Remplissage Group Research Articles

Arthroscopic Bankart Repair With Remplissage in Anterior Shoulder Instability Results in Fewer Redislocations Than Bankart Repair Alone at Medium-term Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: A multicenter, double-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing isolated Bankart repair (NO REMP) to Bankart repair with remplissage (REMP) reported benefits of remplissage in reducing recurrent instability at 2 years postoperative. The ongoing benefits beyond this time point are yet to be explored. Purpose: To (1) compare medium-term (3 to 9 years) outcomes of these previously randomized patients undergoing isolated Bankart repair (NO REMP) or Bankart repair with remplissage (REMP) to manage recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability; (2) examine the failure rate, overall recurrent instability, and reoperation rate. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Recruitment and randomization for the original randomized trial occurred between 2011 and 2017. Patients ≥14 years diagnosed with recurrent traumatic anterior shoulder instability with an engaging Hill-Sachs defect of any size were included. Those with a glenoid defect >15% were excluded. In 2020, participants were contacted by telephone and asked standardized questions regarding ensuing instances of subluxation, dislocation, or reoperation on their study shoulder. “Failure” was defined as a redislocation, and “overall recurrent instability” was described as a redislocation or ≥2 subluxations. Descriptive statistics, relative risk, and Kaplan-Meier survival curve analyses were performed. Results: A total of 108 participants were randomized, of whom 50 in the NO REMP group and 52 in the REMP group were included in the analyses in the original study. The mean number of months from surgery to the final follow-up was 49.3 and 53.8 months for the NO REMP and REMP groups, respectively. Failure rates were 22% (11/50) in the NO REMP group versus 8% (4/52) in the REMP group. Rates of overall recurrent instability were 30% (15/50) in the NO REMP group versus 10% (5/52) in the REMP group. Survival curves were significantly different, favoring REMP in both scenarios. Conclusion: For the treatment of traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability with a Hill-Sachs lesion and subcritical glenoid bone loss (<15%), a significantly lower rate of overall postoperative recurrent instability was observed with arthroscopic Bankart repair and remplissage than with isolated Bankart repair at a medium-term follow-up (mean of 4 years). Patients who did not receive a remplissage experienced a failure (redislocated) earlier and had a higher rate of revision/reoperation than those who received a concomitant remplissage. Registration: NCT01324531 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Arthroscopic Management of Anterior Shoulder Instability: A Study of Functional Outcome and Analysis.

Background The remarkable range of motion of the shoulder comes at the cost of increased instability, especially anterior instability. Arthroscopic Bankart repairwith or without remplissage, which is a minimally invasive surgery, is the preferred treatment for recurrent anterior instability. This study investigated the effectiveness of Bankart repair, with or without remplissage, in restoring function, preventing redislocation, and improving patient satisfaction. Methods A prospective observational study examined 40 patients (19-50years old) with recurrent anterior instability and MRI-confirmed Bankart or Bankartwith Hill-Sachs lesions. Patients underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with or without remplissage based on the inclusioncriteria of this study. Preoperative assessments included demographics, history, physical examination, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, ROWE score,and plain MRIof the shoulder joint. Post-operative radiographs and rehabilitation were advised. Functional recovery was evaluated at three months and six months after surgery. Results All patients underwent Bankart repair. Among them, 22 with engaging Hill-Sachs lesions received an additional remplissage procedure. Both groups showed significant improvements in their functional scores (p<0.05) and returned to their prior activities. However, the additional remplissage group had a slightly reduced meanexternal rotation (86.59°) compared with the Bankart repair-onlygroup (90°). Notably, the recurrence rate was very low, with only one patient (2.5%) experiencing instability. Conclusion Our study emphasizes the importance of propercapsulolabraltissue elevationto achieve a sufficient labral bump during Bankart repair. This technique allowed us to efficiently use only two suture anchors in 35 cases (87.5%). Additionally, remplissage was performed on all identified engaging Hill-Sachs lesions. We found that proper anchor placement and suturing techniques were crucial for successful Bankart repair.The emphasis on the potential cost benefits of a two-anchor approach is a valuable contribution to the field.

