Renewable Energy Production Research Articles

Perspectives on the use of Bottom-Up Technologies for Converting Solid Waste Into Renewable Energy in the Context of the Urban Circular Economy

Objective: This investigation has the general objective of mapping in the literature, technologies and steps in solid waste management, which can intensify and contribute to the use and energy recovery of solid waste and its reinsertion based on circular logic for urban areas in Brazil. Theoretical Framework: The problem of waste management affects the entire ecosystem and Brazil is among the countries that most produce and irregularly eliminate solid waste. The theoretical study seeks to present the current scenario of RSU in Brazil, from the legislative aspect, circular economy concepts aligned with Lean Green in favor of sustainable development and how these concepts are aligned with current management practices in case analysis . studio in Copenhagen - Denmark. Method: The methodology adopts a qualitative character, with an exploratory and descriptive approach, a hybrid approach that combines bibliographic review, with the analysis of existing case studies. Results and Discussion: Thus, the result of the analysis is one of the main technologies and ascending practices: gasification and composting, in which the latter stands out, as well as the soil correcting properties, supporting the entire process of the material organic. waste, improves compost for the production of renewable energy and can provide adequate compost for energy production. It is concluded that the integrated approach to the circular economy, supported by Lean Green concepts and promoting technocentric management practices, is the path towards an efficient transition, promoting resource savings and sustainable development in Brazil. Implications of the investigation: The practical and theoretical implications of this investigation are discussed, providing information on how the results can apply or influence practices in the field of solid waste management, with a focus on organic waste and a focus on valorization for the production of renewable energy. These implications can contribute to the elimination of spills and sustainable development. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by seeking alternatives and practices to value solid waste in order to help the production of renewable energy based on concepts that can facilitate the implementation of efficient management and its potential for savings in it urban context.

Photovoltaic Integrated Shading Devices in the Retrofitting of Existing Buildings on Chinese Campuses Within a Regional Context

Retrofitting existing buildings to be more energy-efficient is a tremendous contribution to the sustainability of society. The application of photovoltaic integrated shading devices (PVSDs) accords with this ambition by blocking out unwanted radiant heat gain and generating clean electricity. The deployment of PVSDs needs sensible design strategies to optimize the production of renewable energy while retaining the aesthetic quality of the built-up environment, especially in historic campuses. The concept was tested in a case study of buildings in South China University of Technology (SCUT) using Ladybug 1.4.0 and PVsyst 7.2, utilizing the existing “Xia’s shading” design method in historical environments and optimizing the design from the perspective of photovoltaic performance. Firstly, the photovoltaic (PV) panels were integrated as architectural components, and the parameters were incorporated into a mathematical equation based on “Xia’s shading” design method. This was followed by the assessment of the solar energy harvesting potential based on simulated annual solar irradiation values. Lastly, the PV panels’ solar irradiation potential under these different parameters was shown in figures to identify the optimum parameters combination for PVSD applications. The proposed methodology could evolve as a design tool and thus further assist in promoting the large-scale adoption of PVSDs in retrofit projects.

Photovoltaic Power Station Impacts on the Benthic Ecosystem and Sediment Carbon Storage in Tidal Flats in China.

Photovoltaic power is a rapidly growing component of the renewable energy sector. Photovoltaic power stations (PVPSs) on coastal tidal flats offer benefits, but the lack of information on the effects of PVPSs on benthic ecosystems and sediment carbon storage can hamper the development of eco-friendly renewable energy. We sampled the macrobenthos and sediment cores at a PVPS on a coastal tidal flat in eastern China. The biodiversity indicators and benthic ecological quality based on macrobenthos were mostly higher under the photovoltaic panels than elsewhere. These variations were primarily driven by pH, sediment grain size, and chlorophyll-a content. However, the PVPS had exerted a considerable influence on the macrobenthic community structure. Furthermore, the carbon stocks in the sediment cores from under the photovoltaic panels were similar to those in the reference sites. These results suggest that this PVPS has not had discernible short-term adverse effects on the benthic ecosystems or sediment carbon storage of the tidal flat. Nevertheless, the potentially long-term and cascading risks throughout the ecosystem warrant caution. Therefore, we recommend that policymakers adopt a cautious development strategy and implement long-term, high-frequency monitoring to ensure the sustainability of renewable energy production on coastal tidal flats.

