Renewable Generation Capacity Research Articles

Hydro–Solar Hybrid Plant Operation in a Hydropower Plant Cascade: Optimizing Local and Bulk System Benefits

A hydro–solar hybrid system is an important solution for expanding renewable generation capacity under the percepts of the energy transition. This type of association allows for the coordinated dispatch of solar and hydropower plants, resulting in operational benefits in terms of energy generation and reservoir management, that is, the better use of available water and energy resources. As in this case, the operation of the hydropower plant is associated with the cascade in which it operates, when it is hybridized (for example, by associating with a solar power plant), in addition to local changes, there are impacts on the operating conditions of the other hydropower plants in the same cascade. From such a perspective, this study presents an energy system management model for hybrid power plants composed of hydro and solar sources, aiming to optimize the joint operation and measure the operational consequences at the local level and in the cascade. The results from a case study of a hydro–solar power plant hybridization in the Tietê River (Brazil) revealed increased energy production and improvement in the operating conditions of the cascade’s reservoirs, while the grid capacity was found to be an important constraint that limits the capture of synergies resulting from the generation sources complementarity and thus on the benefits to the cascade.

Temporal Scenarios-based Assessment of Maximum Hosting Capacity of Renewable Generation in Distribution Systems Considering ANM Techniques

Abstract Incorporating large-scale renewable distributed generation (RDG) into the power grid introduces significant challenges associated with the indeterminacy of the power system, significantly impacting the comprehensive integration and efficient utilization of the distribution network. This underscores the imperative to investigate scientific evaluation methods and mechanisms for enhancing the RDG absorptive capacity within the distribution network. In light of the stochastic and temporal characteristics inherent to RDG, a novel approach for assessing the RDG hosting capacity within distribution networks is proposed, taking temporal scenarios into account. This method optimizes the RDG output probability distribution model based on its temporal fluctuation change rule, and constructs RDG temporal scenario model by using scenario reduction technology. Subsequently, a temporal scenarios-based RDG hosting capacity assessment model is established, taking into account active network management (ANM) techniques. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is substantiated through simulation results conducted on a modified IEEE 33-bus system.

Robust Assessment of Hosting Capacity of Renewable Generation in Distribution Systems Considering the Active Network Management

Abstract As the penetration rate of renewable distributed generation (RDG) increases, its random fluctuation characteristics have brought many problems to the safe operation of the active distribution network (ADN), such as voltage over-limit, reverse flow, and deterioration of power quality. Therefore, it has effectively affected the new energy hosting capacity of the ADN. Therefore, the effective assessment of the new energy hosting capacity of the ADN is a key part of the distribution network planning. In order to cope with the random fluctuation characteristics of new energy, this paper presents a two-stage robust assessment method of RDG hosting capacity of distribution networks by considering active network management (ANM) techniques such as network reconfiguration, reactive power compensation and on-load voltage regulation. Finally, the improved IEEE-33 distribution system is used to verify the results. The proposed method has been shown to be effective for evaluating the ADN’s RDG hosting capacity.

Energy access challenge and the role of fossil fuels in meeting electricity demand: Promoting renewable energy capacity for sustainable development

The energy access challenge remains a significant barrier to sustainable development, with millions of people still needing access to modern energy services. Fossil fuels have played a crucial role in meeting electricity demand, but they face challenges and drawbacks in terms of environmental sustainability, energy security, and climate change. This study examines how renewable and non-renewable energy generation capacity impacted the environment in 53 upper-middle-income countries from 1990 to 2020, using energy access and alternative energy sources as mediating variables. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the complex relationship between renewable energy generation capacity, energy access, alternative energy sources, and environmental conditions in upper-middle-income countries. The positive relationship between renewable energy generation capacity and environmental conditions emphasizes the importance and potential of renewable energy sources in mitigating environmental degradation. Additionally, the findings indicate that energy access also plays a crucial role in shaping energy generation patterns, with higher levels of access being associated with increased renewable energy generation and decreased reliance on non-renewable energy sources. These findings highlight the urgent need for policies and measures to promote renewable energy adoption and prioritize energy access to mitigate environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development goals.