Arthroscopic Bankart with remplissage results in lower rates of recurrent instability with similar range of motion compared to isolated arthroscopic Bankart for anterior glenohumeral instability: Asystematic review and meta-analysis.

The addition of the remplissage procedure to an arthroscopic Bankart procedure has been shown to improve clinical outcomes, yet at the expense of potentially decreasing shoulder range of motion. The purpose of this study was to assess recurrent instability, range of motion, functional outcomesand rates of return to sport outcomes in patients undergoing an isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair compared to those undergoing arthroscopic Bankart repair in addition to the remplissage procedure. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a search was conducted using threedatabases (MEDLINE/OVID, EMBASEand PubMed). Retrieved studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria for comparative studies. Data were extracted and meta-analysis performed using a random-effects model. A total of 16 studies (13 level III studies, 2 level II studiesand 1 level I) were included with a total of 507 and 704 patients in the Bankart plus remplissage and isolated Bankart repair groups, respectively. No studies reported glenoid bone loss of >20% with the least percentage of glenoid bone loss reported amongstudies being <1%. There was a significantly increased rate of recurrent dislocations (odds ratio [OR] = 4.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.380-7.48, p < 0.00001) and revision procedures (OR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.52-7.41, p = 0.003) in the isolated Bankart repair group compared to the Bankart plus remplissage group. Additionally, there were no significant differences between groups in terms of external rotation at side (n.s.), in abduction (n.s.)or at forward flexion (n.s.) at final follow-up. Furthermore, return to preinjury level of sport favoured the Bankart plus remplissage group (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.35-0.85, p = 0.007). Patients undergoing arthroscopic Bankart plus remplissage for anterior shoulder instability have lower rates of recurrent instability, higher rates of return to sport, and no significant difference in range of motion at final follow-up when compared to an isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair. Further large, prospective studies are needed to further determine which patients and degree of bone loss would benefit most from augmentation with the remplissage procedure. Level III.

Paper 71: Remplissage reduces the risk of postoperative recurrent instability versus Bankart repair alone: Medium-term results from a randomized controlled trial

Objectives:Based on findings from our multi-center, double-blinded randomized controlled trial comparing arthroscopic Bankart repair with/without remplissage for the treatment of traumatic recurrent shoulder instability there is a greater risk of postoperative recurrent instability in patients without a remplissage at two years follow-up. The objective of the current study is to determine whether our short-term findings change with medium-term follow-up.Methods:This was a double-blinded, randomized clinical trial with two 1:1 parallel groups conducted at two sites. Patients were randomized intra-operatively to an arthroscopic Bankart with remplissage (REMP) or isolated Bankart repair (NO REMP) between 2011 and 2017. Inclusion criteria were patients 14 years or older diagnosed with traumatic anterior shoulder instability with a glenoid defect >15% and the presence of a Hill-Sachs defect (of any size). Patients were contacted by telephone (Spring 2020) and asked standardized questions to determine whether any additional information regarding subluxations, dislocation or additional surgery occurred since their two-year follow-up. “Recurrent instability” was defined as patient-reported dislocation, or two or more episodes of subluxation. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed to assess survival distribution between groups. For the time factor in the survival analysis, the number of months from time of surgery to outcome (either failure or no failure) was based on the time of the long-term follow-up phone call, or from the time of last reported outcome based on clinical or study follow-ups, whichever was the greatest. These were conducted for: 1) recurrent instability and 2) dislocations. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were also calculated.Results:Study groups were similar at baseline with respect to age, gender and BMI. Fifty-four patients were randomized to each study group at the time of the original study. , with 52 REMP and 50 NO REMP included in the analyses up to 24-months post-operative. Of those, 36 from each group were available for mid-term follow-up. Mean months (mean) from surgery to last follow-up was 53.8 for REMP and 49.3 for NO REMP. The rate of postoperative recurrent instability at medium term follow-up was 10% (5/52) in the REMP group at an average of 24 months and 30% (15/50) in NO REMP at an average of 19.5 months (p=0.010). The odds ratio of recurrent instability in the NO REMP group relative to the REMP group was 4.029 (1.337-12.135; p=0.010) and the survival curve was significantly different favouring REMP (χ2 = 6.958, P=0.008; Figure 1). With respect to dislocations only, the odds ratio in the NO REMP group relative to REMP was 3.385 (0.999-11.463; p=0.041) and the survival curve was also significantly different favouring the REMP (χ2 = 4.412, p=0.036; Figure 2).Conclusions:At medium-term follow-up, patients undergoing a Bankart repair with remplissage have a better rate of survival than those with an isolated Bankart repair.Figure 1.Survival curve for patients undergoing Bankart and remplissage or bankart only comparing time to recurrence of instability (dislocation and/or recurrent subluxation).Figure 2.Survival curve for patient undergoing Bankart and remplissage or Bankart only comparing time to dislocation.