Harnessing salinity gradient energy: Pushing forward in water reclamation via on-site reverse electrodialysis technology

Effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) discharged into water bodies such as the sea or ocean, offer a potential source of renewable energy through the salinity gradient (SGE) between seawater and treated water. The European project Life-3E: Environment-Energy-Economy aims to demonstrate an innovative process integrating renewable energy production with water reclamation. Using reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology, SGE can power tertiary wastewater treatment processes in coastal UWWTPs, offsetting energy costs associated with water regeneration and reuse.This study pioneers a pilot-scale RED system with a 20.125 m2 membrane area at a coastal UWWTP in Comillas, Spain. The initial tests with synthetic solutions in the up-scaled RED module have reached a peak power density of 1.39 W/m2. Under real environmental conditions, using natural seawater and treated water at ambient temperatures (289 ± 0.5 K), the system achieved a peak power density of 0.95 W/m2, outperforming previous setups in stability and efficiency.The results show competitive energy metrics, with an energy efficiency of 1.9 W/m2·m³LC and up to 38.2 Wh/m³LC generated. The treated water, with an inlet conductivity to the RED stack of <1 mS/cm, exits the pilot with a conductivity of around 4 mS/cm (measured under a load of 2A and a flow rate of 500 L/h), maintaining the quality standards for urban reuse.This study demonstrates the effective integration of RED technology into water reclamation stages, creating a self-sustained energy loop and enhancing the efficiency in water management. By harnessing blue energy and supporting sustainable water reuse, this research contributes to the global shift toward a circular water economy and critical sustainability goals.

A Paris aligned 1.5 °C mitigation pathway for the chemical industry based on 100% renewable energy and novel production technologies

With renewables growing at an unprecedented pace and critical carbon budget deadlines approaching, research is shifting to the new frontier of Paris aligned 1.5 °C mitigation pathways for hard-to-abate sectors, including the chemical industry sector. This is a significant challenge with chemical products such as plastics, fertilizers and many more products intertwined with today’s society and with CO2 emissions originating both from energy and from chemical conversions. This paper presents a detailed bottom-up production-based energy and emission calculation to make a 1.5 °C compatible scenario for the chemical industry based on three main measures compared to a business-as-usual scenario. This research found that the holistic combination of demand and supply measures is critical to reduce the different types of emissions in the sector (energy and non-energy process emissions). An overall reduction of 82% of CO2 emissions in 2050 is calculated with a decrease in base chemical production growth (− 21%), 100% renewable energy for heat and electricity (− 50%) and the introduction of novel electrical-based and biomass-based production technologies for ethylene, propylene, methanol and ammonia (− 10%). Critical system developments include slowing chemical demand growth with recycling and circularity best practices, advanced electrification of heat supply and the substantial market penetration of the current most advanced sustainable production technologies for methanol, ammonia, and ethylene based on their reasonable technology maturation trajectories. Here, green methanol and ammonia will require 381 TWh in 2030 and 3232 TWh in 2050 for green hydrogen electrolysis, which will represent 1% and 4% of global electricity demand.

A De Novo Auto-Activated Solar-Driven Biohybrid System for Hydrogen Production in Methanotrophic Cells.

Climate change driving by greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum-based energy has garnered significant attention. Renewable energy production via a sustainable system that integrates the cell factory and visible-light-driven photocatalysts offers a novel approach for upcycling methane and addressing global energy challenges. Here, an auto-activated biohybrid system driven by solar energy is developed for converting methane into hydrogen fuel, which incorporated thienoviologen (S-MV2+) and genetically engineered methanotrophic bacteria. In this system, S-MV2+ functioned as photosensitizer and electron mediator, capturing solar energy and supplying electrons for an enzyme-catalyzed bioprocess. The genetically modified Methylomicrobium buryatense 5GB1 mutant, lacking methanol dehydrogenase but overexpressing hydrogenase, is able to convert methane into methanol that maintains the electron flow cycle by quenching photogenerated holes for both hydrogen biosynthesis and methane oxidation. Finally, the highest H2 production of 272.96 µM from this biohybrid system was achieved with methanol as a sacrificial agent generated by the H2-producing mutant, resulting in a 140-fold enhancement. This innovative method showcases the potential of coupling photocatalysis with methanotrophic biocatalysis for sustainable energy production. Additionally, the system introduces a new strategy for self-regeneration of sacrificial agents, offering a promising avenue for hydrogen production using greenhouse gases in an eco-friendly manner.

