Renewable Resource Model Research Articles

Development of an incentive model for renewable energy resources using forecasting accuracy in South Korea

AbstractThis study presents an incentive model for a renewable energy source (RES) supplier, based on forecasting accuracy. The incentive model imposes responsibility of forecasting to RES suppliers by providing an additional revenue or penalty, according to forecasting accuracy. For this, a profit analysis reflecting the current environment was performed. The structure of the incentive model is designed based on the results of profit analysis. Subsequently, the price parameter was determined using an artificially generated forecasting error of the RES. In addition, the utilization of energy storage system (ESS) is analyzed, including the operation algorithm and optimal sizing, to verify the utility of the ESS when the incentive model is applied. In the case study, the actual price data and RES data from South Korea were used. The results show that the incentive model can provide a high level of profit or penalty for the RES supplier, according to the forecasting accuracy. It is also shown that the optimal capacity of the ESS based on econometrics can be reduced by more than 50% compared with the current environment, thereby reducing the burden on the ESS investment of RES suppliers.

A renewable resource model of health decision-making: insights to improve health marketing

A primary goal of health marketing is to help people make healthy choices. The problem is that health decision-making is complex, and individuals often make unhealthy decisions even when healthy options are promoted. In this paper, we address this problem by integrating literature in marketing, psychology, economics, medicine, and health to develop a new conceptual model: Health as a Renewable Resource, that can be readily used by marketers to help people manage their health-impacting decision. It is apparent that people view health as, in part, renewable and fungible. Underpinning this, we argue that people have an implicit model of health, analogous to a reservoir. This reservoir can be filled or drained, such that trade-offs in health-impacting decisions can be made over time. The reservoir’s inputs and outputs are controlled by behavioral choices and unconscious processes including biological and environmental mechanisms. The practical and research applications of the model are outlined.

Maximum Penetration Level Evaluation of Hybrid Renewable DGs of Radial Distribution Networks Considering Voltage Stability

The issues regarding generation uncertainties associated with wind energy and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems along with load demand uncertainties are considered in this paper to evaluate the maximum penetration of renewable energy resources. The nodes which are less voltage stable are considered as the most suitable locations for distributed generations (DGs) placement. For identification of these critical nodes, a voltage stability index (VSI) has been utilized. To analyze the voltage profile, power losses and system voltage stability with large penetration of the wind energy and solar PV into the distribution networks, a probabilistic-based approach has been adopted. The penetration limit depends upon the type of DG that is connected to the distribution network. Usually, the integration of DGs reduces the power losses in the network, however as penetration level increases, the power losses begins to increase. The detailed mathematical models of wind and solar PV-based renewable resources are used. The Hong’s $$2m+1$$ point estimation method combined with Cornish–Fisher expansion is adopted in this paper to conduct the probabilistic studies. The effectiveness of the method is validated through IEEE 33-node radial distribution test network for four different scenarios. The results obtained have been verified and compared with Monte Carlo simulation technique.

A Survey of Deep Learning Techniques: Application in Wind and Solar Energy Resources

Nowadays, learning-based modeling system is adopted to establish an accurate prediction model for renewable energy resources. Computational Intelligence (CI) methods have become significant tools in production and optimization of renewable energies. The complexity of this type of energy lies in its coverage of large volumes of data and variables which have to be analyzed carefully. The present study discusses different types of Deep Learning (DL) algorithms applied in the field of solar and wind energy resources and evaluates their performance through a novel taxonomy. It also presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art of the literature leading to an assessment and performance evaluation of DL techniques as well as a discussion about major challenges and opportunities for comprehensive research. Based on results, differences on accuracy, robustness, precision values as well as the generalization ability are the most common challenges for the employment of DL techniques. In case of big dataset, the performance of DL techniques is significantly higher than that for other CI techniques. However, using and developing hybrid DL techniques with other optimization techniques in order to improve and optimize the structure of the techniques is preferably emphasized. In all cases, hybrid networks have better performance compared with single networks, because hybrid techniques take the advantages of two or more methods for preparing an accurate prediction. It is recommended to use hybrid methods in DL techniques.