The Addition of Remplissage to Free Bone Block Restores Translation and Stiffness Compared to Bone Block Alone or Latarjet in a Bipolar Bone Loss Model

<h3>Purpose</h3> The purpose of this study was to compare glenohumeral stability following a Latarjet, a free bone block (FBB), and a FBB with remplissage for bipolar bone loss. <h3>Methods</h3> Nine matched pairs of fresh frozen cadavers were tested in a custom biomechanical apparatus with rotation and progressive translational loading. The free bone block group consisted of a distal tibial allograft with an all-suture tape construct. The Latarjet group was performed with the native coracoid and two partially threaded cannulated screws. A bipolar bone loss model was created with 20% glenoid bone loss and an off-track Hill-Sachs lesion. Testing conditions included the 1) native state, 2) bipolar bone loss model, 3) Latarjet, 4) FBB with distal tibial allograft secured with cerclage sutures, and 5) FBB with remplissage. Each condition was tested for translation, humeral head apex shift, stiffness, and dislocation force. <h3>Results</h3> There were no differences in translation, stiffness, or dislocation forced between the FBB alone and Latarjet groups. The FBB with remplissage group demonstrated the lowest anterior-inferior translation at 90° of ER, which was statistically significant compared to Latarjet 20N (<i>P</i> = .013) and compared to the FBB alone at 40N (<i>P</i> = .024) and 50N (<i>P</i> = .011). The FBB with remplissage group was significantly stiffer compared to FBB alone at 90° ER with approximately 60% change in stiffness (<i>P</i> = .028). The force required to dislocate the humeral head after treatment was highest in the FBB with remplissage group, which was statistically significant compared to the FBB alone (<i>P</i> = .003) and Latarjet groups (<i>P</i> = .018). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The addition of remplissage to a FBB restores translation and stiffness closer to the intact state compared to a FBB alone or Latarjet in a bipolar bone loss model with an off-track Hill-Sachs lesion. In this model, dislocation force significantly increased with the addition of remplissage to the FBB. <b>Clinical Relevance</b>: This biomechanical study provides evidence that Latarjet and FBB are both acceptable forms of treatment for bipolar bone loss, but stability can be enhanced with the addition of remplissage following glenoid reconstruction.

Arthroscopic remplissage: a valuable adjunct to arthroscopic Bankart’s repair in shoulder instability

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;Current study present results of arthroscopic shoulder stabilisation surgery. 46 consecutive patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations and less than 25% Glenoid bone loss were treated with arthroscopic surgery in 2017-2020. Arthroscopic repair of Bankart’s lesion with capsular shift was performed in each. In 8 patients, where the Hill sach’s lesion was “off track” or “engaging”, arthroscopic remplissage was performed along with arthroscopic Bankart’s repair. There was no recurrence of shoulder instability after a mean follow up of 1 year. This included the non-engaging Hill sach’s group (treated with Bankart’s repair) as well as the engaging or off track Hill sach’s group (treated with Bankart’s repair and remplissage). All patients went on to obtain full forward flexion, full abduction and internal rotation. The Bankart’s and remplissage group had a mean of 8 degrees restriction of external rotation. SST scores and oxford scores had improved considerably on follow up in both groups Arthroscopic shoulder surgery provides a safe and reliable option in the management of recurrent shoulder dislocations. Arthroscopic remplissage is a useful adjunct to Bankart’s repair when treating the difficult problem of a large engaging Hill Sachs lesion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

What Are the Effects of Remplissage on 6-Month Strength and Range of Motion After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair? A Multicenter CohortStudy.

