environmental media through the landfill liner with the average number of holes of 21.5/ha. For different regions, the overall release, discharge and leakage of COD and NH3-N in East China account for 35.70 %, 36.68 % and 29.60 % respectively, making it the region with the highest potential for discharge and risk of leakage. Meanwhile, the implementation of mandatory regulations related to leachate generation and control has led to a significant reduction in the leakage of pollutants. For instance, comprehensively detecting and repair of holes in the impermeable liner has reduced the number of holes to 2/ha, resulting in a reduction of >90 % in the leakage of pollutants.

Bending of a lipid membrane edge by annexin A5 trimers

Plasma membrane damage occurs in healthy cells and more frequently in cancer cells where high growth rates and metastasis result in frequent membrane damage. The annexin family of proteins plays a key role in membrane repair. Annexins are recruited at the membrane injury site by Ca+2 and repair the damaged membrane in concert with several other proteins. Annexin A4 (ANXA4) and ANXA5 form trimers at the bilayer surface, and previous simulations show that the trimers induce high local negative membrane curvature on a flat bilayer. The membrane-curvature-inducing property of ANXA5 is presumed to be vital to the membrane repair mechanism. A previously proposed descriptive model hypothesizes that ANXA5-mediated curvature force is utilized at the free edge of the membrane at a wound site to pull the wound edges together, resulting in the formation of a “neck”-shaped structure, which, when combined with a constriction force exerted by ANXA6, leads to membrane repair. The molecular details and mechanisms of repair remain unknown, in part because the membrane edge is a transient structure that is difficult to investigate both experimentally and computationally. For the first time, we investigate the impact of ANXA5 near a membrane edge, which is modeled by a bicelle under periodic boundary conditions. ANXA5 trimers induce local curvature on the membrane leading to global bending of the bicelle. The global curvature depends on the density of annexins on the bicelle, and the curvature increases with the ANXA5 concentration until it reaches a plateau. The simulations suggest that not only do annexins induce local membrane curvature, but they can change the overall shape of a free-standing membrane. We also demonstrate that ANXA5 trimers reduce the rate of phosphatidylserine lipid diffusion from the cytoplasmic to the exoplasmic leaflet along the edge of the bicelle. In this way, membrane-bound annexins can potentially delay the apoptotic signal triggered by the presence of phosphatidylserine lipids in the outer leaflet, thus biding time for repair of the membrane hole. Our findings provide new insights into the role of ANXA5 at the edges of the membrane (the injury site) and support the curvature-constriction model of membrane repair.

TRPV4 Activator-Containing CMT-Hy Hydrogel Enhances Bone Tissue Regeneration In Vivo by Enhancing Mitochondrial Health.

Treating different types of bone defects is difficult, complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. Here, we demonstrate that transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4), a mechanosensitive, thermogated, and nonselective cation channel, is endogenously present in the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). TRPV4 regulates both cytosolic Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial health. Accordingly, the hydrogel made from a natural modified biopolymer carboxymethyl tamarind CMT-Hy and encapsulated with TRPV4-modulatory agents affects different parameters of MSCs, such as cell morphology, focal adhesion points, intracellular Ca2+, and reactive oxygen species- and NO-levels. TRPV4 also regulates cell differentiation and biomineralization in vitro. We demonstrate that 4α-10-CMT-Hy and 4α-50-CMT-Hy (the hydrogel encapsulated with 4αPDD, 10 and 50 nM, TRPV4 activator) surfaces upregulate mitochondrial health, i.e., an increase in ATP- and cardiolipin-levels, and improve the mitochondrial membrane potential. The same scaffold turned out to be nontoxic in vivo. 4α-50-CMT-Hy enhances the repair of the bone-drill hole in rat femur, both qualitatively and quantitatively in vivo. We conclude that 4α-50-CMT-Hy as a scaffold is suitable for treating large-scale bone defects at low cost and can be tested for clinical trials.

The Engine Casing Machining Holes Repairing Based on Vibration Wire Feeding

The engine casing components operate in high-temperature and high-pressure environments. Process holes are drilled when defects occur. Welding is employed in the repair of process holes as a process for permanently joining materials. The traditional welding method relies on padding, which results in poor back formation of process holes. Additionally, the shape of the process holes imposes high requirements on the size of the droplet transition. The conventional approach of adjusting a welding current makes it difficult to achieve stable droplet transition and precise formation of small holes. It poses a challenge for the robotic welding process. To deal with this problem, the influence of the high-frequency vibration GTAW process on the directional transition of molten droplets is studied. The molten droplet directional transition process is developed. The impact of vibration energy on the molten pool is reduced. Welding repair experiments for process holes are successfully conducted. When the frequency is 3 Hz, the transition of droplets changes from a continuous one-droplet transition to a discontinuous liquid bridge transition. The residual height and mechanical properties of the repaired area are tested. The experimental results indicated that the residual height after dual-side repair is ≤0.7 mm. The X-ray and fluorescent penetration tests have a 100% first-pass qualification rate. The repaired area demonstrates a hardness of 480 HV and a room-temperature tensile strength of 1069 MPa. The repair process requirements for the casing are met.