Decarbonizing energy: Evaluating fossil fuel displacement by renewables in OECD countries

AbstractEnergy transition to greener systems has been a focal point in climate policy agendas across countries as the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuel technologies have become more evident Displacing fossil fuels with clean energy alternatives in this regard is essential for meeting global climate objectives. In this context, the study analyzes the role of disaggregated renewable energy sources on fossil fuel displacement in 36 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries in the period 2000–2020. The findings demonstrate a discernible trend in the displacement of fossil fuels by various forms of renewable energy sources. It is found that to effectively displace 1% of fossil fuels, it is necessary to achieve an average increase of 1.15% in renewable generation capacity. In addition, a one-to-one displacement of fossil fuels occurs with hydropower, demonstrating its higher level of competitiveness and effectiveness in displacing fossil fuels. Moreover, there is a partial displacement of fossil fuels by solar and wind power. These findings suggest that renewable energy sources are progressively advancing towards effectively displacing fossil fuels.

Renewable energy expansion under taxes and subsidies: A transmission operator’s perspective

This paper investigates the role of a transmission system operator within a carbon footprint reduction strategy incorporating carbon taxes and renewable energy generation subsidies in the decentralised energy market. This is achieved via an optimisation bi-level model in which a welfare-maximising transmission system operator makes investments in transmission lines at the upper level while considering power market dynamics at the lower level. To account for the deregulated energy market structure, this paper assumes that the generation companies at the lower level make capacity investments as price-takers in perfect competition. Considering alternative transmission infrastructure expansion budgets, carbon emission taxes and monetary incentives for renewable energy generation capacity expansion, the impact of alternative compositions of these factors is analysed against three output factors: the share of renewable energy in the generation mix, total generation amount, and social welfare. The proposed modelling assessment is applied to an illustrative three-node instance and a case study considering a simplified representation of the energy system of the Nordic and Baltic countries. The results highlight that, under certain circumstances, renewable energy generation subsidies may lead to an increase of renewable energy in the generation mix followed by a simultaneous fall in the total generation amount. Nevertheless, when applied together, these three measures demonstrated a positive impact on all output factors within Nordics’ and Baltics’ energy systems. The experiments additionally suggest that considering the high value of the carbon tax does not have an impact on the output factors while the composition of high values of renewable energy generation subsidies and budget for transmission infrastructure expansion has the strongest effect.

Modeling the impact of extreme summer drought on conventional and renewable generation capacity: Methods and a case study on the Eastern U.S. power system

Across recent years, there has been a growing prevalence of extreme weather events throughout the United States, posing significant challenges to the reliable and resilient operation of power systems. Specifically, summer droughts threaten to severely reduce available generation capacity to meet regional electricity demand, potentially leading to power outages. This underscores the importance of accurate resource adequacy (RA) assessment to ensure the reliable operation of the nation’s energy infrastructure. Accurately evaluating the usable capacity of regional generation fleets is a challenging undertaking due to the intricate interactions between power systems and hydro-climatic systems. This paper proposes a systematic and analytical framework to evaluate the impacts of extreme summer drought events on the available capacity of various generating technologies, incorporating both meteorological and hydrologic factors. The framework provides detailed plant-level capacity derating models for hydroelectric, thermoelectric, and renewable power plants, facilitating evaluations with high temporal and spatial resolution. The application of the proposed impact assessment framework to the 2025 generation fleet of the real-world power system within the PJM and SERC regions of the United States yields insightful results. By analyzing the daily usable capacity of 6,055 at-risk generators across the study region, it shows that the summer capacity deration is most significant for hydroelectric and once-through thermal power plants, followed by recirculating thermal power plants and combustion turbines. In the event of the recurrence of the 2007 southeastern summer drought event in the near future, the generation fleet could experience a substantial reduction in available capacity, estimated at approximately 8.5 GW, compared to typical summer conditions. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the usable capacity of the generation fleet would suffer an even more significant decrease under conditions of increasingly severe summer droughts. The proposed approach and the findings of this study provide valuable methodologies and insights, empowering stakeholders to bolster the resilience of power systems against the potentially devastating effects of future extreme drought events.