Application of GIS in Introducing Community-Based Biogas Plants from Dairy Farm Waste: Potential of Renewable Energy for Rural Areas in Bangladesh

Dairy production is one of the most important economic sectors in Bangladesh. However, the traditional management of dairy cow manure and other wastes results in air pollution, eutrophication of surface water, and soil contamination, highlighting the urgent need for more sustainable waste management solutions. To address the environmental problems of dairy waste management, this research explored the potential of community-based biogas production from dairy cow manure in Bangladesh. This study proposed introducing community-based biogas plants using a geographic information system (GIS). The study first applied a restriction analysis to identify sensitive areas, followed by a suitability analysis to determine feasible locations for biogas plants, considering geographical, social, economic, and environmental factors. The final suitable areas were identified by combining the restriction and suitability maps. The spatial distribution of dairy farms was analyzed through a cluster analysis, identifying significant clusters for potential biogas production. A baseline and proposed scenario were designed for five clusters based on the input and output capacities of the biogas plants, estimating the location and capacity for each cluster. The study also calculated electricity generation from the proposed scenario and the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of the biogas plants. The findings provide a land-use framework for implementing biogas plants that considers environmental and socio-economic criteria. Five biogas plants were found to be technically and spatially feasible for electricity generation. These plants can collectively produce 31 million m3 of biogas annually, generating approximately 200.60 GWh of energy with a total electricity capacity of 9.8 MW/year in Bangladesh. Implementing these biogas plants is expected to increase renewable energy production by at least 1.25%. Furthermore, the total GHG emission reduction potential is estimated at 104.26 Gg/year CO2eq through the annual treatment of 61.38 thousand tons of dairy manure.

The Influence of Domestic Bank Credit and FDI Inflows on Renewable Energy Productivity: An Analysis of Developing Asian Economies

The Influence of Domestic Bank Credit and FDI Inflows on Renewable Energy Productivity: An Analysis of Developing Asian Economies

Renewable energy waste recycling

Broad field of technologies is related to the countries’ green hydrogen goals, with renewable energy technology (RE) being a significant part. RE’s ability to support green hydrogen industry is now being hindered by the waste issue. By 2050, the world will have accumulated up to 60–70 million tons of waste photovoltaic (PV) modules, 43.4 million tons of wind turbine blades and up to 1 million tons of lithium batteries. Existing technologies and recycling capacities are not capable of recycling these volumes, since the readiness levels of most of the applicable technologies is assessed as TRL3 - TRL8 and their economic efficiency is below the profitability level. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the need and calculate the amount of state support for the development of RE waste recycling technologies. It has been determined that the sum of economic losses in the absence of recycling by 2050 will amount to up to 215 billion dollars, including in the RE leading regions: in China 81 billion dollars, in the EU 42 billion dollars, in the USA 26 billion dollars. The regional distribution of waste volume is presented, grouped by energy price level: 30% of waste in countries with the highest energy tariffs, mainly in Europe, 20% in regions with an average price, including all of North America, 50% in regions with the lowest price - most Asian countries. The dynamics of the increase in the number of patents for the selected IPCs for the period 2000–2024 was obtained, and the leading countries were identified. It is shown that the effect of state support for recycling will be obtained in three industries: firstly, a cost-effective industry for recycling renewable energy waste will be formed, secondly, the availability of scarce materials for renewable energy producers will increase, and thirdly, unconstrained RE deployment will back the green hydrogen development. The timeframe of the countries’ hydrogen goals and the RE waste accumulation trends jointly indicate the urgency of the waste issue, when the analysis proves the reasonable request for the state involvement.