Integrated operation of renewable energy sources and water resources

To respond to the global climate change, Taiwan has announced an ambitious target for the development of renewable energy, which is characterized by solar power 20 GW and wind power 4.2 GW by 2025, but the intermittency of renewable energy sources might have serious impacts on the existing power grid. Not only the energy system but also water resources will be impacted by the global climate change. In Taiwan, the strength of rainfall increases but the frequency of rain decreases; this factor combined with a disadvantageous topography to store rainfall worsens the water-shortage issues. As a solution of the aforementioned issues related to the renewable energy sources and water resources concurrently, an integrated system and its operating model for renewable energy sources and water resources are proposed according to which hydropower, pumped-storage hydropower, solar power, wind power, desalination plants and the conjunctive use of water between two reservoirs are considered. A mathematical model is established to describe how the system works under various input data. The results show that, with a retrofit of existing old units and the addition of 102-MW new units, the hydropower unit of the proposed system can eliminate a requirement of 853-MW gas-fired power plants during peak loading in the reference case; the cost, US$45 million per year, of power generation can be saved. With 1099-MW pumped-storage hydropower units added, the proposed system and its operating model further enhance the peak-loading support; relative to a battery-storage system in the reference case, the cost of energy storage can save US$166 million per year. As for the desalination plants in the proposed system, the cost of producing water still exceeds that of the planned reservoir in the reference case because of its greater cost of operation. On considering the total benefit from the water and energy sector, the extra expense, US$41 million per year, for desalination can, however, be readily compensated; the proposed system can save more, US$171 million per year, than the reference case.

Identification of modal interaction and small signal stability in autonomous microgrid operation

The detailed models of renewable energy resources based distributed generation (DG) unit, namely, wind energy conversion system, photovoltaic and diesel engine are presented in this study. Combination of different DG units in three microgrid (MG) structures is considered to investigate small signal stability and possible interaction between sensitive modes, particularly in autonomous mode of MG operation. Evaluation of oscillatory condition suggested that gain controller variation significantly influenced MG stability and system dynamic response. Moreover, since modal interaction potentially occurred due to gain change, it is necessary to identify the interaction accurately to ensure stable MG operation. The conventional identification method of eigen-interaction is conducted by observing the movements of engaged eigenvalues. However, the eigen-trajectories method is less sensitive to identify the occurrence of weak interaction. To provide more sensitive identification method, cross-participation factor (CPF) and modal interaction index (MII) analysis are proposed. Deviation of eigen-trajectories after approaching a particular interaction point, higher values of CPF and MII confirmed the occurrence of interactions. The presented works contribute for MGs gain setting consideration and proposing novel methodologies in identifying modal interaction.

Design of a Small Renewable Resource Model based on the Stirling Engine with Alpha and Beta Configurations

<p>This paper presents the conceptual design of Stirling engine based Alpha and Beta configurations. The performances of Stirling engine based Beta configuration will be expounded elaborately in the discussion. The Stirling engines are durable in its operation that requires less maintenance cost. The methodology for both configurations consists of thermodynamic formulation of Stirling Cycle, Schmidt theory and few composition of flywheel and Ross-Yoke dimension. Customarily, the Stirling engine based Beta configuration will operate during the occurrence of low and high temperature differences emanating from any type of waste heat energy. A straightforward analysis on the performance of Stirling engine based Beta configuration has been performed corresponding to the temperature variation of cooling agent. The results have shown that the temperature variation of cooling agent has a direct effect on the performances of Stirling engine in terms of its speed, voltage and output power. </p>