Evaluating the Impact of Renewable Energy Policy Instruments on Capacity Expansion: Insights from the Visegrad Group Countries

Renewable energy technologies have reached a pivotal point, demonstrating cost competitiveness with traditional energy sources and a continuing trend of affordability. Nevertheless, the successful deployment of renewable energy capacity crucially depends on the efficacy of renewable energy policy tools, casting a veil of uncertainty over their actual influence on the expansion of renewable electricity generation. This research delves into the array of policy instruments designed to bolster renewable energy capacity. Employing an econometric analysis, this study meticulously examines these policy tools, with a particular emphasis on feed-in tariffs, quotas, tenders, and tax incentives, seeking to facilitate the adoption of renewable energy within the Visegrad group countries, comprising the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Drawing from a comprehensive panel dataset spanning the years from 1990 to 2020, our findings unveil a nuanced perspective on the effectiveness of these renewable energy policy tools. Notably, our results underscore the varying degrees of success among different policy instruments, all of which significantly contribute to the advancement of renewable energy sources. A key revelation arises from the limited impact of quotas, a frequently employed regulatory measure, in stimulating the expansion of renewable electricity generation capacity. In contrast, feed-in tariffs, tenders, and tax incentives emerge as potent drivers in achieving this pivotal objective. This research sheds light on the dynamic landscape of renewable energy policy instruments, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders engaged in advancing sustainable and resilient energy ecosystems in the Visegrad group countries and beyond.

Interrelationships of renewable energy zones in Queensland: localised effects on capacity value and congestion

Renewable Energy Zones (REZ) are in the early stages of implementation in Australia's National Electricity Market (NEM) as a means of expediting transmission investment and facilitating new renewable generation capacity. This research explores the interrelationships and seasonal behaviour of nine proposed REZ across the Queensland region of the NEM. Assessment of the seasonal variable renewable energy supply and localised congestion effects, highlights the rapid increase in spilled energy that occurs as REZ subscription matures. Further, the contribution to the reliable supply of energy at a system level is considered through capacity value analysis and contextualised with their recent market performance. Important system planning considerations are highlighted, where analytical techniques are applied to the resource adequacy and congestion management problem.

Impact of short-term wind forecast accuracy on the performance of decarbonising wholesale electricity markets

As the proportion of variable renewable generation capacity in our electricity systems rises, so too will the associated absolute forecast errors in their generation. This work quantifies the complex interactions between short-term renewable generation forecasts, short-term demand forecasts, generator unit commitment and economic dispatch in electricity systems with levels of variable renewable generation spanning 49–79% of annual electricity demand. When the short-term operational uncertainty caused by renewable generation becomes larger in absolute terms than that of demand, the accuracy of renewable generation forecasting has a critical influence on electricity market performance. That is, inaccurate short-term wind forecasts can increase hours of unserved energy and scarcity hours spent at market price cap, increase total system costs and prices, significantly increase returns to thermal generators and energy storage, reduce returns to wind generators, and increase greenhouse gas emissions slightly. For the generalised case study considered in this work, the value of improved short term wind generation forecasts looks to becomes significant once variable renewables generate more than roughly 60% of annual electricity demand. Reductions in average market prices of 5 $/MWh or more then appear plausible as acceptable levels of reliability are recovered. As such, improvements in short-term renewable generation forecasting are likely required in order to justify continued investment in variable renewables as the major means of achieving decarbonisation efficiently and reliably, and these could be achieved by any combination of improved forecasting, dispatch control or on-site firming.

Особливості управління тарифоутворенням у контексті «зеленої» економіки

The article determines that modern energy is mostly based on non-renewable primary energy sources. Therefore, the formation of renewable energy plays an important role today. It is noted that Europe and the world have identified a green economy and climate-neutral energy as a benchmark for their development. Attention is focused on the consideration that under such conditions of development, the issue of tariff setting in the context of the green economy plays a key role in the transformation of the energy system and support of the green economy, since effective tariff setting helps to attract investment in green technologies, ensures the economic attractiveness of renewable energy projects and stimulates energy efficiency. Based on the carried out analysis of scientific publications, it is concluded that tariff setting in the context of the green economy is considered through the prism of economic incentives, environmental benefits, political support and social perception, highlighting its relevance in the context of global efforts to transition to sustainable energy. It is determined that today the problems of instability of tariff policy, in some cases economic inefficiency of tariffs, social inequality, complexity of regulation and administration and a number of others remain unresolved. Addressing these challenges is critical to ensuring an effective and sustainable tariff policy that promotes the development of a green economy and renewable energy sources. It is determined that due to the imperfect, but effective at the moment model of the green tariff, the number and capacity of renewable generation in Ukraine has been steadily growing over the past 10 years. A number of problems that exist today in tariff setting in the context of the green economy from the point of view of its management in Ukraine have been identified and specific features of tariff setting in the context of the green economy have been formulated. Each of the identified specific features of tariff formation of the green economy is characterized and the authors’ own mathematical model of formation of the general tariff of the green economy is proposed. It is concluded that the features of tariff setting in the context of the green economy require an integrated approach to management, and promising in this direction are studies on clarifying each component of the base tariff, determining the basis for calculating each component, further adjustment of the tariff taking into account regional features and other aspects of pricing in the field of renewable energy sources.