Background:Patients who have undergone shoulder instability surgery are often allowed to return to sports, work, and high-level activity based largely on a time-based criterion of 6 months postoperatively. However, some believe that advancing activity after surgery should be dependent on the return of strength and range of motion (ROM).Hypothesis:There will be a significant loss of strength or ROM at 6 months after arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage compared with Bankart repair alone.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:A total of 38 patients in a prospective multicenter study underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage (33 males, 5 females; mean age, 27.0 ± 10.2 years; 82% with ≥2 dislocation events in the past year). Strength and ROM were assessed preoperatively and at 6 months after surgery. Results were compared with 104 matched patients who had undergone Bankart repair without remplissage, although all had radiographic evidence of a Hill-Sachs defect.Results:At 6 months, there were no patients in the remplissage group with anterior apprehension on physical examination. However, 26% had a ≥20° external rotation (ER) deficit with the elbow at the side, 42% had a ≥20° ER deficit with the elbow at 90° of abduction, and 5% had persistent weakness. Compared with matched patients who underwent only arthroscopic Bankart repair, the remplissage group had greater humeral bone loss and had a greater likelihood of a ≥20° ER deficit with the elbow at 90° of abduction (P = .004). Risk factors for a ≥20° ER deficit with the elbow at 90° of abduction were preoperative stiffness in the same plane (P = .02), while risk factors for a ≥20° ER deficit with the elbow at the side were increased number of inferior quadrant glenoid anchors (P = .003), increased patient age (P = .02), and preoperative side-to-side deficits in ER (P = .04). The only risk factor for postoperative ER weakness was preoperative ER weakness (P = .04), with no association with remplissage (P = .26).Conclusion:Arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage did not result in significant strength deficits but increased the risk of ER stiffness in abduction compared with Bankart repair without remplissage at short-term follow-up.

Impact of Remplissage on Global Shoulder Outcome: A Long-Term Comparative Study

To evaluate the global function of patients treated by arthroscopic shoulder stabilization with or without remplissage at a minimum of 10years of follow-up. The inclusion criteria were existence of a recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation, with or without a Hill-Sachs lesion. The exclusion criteria were prior shoulder stabilization surgery and patients with a glenoid lesion that had been stabilized using the Latarjet procedure. Included patients with a Hill-Sachs lesion underwent surgical remplissage, and the others had Bankart repair only. The main criterion for failure was recurrence of instability or apprehension. The Rowe score and the Walch-Duplay score were used to assess shoulder function before surgery and 10years afterward, in clinical reviews or telephone interviews. Seventy-nine patients underwent surgical Bankart repair with or without remplissage between November 2004 and January 2008 and were followed up for a mean duration of 128months (range, 120-150); 12 patients were lost to follow-up, and 39 patients had Bankart stabilization only: the mean Instability Severity Index Score was 2.3 (range, 0-6). Three patients had recurrence with new dislocation, and 8 patients had apprehension. The Rowe score progressed from 54.3 (range, 25-65) to 83.8 (range, 70-100; P < .01), and the Walch-Duplay score rose from 46.8 (range, 25-75) to 85.6 (range 70-100; P < .01). Twenty-eight patients had arthroscopic Bankart repair+ remplissage; the mean Instability Severity Index Score was 1.8 (range, 1-4). There was no recurrence, and no patient had apprehension. The Rowe score progressed from 51.8 (range, 20-65) to 92.3 (range, 70-100; P<.01), and the Walch-Duplay score rose from 58.7 (range, 30-75) to 91.4 (range, 70-100; P < .01). Functional scores in the second group were statistically significant better than in the first one. Bankart repair combined with remplissage seems to be an effective method for restoring joint stability in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation with an associated Hill-Sachs lesion at a minimum of 10years of follow-up. This technique appears to deliver better functional results than Bankart repair only, showing better scores for mobility and stability in the remplissage group. Limitations (pain and restriction of motion) reported in literature at short-term follow-up for this technical procedure do not seem to be anymore an issue at long-term follow-up. Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Arthroscopic Bankart Repairs With and Without Remplissage in Recurrent Adolescent Anterior Shoulder Instability With Hill-Sachs Deformity.