Gamma Stirling Engine for a Small Design of Renewable Resource Model

<p>This paper presents a research on designing a heat engine known as the Stirling engine. The first task is to study on the background of Stirling engine including its robustness, advantages and disadvantages, history and its ability to produce useful energy. Gamma type Stirling engine will be the main focus for this paper. Thus, an effort has been made in determining a suitable formulation that will be used to design a functioning Gamma Stirling engine. This formulation can be divided into several criteria, the Stirling cycle method used to find the p-V diagram of Stirling engine, the 0<sup>th</sup> order calculation method used as a preliminary system analysis on the efficiency and performance of the engine and lastly, the Schmidt Analysis whereby used in dealing with the design and development of the engine. This formulation is then arranged accordingly into Excel programming software. As for the hardware analysis, it will be on the performance of the Stirling engine model in term of its electrical power production based on different heat source. At the end of this project, it shows that the obtained formulations can be used in designing the Gamma Stirling engine and are capable to produce an output power from the Stirling engine.</p>

Optimal Management of Groundwater Under Uncertainty: A Unified Approach

Discrete-time stochastic models of management of groundwater resources have been extensively used for understanding a number of issues in groundwater management. Most models used suffer from two drawbacks: relatively simplistic treatment of the cost of water extraction, and a lack of important structural results (such as monotonicity of extraction in stock and concavity of the value function), even in simple models. Lack of structural properties impede both practical policy simulation and clarity of understanding of the resulting models and the underlying economics. This paper provides a unifying framework for these models in two directions; first, the usual cost function is extended to encompass cases where marginal cost of pumping depends on the stock and second, the analysis dispenses with assumptions of concavity of the objective function and compactness of the state space, using instead lattice-theoretic methods. With these modifications, a comprehensive investigation of which structural properties can be proved in each of the resulting cases is carried out. It is shown that for some of the richer models more structural properties may be proved than for the simpler model used in the literature. This paper also introduces to the resource economics literature an important method of proving convergence to a stationary distribution which does not require monotonicity in stock of resource. This method is of interest in a variety of renewable resource model settings.

Seeing about soil — management lessons from a simple model for renewable resources

Employing an effective cellular automata model, we investigate and analyze the build-up and erosion of soil. Depending on the strategy employed for handling agricultural production, in many cases we find a critical dependence on the prescribed production target, with a sharp transition between stable production and complete breakdown of the system.Strategies which are particularly well-suited for mimicking real-world management approaches can produce almost cyclic behavior, which can also either lead to sustainable production or to breakdown.While designed to describe the dynamics of soil evolution, this model is quite general and may also be useful as a model for other renewable resources and may even be employed in other disciplines like psychology.

People's Preference Patterns for Gains/Losses in Multiple Time Period Situations

Little research to date has been devoted to investigating whether people treat time differently from money when facing multiple gains or losses. This study tested the hypothesis that because time is characterized by perishability, fixed supply, and infungibility, people with strong motivation to obtain a long period of uninterrupted discretionary time would strive to trim the time needed for non-discretionary activities or to combine several non-discretionary activities. As a result, people prefer integration over segregation of multiple time losses or gains, which is not consistent with the prediction based on hedonic editing theory or the renewable resource model. This proposition is supported by results from four experiments.

Enjoying Catch and Fishing Effort: The Effort Effect in Recreational Fisheries

Recreational fishermen derive utility from catch and fishing effort. Building our analysis on the Gordon-Clark model for renewable resources, we show that a lower importance of catch may result in higher catches. While this effect also holds under first-best management, it may destabilize open-access recreational fisheries to the point of stock collapse. Technical progress in recreational fisheries may mask such dynamics as it enables unaltered angler behavior and constant catches during stock declines.

Improving the Economic Management of the Bristol Bay (Alaska) Sockeye Salmon Fishery in the Age of Aquaculture

When evaluated using biological criteria, Alaskan salmon fisheries are considered to be among the best managed commercial fisheries in the world. Nevertheless, the economic performance of these fisheries has deteriorated in recent years as a result of a long‐term decline in ex‐vessel prices triggered by exponential growth in the world salmon farming sector, with prices reaching historic lows during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Building on the regulated open‐access model for renewable resources developed by Homans and Wilen (1997), Valderrama and Anderson (2010) conducted a formal examination of market interactions between the Bristol Bay sockeye salmon fishery and the world aquaculture sector. Their study demonstrated that the rents extracted during the initial years of the limited‐entry program were gradually dissipated as a result of overcapacity and price declines caused by aquaculture. In this study, the Valderrama and Anderson (2010) econometric model is used as a framework to evaluate the economic benefits of rights‐based management in the Bristol Bay fishery. The analysis illustrates the efficiency gains that management schemes such as harvesting cooperatives could generate by lowering the level of effort in the fishery. Given that growth in world aquaculture is expected to continue in the foreseeable future, improving efficiency in the fisheries sector is an essential step to restore some of the rents lost to competition with the aquaculture sector.