Do mineral imports increase in response to decarbonization indicators other than renewable energy?

While previous studies examine the impact of renewable energy generation capacity on mineral imports where minerals are broadly defined, this study examines the role of three decarbonization indicators (energy efficiency, energy's carbon footprint, and renewable generation) in driving import demand for four specific minerals used in multiple decarbonization technologies: copper, aluminum, nickel, and manganese. Our results, based on the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach applied to panel data from 33 countries, suggest that imports for some minerals increase in response to (1) investments in energy efficiency (aluminum and manganese), (2) reducing energy's carbon footprint (copper), and (3) investments in renewable energy generation (copper and manganese). Nickel imports were found to increase with higher levels of energy use per GDP suggesting their role in cleaner vehicles, which heavily rely on electrification, higher electricity use, and urbanization. When imports are broadly defined to include all types of mineral groups, import values were found to be responsive to higher renewable generation but not the other decarbonization indicators. Our findings provide insights into developing mineral-specific strategies and policy frameworks to ensure supply chain resilience.

Distributionally robust optimization model considering deep peak shaving and uncertainty of renewable energy

In order to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, the capacity of renewable power generation is continuously expanding while thermal power units are transitioning from main power source to auxiliary power source. To alleviate the peak shaving burden of thermal power units under the uncertainty of renewable energy and improve the absorption level of renewable energy, a two-stage distributionally robust optimization (DRO) model considering deep peak shaving and the uncertainty of renewable energy is proposed. The day-ahead unit commitment solutions are determined in the first stage, and the detailed scheduling strategies are obtained in the second stage. Column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is applied to solve the model, and the master problem and subproblem are reformulated as duality-free mixed integer linear programming problems. The results show that the scheduling strategy obtained based on the model can alleviate the peak shaving burden brought by the uncertainty of renewable energy and reduce the abandonment rate of wind resources and solar resources, and the proposed DRO model provides a good trade-off between economy and robustness compared to stochastic optimization (SO) and robust optimization (RO).

Implications of a smart grid-integrated renewable distributed generation capacity expansion strategy: The case of Iraq

The rapid growth of electricity demand in Iraq has consistently outstripped the country's electricity infrastructure, leading to frequent blackouts, especially during peak summer demand. With a heavy reliance on oil 93 % and gas 7 % for electricity generation, the nation is exposed to economic fluctuations associated with global oil prices and environmental impacts from burning fossil fuels. This study explores the implications of integrating smart grids and expanding renewable distributed generation capacity in the country's energy system. Drawing upon the projection of the energy demand by 2035 across four scenarios (Business as Usual, Sustainable Development, High Growth, and Low Carbon), the study underscores solar energy, backed by abundant solar and wind energy, as a key player in the country's renewable transition. However, challenges persist, including the need for technical expertise in renewable energy technologies, financing hurdles, and concerns about policy stability. With the country's policies targeting 25 % renewable electricity by 2030 and the establishment of significant renewable projects, there tangible momentum. The results have drawn out a roadmap for an estimated addition of up to 10 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 and 14 GW by 2035. In addition, strategies for distributed generation capacity expansion were highlighted, underscoring the crucial role of solar and wind energy and other renewables in the country's sustainable energy future.