Background:Recurrent shoulder dislocation after surgical intervention in adolescents with anterior instability is now understood to occur with a relatively high frequency. The remplissage procedure is successfully used in the adult population to mitigate the ability of a Hill-Sachs lesion to engage the anterior glenoid and can be used during an arthroscopic Bankart repair for anterior shoulder instability.Purpose:To compare the clinical outcomes in adolescent patients who underwent a Bankart repair with or without remplissage for treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability and associated Hill-Sachs defects.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A retrospective review was conducted on adolescents who underwent a remplissage procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability from 2009 to 2017 at a single institution. Controls were identified in a cohort of patients who underwent a Bankart repair only and were matched based on age, sex, and size of Hill-Sachs lesion. All patients were then contacted to determine instability recurrence as well as to complete the shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) and the Pediatric Adolescent Shoulder Score (PASS) outcome surveys.Results:Twenty-one adolescents underwent a remplissage procedure, and 20 matched controls underwent only a Bankart procedure. A significantly higher rate of recurrence was noted in the Bankart-only patients (8/17) compared with remplissage patients (2/15) (P = .04). No statistical difference was found in patient-reported outcome scores between treatment groups or in range of motion measurements (P > .05). In a subset of patients in the remplissage group with pre- and postoperative surveys available, mean ± SD scores for PASS (77 ± 11) and QuickDASH (19 ± 12) improved when compared with preoperative scores (PASS, 54 ± 16; QuickDASH, 35 ± 28), but only the PASS score was statistically improved (PASS, P = .003; QuickDASH, P = .23).Conclusion:The addition of the remplissage procedure to a Bankart repair is a reasonable surgical option to treat a Hill-Sachs deformity in adolescents with anterior shoulder instability. The success of this additional procedure may be due to filling the Hill-Sachs defect, or perhaps it augments stability through a mechanism of posterior capsulorrhaphy. Either way, this young athletic population appears to have a lower rate of recurrence and improved patient-reported outcomes with a remplissage procedure to address the Hill-Sachs deformity.

Remplissage Versus Modified Latarjet for Off-Track Hill-Sachs Lesions With Subcritical Glenoid Bone Loss

Background: Off-track Hill-Sachs lesions have been associated with high rates of recurrent shoulder instability. Both arthroscopic Bankart with remplissage and modified Latarjet have been described to treat off-track Hill-Sachs lesions. However, few comparative studies exist between the 2 techniques in heterogeneous populations. Hypothesis: Remplissage would have similar recurrence rates and clinical outcomes to modified Latarjet for off-track Hill-Sachs lesions with subcritical glenoid bone loss. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Between 2005 and 2015, 189 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability, off-track Hill-Sachs lesion, and less than 25% glenoid bone loss were identified. Arthroscopic Bankart with remplissage (group A) was performed in 98 patients, and modified Latarjet (group B) was performed in 91 patients. Surgeries were performed by multiple fellowship-trained surgeons at 2 centers. The mean follow-up time was 3.2 years. Patients were assessed for their risk of recurrence using the Instability Severity Index Score and had preoperative 3-dimensional imaging to assess humeral and glenoid bone loss, along with measurement of the glenoid track. Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, range of motion, recurrence rate, subsequent procedures, and complications were analyzed. Results: When comparing the remplissage and Latarjet groups, the remplissage group had a higher VAS pain score (2.2 vs 1.55, P = .041) and less internal rotation motion in abduction (40.9° vs 53.2°, P = .006). The complication rate was higher in the Latarjet group (12.1% vs 1%, P = .002). There was no difference between the 2 groups in patient-reported outcomes, such as WOSI and SANE. In addition, there was no difference between the 2 groups in revision rate and episodes of recurrent instability. In subgroup univariate analysis of revision patients, the remplissage group had higher VAS pain score (3.6 vs 2.2, P = .001), higher recurrence rate (34.8% vs 10.3%, P = .042), higher revision rate (43.5% vs 15.4%, P = .019), and lower complication rate (4.35% vs 28.2%, P = .024). For patients with >15% glenoid bone loss, Latarjet had lower recurrence rate (6.06% vs 28.6%, P = .034) and lower revision rate (3.03% vs 21.4%, P = .041). In collision and contact athletes, Latarjet had better WOSI scores (138 vs 231, P = .019) and lower recurrence rate (30% vs 0%, P = .005). In multivariate analysis, the odds of recurrence in the remplissage group were higher than in the Latarjet group in patients with previous instability surgery (3.56, P = .006), collision and contact athletes (2.37, P = .02), those with 10% to 15% glenoid bone loss (1.28, P = .04), and those with >15% glenoid bone loss (6.48, P = .001). Conclusion: For off-track Hill-Sachs lesions with subcritical glenoid bone loss, both the remplissage and modified Latarjet can achieve satisfactory results with the initial surgical intervention in the general population, but a higher complication rate was observed in the Latarjet group. However, Latarjet appears to be a better choice in patients with revision instability surgery, collision and contact athletes, and those with >10% glenoid bone loss.