Time-Consistent Equilibria in Common Access Resource Games with Asymmetric Players Under Partial Cooperation

Given a differential game, if agents have different time preference rates, cooperative (Pareto optimum) solutions obtained by applying Pontryagin’s maximum principle become time inconsistent. We derive a set of dynamic programming equations in continuous time whose solutions are time-consistent equilibria for problems in which agents differ in their utility functions and also in their time preference rates. The solution assumes cooperation between agents at every time. Since coalitions at different times have different time preferences, equilibrium policies are calculated by looking for Markov (subgame perfect) equilibria in a (noncooperative) sequential game. The results are applied to the study of a cake-eating problem describing the management of a common property exhaustible natural resource. The extension of the results to a simple common property renewable natural resource model in infinite horizon is also discussed.

Estimation of regional renewable water resources under the impact of climate change

The purpose of this paper is to develop an estimation model for regional renewable water resources under climate change conditions. Working with Japan’s high-resolution GCM-type JMA/MRI TL959L60 future rainfall modeling data in SRES-A1B condition, first we revise the modeling data through the Quadrant Transformation Method (QTM), and then use the Thornthwaite method for potential evapotranspiration to establish regional evapotranspiration data and estimate future renewable water resources. This study focuses on Taiwan’s four water resource regions to estimate renewable water resources for each region between 2080 and 2099. The results indicate that average annual renewable water resource volume for Taiwan as a whole will drop by 12.3% from 67.5 to 59.2 km3, as compared with the average from 1949 through 2000.

Renewable Resources, Capital Accumulation, and Economic Growth

Renewable Resources, Capital Accumulation, and Economic Growth This paper proposes a dynamic economic model with physical capital and renewable resources. Different from most of the neoclassical growth models with renewable resources which are based on microeconomic foundation and neglect physical capital accumulation, this study proposes a growth model with dynamics of renewable resources and physical capital accumulation. The model is a synthesis of the neoclassical growth theory and the traditional dynamic models of renewable resources with an alternative approach to household behavior. The model describes a dynamic interdependence among physical accumulation, resource change, and division of labor under perfect competition. Because of its refined economic structure, our study enables some interactions among economic variables which are not found in the existing literature on economic growth with renewable resources. We simulate the model to demonstrate the existence of equilibrium points and motion of the dynamic system. Our comparative dynamic analysis shows, for instance, that a rise in the propensity to consume the renewable resource increases the interest rate and reduces the national and production sector's capital stocks, wage rate and level of the consumption good. Moreover, it initially reduces and then increases the capital stocks of the resource sector and the consumption and price of the renewable resource. The stock of the renewable resource is initially increased and then reduced. Finally, labor is redistributed from the production to the resource sector.

Application of Optimal Control Theory to Environmental Protection: A Case of Canada and the Czech Republic