Discrete optimal designs for distributed energy systems with nonconvex multiphase optimal power flow

The optimal selection, sizing, and location of small-scale technologies within a grid-connected distributed energy system (DES) can contribute to reducing carbon emissions, consumer costs, and network imbalances. There is a significant lack of studies on how DES designs, especially those with electrified heating systems, impact unbalanced low-voltage distribution networks to which most DES are connected. This is the first study to present an optimisation framework for obtaining discrete technology sizing and selection for grid-connected DES design, while simultaneously considering multiphase optimal power flow (MOPF) constraints to accurately represent unbalanced low-voltage distribution networks. An algorithm is developed to solve the resulting Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) formulation. It employs a decomposition based on Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and Nonlinear Programming (NLP) and uses integer cuts and complementarity reformulations to obtain discrete designs that are also feasible with respect to the network constraints. A heuristic modification to the original algorithm is also proposed to improve computational speed. Improved formulations for selecting feasible combinations of air source heat pumps (ASHPs) and hot water storage tanks are also presented. Two networks of varying size are used to test the optimisation methods. Designs with electrified heating (ASHPs and tanks) are compared to those with conventional gas boilers. The algorithms outperform one of the existing state-of-the-art commercial deterministic MINLP solvers, which fails to find any solutions in two instances within specified time limits. While feasible solutions were obtained for all cases, convergence was not achieved for all, especially for those involving the larger network. Where converged, the algorithm with the heuristic modification has achieved results up to 70% faster than the original algorithm. Results for case studies suggest that including ASHPs can support up to 16% higher renewable generation capacity compared to gas boilers, albeit with higher ASHP investment costs, as local generation and consumption minimises network violations associated with excess power export. The results also show the importance of including nonlinear power flow constraints in DES design problems. The optimisation framework and results can be used to inform stakeholders such as policymakers and network operators, to increase renewable energy capacity and aid the decarbonisation of domestic heating systems.

Renewable origin, additionality, temporal and geographical correlation – eFuels production in Germany under the RED II regime

E-fuels are a promising technological option to reduce the carbon footprint in the transportation sector. To ensure the renewable origin of electricity-based fuels and minimize the impact of power-to-liquid facilities on the electricity grid, the European Union implemented electricity purchase conditions within the Renewable Energy Directive II. In this work, we analyze the impact of these electricity purchase conditions on the optimal placement, dimensioning and operation of facilities and the German electricity system. The results show that implementing the proposed electricity purchase conditions increases electrolysis capacity by 15.8% and reduces utilization by 672 h in 2030. With the constrained electricity supply, the power-to-liquid facilities concentrate on network nodes with high renewable potential, while the carbon dioxide supply loses importance. Overall, the German electricity system is not heavily affected by the proposed purchase conditions as the required renewable generation capacities only increase slightly. At the same time, carbon dioxide abatement costs rise by 14.3% by introducing the electricity purchase conditions.

Wind-solar-storage trade-offs in a decarbonizing electricity system

Exploring cost-effective wind-solar-storage combinations to replace conventional fossil-fuelled power generation without compromising grid reliability becomes increasingly important in a steadily decarbonizing electricity system. For a renewable energy-rich state in Southern India (Karnataka), we systematically assess various wind-solar-storage energy mixes for alternate future scenarios, using Pareto frontiers. The simulated scenarios consider assumed growth in electricity demand, and different levels of base generation and supply-side flexibility from fossil fuels and hydropower. Our approach uses hourly load data, simulates generation based on hourly weather reanalysis data, and models the effects of battery charging and discharging on battery lifetimes. In the context of declining base generation and limited flexibility in the state electricity grid, the reliability of meeting demand is limited by the generation curtailment that is permitted. We show that adding battery storage capacity without concomitant expansion of renewable generation capacity is inefficient. Keeping the wind-solar installations within the officially assessed renewable potential, a fully decarbonized grid with limited flexibility can have approximately 63% reliability even after using adequate battery storage. Achieving 99% grid reliability would be expensive, requiring large wind-solar installations that exceed officially assessed potential, constrained by land allocation. The findings highlight the importance of a fresh examination of curtailment thresholds, available renewable potential, and possibilities of demand-side management based on consumers' willingness to modify hourly demand patterns.