Foveal-Sparing ILM Peeling with ILM Flap Transposition over the Macular Hole for Repair of Full-Thickness Macular Holes.

Full-thickness macular holes, defined as full-thickness defects of the fovea, lead to central scotoma and deterioration of vision. Apart from peeling of the internal limiting membrane (ILM), ILM flap techniques have been reported to have potential in improving results in macular hole surgery. In addition, foveal-sparing ILM peeling gives a high macular hole closure rate and improvement in postoperative visual acuity. The aim of this study was to examine outcomes in a cohort of patients with full-thickness macular holes that underwent vitrectomy with foveal-sparing ILM peeling and transposition of an ILM flap over the macular hole. This retrospective study included patients scheduled for pars plana vitrectomy with foveal-sparing ILM peeling, combined with ILM flap transposition over the macular hole, for macular hole repair. All patients received a gas tamponade with 20% sulphur hexafluoride and were encouraged to undergo postoperative face-down positioning for 48 hours after surgery. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the macula and distance-corrected visual acuity (DCVA) were performed before and 3 months after surgery. In total, 42 eyes of 42 patients were included in this study. Leaving a broad area of residual ILM at the foveal rim led to a high risk of failure in macular hole closure, while leaving a narrow zone of residual ILM at the foveal rim resulted in high macular hole closure rates (97% type 1 closure and 3% type 2 closure), with a median improvement of DCVA of 4lines [interquartile range (IQR): 3 to 6] among pseudophakic and 3.5 lines (IQR: 2 to 5) among phakic patients. A combination of foveal-sparing ILM peeling with ILM flap techniques was shown to be a safe and effective surgical option for patients with full-thickness macular holes, resulting in a high macular hole closure rate and improvement in visual acuity in the majority of patients.

Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence + Enabling Museum Building

Abstract The explosive development of artificial intelligence technology greatly promotes the intelligent construction of museums and strengthens their cultural inheritance role. This paper takes artificial intelligence technology as its guide, analyzes the advantages of AI technology in the intelligent museum, and establishes the specific structure of an intelligent museum by combining VR technology. Wisdom Museum can realize the effective repair and presentation of cultural relics data. This paper uses three-dimensional laser scanning technology to obtain cultural relics point cloud data, repair the holes in the point cloud data through RBF, optimize the point cloud data by combining texture mapping, and input the optimized data into the GC-GAN model to realize the three-dimensional digital repair of cultural relics images. Moreover, the smart museum’s intelligent interaction system is built by combining virtual reality technology and related equipment. Taking Dunhuang mural point cloud data as an example, the number of point clouds of the RBF hole repair algorithm differs from the original data by only 5.86%, and the SSIM and PSNR values on the repaired portraits are 0.83 and 26.36 dB, respectively. The SUS total score for the user on the intelligent interactive system is 73.875, and the UEQ factor scores are averaged out at 1-3 points. The creation of a smart museum can be realized using AI technology, providing users with an immersive cultural relics viewing experience and activating the vitality of all kinds of cultural relics in the museum.

Non-Local Means Hole Repair Algorithm Based on Adaptive Block

RGB-D cameras provide depth and color information and are widely used in 3D reconstruction and computer vision. In the majority of existing RGB-D cameras, a considerable portion of depth values is often lost due to severe occlusion or limited camera coverage, thereby adversely impacting the precise localization and three-dimensional reconstruction of objects. In this paper, to address the issue of poor-quality in-depth images captured by RGB-D cameras, a depth image hole repair algorithm based on non-local means is proposed first, leveraging the structural similarities between grayscale and depth images. Second, while considering the cumbersome parameter tuning associated with the non-local means hole repair method for determining the size of structural blocks for depth image hole repair, an intelligent block factor is introduced, which automatically determines the optimal search and repair block sizes for various hole sizes, resulting in the development of an adaptive block-based non-local means algorithm for repairing depth image holes. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm’s performance are evaluated using both the Middlebury stereo matching dataset and a self-constructed RGB-D dataset, with performance assessment being carried out by comparing the algorithm against other methods using five metrics: RMSE, SSIM, PSNR, DE, and ALME. Finally, experimental results unequivocally demonstrate the innovative resolution of the parameter tuning complexity inherent in-depth image hole repair, effectively filling the holes, suppressing noise within depth images, enhancing image quality, and achieving elevated precision and accuracy, as affirmed by the attained results.