This paper analyzes unusual, globally unique, environmental policies that aim at mitigating externalities from production processes in the European Union and Canada by fixing the output decisions in the coal mining and agricultural sectors. Agriculture and mining are industries often associated with external costs. In Prince Edward Island (PEI), the smallest province of Canada, new legislation has been proposed to limit the quantity produced by limiting the maximum share of environmentally unfriendly crops being grown. In North Bohemia, a region similar in size to PEI, legislation is in place to set limits on coal mining. While environmental impacts of coal mining are well known, no statistical evidence was hitherto provided whether agriculture pollutes PEI watercourses. In this paper, statistical cointegration analysis suggests that agriculture in PEI can be a source of water pollution. These results support actions of the provincial government to introduce new legislation to mitigate water pollution. In North Bohemia, one of the least developed regions of the Czech Republic, the mining industry plays an important role in the local economy. The extraction rate of coal has been limited in the 1990s by imposing coal mining limits following the rapid exploitation of coal deposits in the Communist era. Today, legislation enacted in 1990s is still binding even though there has been a change in the ownership of coal mining companies. The mining limits affecting the then government-owned companies, are currently imposing barriers upon privately owned firms as well as on overall economy due to high energy dependency. The fixed output policies in both regions are subject to the analysis in this study. Optimal control theory models of renewable and nonrenewable resources with stochastic elements are built to analyze these policies. Alternative policy tools, like taxes and subsidies, are used for a comparison with legislation currently in place. The results show that current output fixing policies seem to be inefficient. Market-based approaches influence producer behavior and Int Adv Econ Res (2009) 15:483–484 DOI 10.1007/s11294-009-9224-9

DOES A RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCE USUALLY HAVE MANY NEAR-OPTIMAL ALLOCATION PATHS?

. Utilizing a deterministic single-species computational renewable natural resource model, it is found that there exist many dynamic allocation paths near-optimal to the efficient path, where the latter maximizes conventionally-defined social welfare. Some alternative paths involve substantial trading of surplus over time among market participants and hold different implications for income distribution. Universality of findings cannot be asserted, but the results are intuitively plausible and suggest that multiple near-optimal allocation paths may exist in related models as well. Existence of many near-optimal paths holds significant implications for theory and policy.

Linking dynamic economic and ecological general equilibrium models

Although ecosystems provide myriad services to economies, only one service is considered in most renewable-resource models. The general equilibrium bioeconomic model introduced here admits a second service, and more importantly it accounts for how the two services are impacted by interactions within an eight-species ecosystem and interactions within a regional economy. Endangered Steller sea lion recovery measures via alternative pollock quotas change all ecosystem populations and all economic variables. While non-use values associated with the ecosystem (e.g., existence values) are not considered, all species matter for the economy because they are all used indirectly as support for ecosystem services. Regional welfare changes from reduced quotas show the tradeoff between consumptive and non-consumptive uses of the ecosystem.

Resilience in landscape exploitation systems

A generic model is developed that describes the broad properties of land-exploitation systems from hunting-gathering societies to modern, intensive agriculture. The framework includes social, economic and ecological drivers of change, going beyond the concept of “sustainability” to establish a paradigm of “resilient exploitation” that calculates the capacity of landscape exploitation systems to survive in uncertain and variable human and natural environments. The model is highly aggregated, consisting of two state variables: (1) human-made capital and labour ( H) and (2) natural capital ( N). Depending on the parameters, the model displays a single non-trivial equilibrium, two equilibria, or stable limit cycles. Our analysis focuses on the strategies that exploiters employ, through varying their investment in H, and how this affects resilience of the system. We measure resilience as the size of the basin of attraction near a desirable equilibrium and the return time following small perturbations. Four general strategies are analysed and discussed using grazing systems as a particular example: (1) constant stocking rate, (2) maintaining grass stock, (3) constant utilization rate, and (4) a non-linear, compound strategy. Like previous models of renewable resources, maximum sustainable yield and profit are determined by properties of the renewable resource, so all management strategies yield identical long-term sustainable production and identical equilibria. However, different management strategies drastically change the system's resilience. We assess the opportunity cost of the disparate objectives of resilience and profitability using multi-objective optimization and demonstrate that resilience decreases rapidly as maximum profit is approached. Thus, the same stable and sustainable equilibrium point in an exploitation system will be more or less resilient depending on the exploiter's strategy. Traditional economic analysis does not consider the impact of the management strategy employed to drive the system towards these long-term equilibria, and therefore misses large differences in dynamical behaviour away from equilibrium. The possibility of multiple steady states in these nonlinear systems results in the potential for a discontinuous “threshold” in resilience, to one side of which resilience is maintained, while on the other resilience and production are greatly degraded. We further discuss how subsidies might increase or decrease resilience of exploitation systems by affecting an exploiter's strategy.