Comparison of the European Regulatory Framework for the deployment of Offshore Renewable Energy Project

The REPower EU Plan has set a minimum of total renewable energy generation capacity of 1,236 GW by 2030. Achieving this target, and emission reductions by 2050, will require the extensive deployment of offshore energy facilities, especially offshore wind (OW) and wave energy converters (WECs). However, an incomplete and sometimes unfavourable regulatory framework still jeopardises the feasibility of both prototypes and large-scale installations. There are, for example, significant differences between the permitting procedures in different Member States and regions. Moreover, following the transposition of the Directive 2014/89/EU “establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning”, important differences pertain to the way environmental and heritage protection is dealt with. An overview of the offshore permitting schemes for offshore wind in ten European counties (Germany, Denmark, Scotland, Sweden, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, and Ireland) is provided, demonstrating a mismatch between the current members’ complex regulations and the future offshore wind targets. Using customised key performance indicators, we describe and assess the extent to which the regulatory frameworks are conducive to installing industrial devices in achieving the country’s 2030 target. Finally, we propose actions to facilitate the installation of OW while ensuring both environmental protection and industry development in the countries under investigation.

Assessment and Prospect of Region Joint Electrolytic Hydrogen Systems Considering Multiple Energy Sources: Wind, Solar, Hydro and Thermal Power

Due to the significantly differentiated electrolytic hydrogen capacity caused by resource characteristics such as wind, solar, hydro, and thermal power in different regions of China, region joint electrolytic hydrogen systems (RJEHS) considering multiple energy sources is proposed to improve this situation. In this framework, a regional decoupling model is established for typical cascade hydropower in Southwest China to simulate the actual operation of it. Moreover, the advantages of RJEHS compared with region separate electrolytic hydrogen systems (RSEHS) in reducing levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), carbon emission and the installed capacity of renewable energy power generation are also studied. In addition, differential models considering the power and ramping characteristics of three different types of electrolyzers are established. And the evolution process and development prospect of the planned configuration of the three types of electrolyzers during 2025-2050 are given. The case study verifies the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Potential Domestic Energy System Vulnerabilities from Major Exports of Green Hydrogen: A Case Study of Australia

Australia has clear aspirations to become a major global exporter of hydrogen as a replacement for fossil fuels and as part of the drive to reduce CO2 emissions, as set out in the National Hydrogen Strategy released in 2019 jointly by the federal and state governments. In 2021, the Australian Energy Market Operator specified a grid forecast scenario for the first time entitled “hydrogen superpower”. Not only does Australia hope to capitalise on the emerging demand for zero-carbon hydrogen in places like Japan and South Korea by establishing a new export industry, but it also needs to mitigate the built-in carbon risk of its export revenue from coal and LNG as major customers, such as Japan and South Korea, move to decarbonise their energy systems. This places hydrogen at the nexus of energy, climate change mitigation and economic growth, with implications for energy security. Much of the published literature on this topic concentrates on the details of what being a major hydrogen exporter will look like and what steps will need to be taken to achieve it. However, there appears to be a gap in the study of the implications for Australia’s domestic energy system in terms of energy security and export economic vulnerability. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for the implications of becoming a major hydrogen exporter on Australia’s energy system. Various green hydrogen export scenarios for Australia were compared, and the most recent and comprehensive was selected as the basis for further examination for domestic energy system impacts. In this scenario, 248.5 GW of new renewable electricity generation capacity was estimated to be required by 2050 to produce the additional 867 TWh required for an electrolyser output of 2088 PJ of green hydrogen for export, which will comprise 55.9% of Australia’s total electricity demand at that time. The characteristics of comparative export-oriented resources and their interactions with the domestic economy and energy system are then examined through the lens of the resource curse hypothesis, and the LNG and aluminium industries. These existing resource export frameworks are reviewed for applicability of specific factors to export-oriented green hydrogen production, with applicable factors then compiled into a novel conceptual framework for exporter domestic implications from large-scale exports of green hydrogen. The green hydrogen export superpower (2050) scenario is then quantitatively assessed using the established indicators for energy exporter vulnerability and domestic energy security, comparing it to Australia’s 2019 energy exports profile. This assessment finds that in almost all factors, exporter vulnerability is reduced, and domestic energy security is enhanced by the transition from fossil fuel exports to green hydrogen, with the exception of an increase in exposure of the domestic energy system to international market forces.