Opportunities for biogas production from algal biomass

Energy security is a critical global challenge in the transition to sustainable development. Anaerobic digestion (AD) offers a promising renewable energy solution that mitigates environmental impacts. Algae, as biomass feedstock, have shown significant potential for bioenergy production; however, their complex chemical composition poses challenges to the efficiency of the AD process. To address these limitations, various pretreatment methods have been applied to enhance biogas production. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta‐analysis to evaluate the effects of different pretreatments on methane (CH₄) yields from both microalgae and macroalgae. Our results demonstrate that biological, physical, and combined chemical–physical pretreatments significantly improve CH₄ production in microalgae, with increases of up to 141%, 125%, and 151%, respectively. For macroalgae, physical pretreatments were the most effective, leading to a 129% increase in CH₄ yield. We also estimate that utilizing just 10% of the global algal biomass production (3.6 Mt) could generate over 5.5 TWh y−1 of energy. This potential could be doubled with the application of appropriate pretreatment strategies. These findings highlight the role of algae in advancing renewable energy production and contribute to the growing body of knowledge on optimizing AD processes for cleaner energy generation.

Enhancing the electrochemical efficiency of Ni3V2O8 NPs synthesised by hydrothermal methods for supercapattery applications

A key challenge in renewable energy production is the persistent gap between energy supply and demand. Developing and optimizing materials for energy storage devices offers a promising solution to this issue. The Ni3V2O8 Nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using a simple hydrothermal process and their structural, morphology, functional and elemental properties were confirmed with special analytical tools like PXRD, SEM, FTIR and EDX with mapping correspondingly. Ensuring the redox peaks and electrochemical interaction, charge/discharge cycles and conductivity of electrode materials were examined through the CV, GCD and EIS studies. The prepared Ni3V2O8 electrode exhibits a superior specific capacity of 581.07 at 5 mV/s. The cyclic stability of the electrode attained 72 % specific-capacity retention completing 10,000 cycles with 5 A/g. The supercapatteries belong to the electrode configuration of Ni3V2O8||AC fabricated and also investigated its properties with capacitive and diffusive mechanisms. Additionally essentially, fabricated asymmetric supercapatteries with a notable power density (PD) and energy density (ED) 1976 W kg and 45.5 Wh/kg and outstanding cycle stability performance above 92 % specific capacity retention after 10,000 cycles is accrued effectively by using the Ni3V2O8 as electrode material for supercapattery applications.

Coupled complementary operation and optimal planning of energy-water nexus synergies: balancing water demand and renewable energy production

Coupled complementary operation and optimal planning of energy-water nexus synergies: balancing water demand and renewable energy production

Bacterial synergy and relay for thermophilic hydrogen production through dark fermentation using food waste

BackgroundFood waste is a significant global issue, with 1.3 billion tons generated annually, a figure expected to rise to 2.1 billion tons by 2030. Conventional disposal methods, such as landfilling and incineration, present environmental challenges, including methane emissions and pollution. Hydrogen production through dark fermentation presents a sustainable alternative, offering both waste management and renewable energy generation. This study investigates the bacterial synergy and relay mechanisms involved in thermophilic H2 production using food waste as a substrate. PurposeThe primary aim of this research was to analyze the metabolic pathways and dynamics of functional genes prediction during thermophilic H2 production from food waste, focusing on the role of bacterial consortia in enhancing H2 yields. MethodsA continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) was operated using food waste as the substrate and a thermophilic bacterial consortium as the inoculum. The study utilized genomic analysis to monitor changes in bacteriobiome composition over time and to correlate these changes with H2 production. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and H2 production rates were analyzed using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database was employed to identify functional genes involved in the fermentation process. ResultsThe study identified key bacterial species, including Caproiciproducens and Caproicibacter, that dominated during the later stages of H2 production, replacing earlier dominant species such as Clostridium. These shifts in bacterial dominance were strongly correlated with sustained H2 production rates ranging from 353 to 403 mL·L−1·h−1, with H2 concentrations between 55 % and 62 % (v/v). Functional gene analysis revealed significant pathways related to polysaccharide degradation, glycolysis, and dark fermentation. ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of bacterial synergy and relay in maintaining continuous H2 production from food waste under thermophilic conditions. The findings provide insights into optimizing biohydrogen production processes, emphasizing the role of specific bacterial species in enhancing efficiency. These results contribute to the development of sustainable waste management strategies and renewable energy production.

Systematic analysis of mixing and segregation patterns of binary mixtures in fluidised beds for multi-functional processes

Fluidized beds are increasingly used in renewable energy and chemical production due to their versatility in handling different solids for multi-functional industrial applications. The diversity in size and density of solid particles impacts fluidization, influencing mixing and segregation behaviours critical for optimizing chemical processes and reactor design. This study investigates the expansion and segregation behaviours of mixed Geldart group powders in binary systems, simulating polydispersed beds with different materials and catalysts. By applying a modified Cheung equation and an adapted Gibilaro-Rowe model, the study analyzes segregation behaviours of Geldart Group A and B materials at varying mixing rates and gas flow velocities. Results show a good match between experimental data and model predictions. Using novel non-invasive X-ray imaging, the study provides real-time analysis of mixing and segregation at different fluidization regimes and temperatures. These findings aid in designing and optimizing advanced thermochemical conversion technologies, enhancing process efficiency and resilience.

Step-by-step time discrete Physics-Informed Neural Networks with application to a sustainability PDE model

The use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) has spread massively in several research fields. Among the various applications, ANNs have been exploited for the solution of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). In this context, the so-called Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are considered, i.e. neural networks generally constructed in such a way as to compute a continuous approximation in time and space of the exact solution of a PDE.In this manuscript, we propose a new step-by-step approach that allows to define PINNs capable of providing numerical solutions of PDEs that are discrete in time and continuous in space. This is done by establishing connections between the network outputs and the numerical approximations computed by a classical one-stage method for stiff Initial Value Problems (IVPs). Links are also highlighted between the step-by-step PINNs derived here, and the time discrete models based on Runge–Kutta (RK) methods proposed so far in literature. To evaluate the efficiency of the new approach, we build such PINNs to solve a nonlinear diffusion-reaction PDE model describing the process of production of renewable energy through dye-sensitized solar cells. The numerical experiments show that not only the new step-by-step PINNs are able to well reproduce the model solution, but also highlight that the proposed approach can constitute an improvement over existing continuous and time discrete models.

On-Farm Production of Renewable Energy in 2014–2022

The main purpose of this study is to present family farms as consumers and producers of renewable energies which provide them with an opportunity to reduce operating costs. The time scope of the study is 2014–2022, and the Farm Accountancy Data Network is used as the data source. The following research methods were employed: comparative and descriptive analysis, intensity indicators, ranking assignment and panel regression. Based on the values of energy output and energy costs, the rankings revealed a strong position of the Netherlands and Germany. As demonstrated by the study, energy production and consumption volumes depend on the farms’ economic size, but are not impacted by production type. Another finding is that energy production covers only one-third of its costs. Also, both production volumes and costs were on a growth path on a year-over-year basis, with similar growth ratios. The European Union’s leaders in energy consumption and production are the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, Slovakia and Sweden. The study included the structuring of panel models for energy output and costs and identified their determinants. Energy output depends on total inputs and grows as they grow. Energy costs, in turn, are related to utilized agricultural area, total output and family farm income. An important limitation of this study is that FADN is a provider of high-level data. Hence, it is impossible to tell what specific sources of renewable energy are used by farms, and how they are affected by such exogenous factors as climate, earmarked subsidies or energy policy. The findings from this study are discussed in the context of the European Commission’s recommendations laid down in the Bioeconomy Strategy of the EU (2013), the Seventh Environment Action Program, the New Innovation Agenda of the European Union, the Report “Transforming Our World: the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” and the Circular Economy Action Plan.

Energy and exergy analysis of a new solar hybrid system for hydrogen, power and superheated steam production

This study investigates the amalgamation of solar tower technology and thermal energy storage (TES) within the framework of a supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle, a copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) hydrogen production cycle, and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to generate superheated steam. The various subsystems have been merged to enhance overall energy efficiency significantly, ensure uninterrupted operation, and minimize exergy loss. Energy and exergy analyses have been carried out to assess the prerequisites and effectiveness of each subsystem, highlighting the thermodynamic benefits of integration. Engineering Equation Solving Software (EES) was employed to solve the integrated system model and assess the thermodynamic properties provided by the EES library. Results showed that in the basic design mode, exergy destruction in the solar tower, S-CO2 Brayton cycle, and Cu-Cl cycle are 9930 kW, 7111 kW, and 9735 kW, respectively. The system produces 4226 kW of power, 2697 kW of heat, and 0.04971 kg/s of hydrogen. The overall energy and exergy efficiency of the power plant are 17.48 % and 18.72 %, respectively. These findings demonstrate that this integrated system can address key gaps in the literature by presenting a novel combination of solar power-driven Cu-Cl hydrogen production and superheated steam generation. The proposed system contributes to advancing renewable, efficient, and uninterrupted energy production.

Transcriptional response of Methanosarcina acetivorans to repression of the energy-conserving methanophenazine: CoM-CoB heterodisulfide reductase enzyme HdrED

ABSTRACT Methane-producing archaea are key organisms in the anaerobic carbon cycle. These organisms, also called methanogens, grow by converting substrate to methane gas in a process called methanogenesis. Previous research showed that the reduction of the terminal electron acceptor is the rate-limiting step in methanogenesis by Methanosarcina acetivorans . In order to gain insight into how the cells sense and respond to the availability of the terminal electron acceptor, we designed an experiment to deplete cells of the essential terminal oxidase enzyme, HdrED. We found that the depletion of HdrED in vivo results in a higher abundance of transcripts for methyltransferases ( mtaC2, mtaB3, mtaC3 ), coenzyme B biosynthesis, C1 metabolism, and pyrimidine compounds. In most cases, these changes were distinct from transcript abundance changes observed during the transition from exponential growth to stationary phase cultures. These data implicate the methylotrophic methanogenesis regulator MsrC (MA4383) in CoM-S-S-CoB heterodisulfide sensing and indicate cells have a specific mechanism to sense intracellular ratio of CoM-S-S-CoB, coenzyme M, and coenzyme B thiols and further suggest transcripts encoding translation and methanogenesis functions are controlled by feed-forward regulation depending on substrate availability. IMPORTANCE Methanosarcina is an emerging model archaeon and synthetic biology platform for the production of renewable energy and sustainable chemicals to reduce dependence on petroleum. Research into metabolic networks and gene regulation in this organism and other methanogens will inform genome-scale metabolic modeling and microbial function prediction in uncultured or non-model anaerobes and archaea. This study suggests methanogens use unknown mechanisms to efficiently couple methanogenesis to gene regulation via CoM-S-S-CoB and ATP availability.

Mathematical analysis of an anaerobic digestion model for biogas production from solid waste.

Municipal solid waste is one of the most significant sources of gas emissions. In a context of renewable energy production and greenhouse gas emission reduction, we focus on the amount of biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic matter in a controlled landfill environment. We present a mathematical model describing this process from a microbiological and biochemical point of view, including the dynamics of the methane and carbon dioxide produced. A qualitative analysis of the dynamic system shows the existence of an infinite number of non-hyperbolic equilibria inducing an attractor that has been identified. Through numerical tests, we explore how the non-connectivity of the attractor resulting from the choice of growth functions can entirely transform the performance of the process, and highlight critical initial stock values that influence the amount of biogas produced.

Investments in green hydrogen as a flexibility source for the European power system by 2050: Does it pay off?

The European Union aims to deploy a high share of renewable energy sources in Europe’s power system by 2050. Large-scale intermittent wind and solar power production requires flexibility to ensure an adequate supply–demand balance. Green hydrogen (GH) can increase power systems’ flexibility and decrease renewable energy production’s curtailment. However, investing in GH is costly and dependent on electricity prices, which are important for operational costs in electrolysis. Moreover, the use of GH for power system flexibility might not be economically viable if there is no hydrogen demand from the hydrogen market. If so, questions would arise as to, what would be the incentives to introduce GH as a source of flexibility in the power system, and how would electrolyzer costs, hydrogen demand, and other factors affect the economic viability of GH usage for power system flexibility. The paper implements a European power system model formulated as a stochastic program to address these questions. The authors use the model to compare various instances with hydrogen in the power system to a no-hydrogen instance. The results indicate that by 2050 deployment of approximately 140 GW of GH will pay off investments and make the technology economically viable. We find that the price of hydrogen is estimated to be around €30/MWh.