Clinical Outcome of Arthroscopic Remplissage as Augmentation During Arthroscopic Bankart Repair for Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability.

Purpose:We aimed to assess functional outcomes and postoperative recurrence rate associated with the remplissage procedure used for bone augmentation with Bankart repair in patients with Hill-Sachs lesions after shoulder dislocation.Methods:Preoperative computed tomography was performed to check for bony Bankart lesions,calculate the bone defect rate, and estimate the risk for re-dislocation. Functional and clinical scores were assessed preoperatively and at three months, six months, and one year postoperatively.Results: Between 2011 and 2014, 18 patients (17 male; age at surgery, 29.0±10.4 years; 18 affected shoulders) underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with arthroscopic remplissage (remplissage group), and 18 sex- and age-matched controls underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair alone (control group). The incidence of bony Bankart lesion and glenoid bone defect was significantly higher in the remplissage group. No complications, re-dislocation, or re-subluxation was noted during or after the operation. Postoperatively, the range of motion and muscular weakness alleviated with time, and the clinical scores improved significantly from the preoperative values. However, the remplissage group showed significantly restricted shoulder flexion, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation even at one year postoperatively. Compared to the control group, the remplissage group showed significantly lower Rowe scores preoperatively, and both Rowe scores and University of California-Los Angeles scale scores remained significantly lower throughout the one-year follow-up.Conclusion: Despite some restriction of external rotation, remplissage leads to better clinical scores and no recurrence, providing a valid means of augmentation for Bankart repair in high-risk patients with engaged Hill-Sachs lesion.

Remplissage Versus Modified Latarjet for Off-Track Hill-Sachs Lesions with Subcritical Glenoid Bone Loss

Both techniques achieve excellent results in the primary setting; remplissage may have higher reoperation rates in the revision setting. Off track Hill-Sachs lesions have been associated with high rate of recurrent shoulder instability. Both arthroscopic Bankart with remplissage and modified Latarjet have been described to treat off-track Hill-Sachs lesions. However, few comparative studies exist between the two techniques in heterogeneous populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of the two procedures in patients with off-track Hill-Sachs lesions with subcritical (<25%) glenoid bone loss. Between 2005 to 2015, one hundred eighty-nine patients were identified that had recurrent anterior shoulder instability, off-track Hill-Sachs lesion, and less than 25% glenoid bone loss. Arthroscopic Bankart with remplissage (group A) was performed in ninety-eight patients and modified Latarjet (group B) was performed in ninety-one patients. Surgeries were performed by multiple fellowship trained surgeons at two centers: a large academic center and a large regional health maintenance organization. The mean follow up time was 3.2 years. Patients were assessed for their risk of recurrence using the Instability Severity Index score and had preoperative 3-dimensional imaging to assess humeral and glenoid bone loss, along with measurement of the glenoid track. Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), range of motion, recurrence rate, subsequent procedures and complications were analyzed. The remplissage group had a higher VAS pain scale (2.2 vs. 1.55, p=0.041) and less internal rotation motion in abduction (40.9° vs 53.2°, p=0.006). Complication rate was higher in the Latarjet group (12.1% vs 1%, p=0.002). There was no difference between the two groups in patient reported outcomes such as WOSI and SANE. Additionally, there was no difference between the two groups in revision rate and episodes of recurrent instability. In sub-group univariate analysis of revision patients, the remplissage group had higher VAS pain (3.6 vs 2.2, p=0.001), higher recurrence rate (34.8% vs 10.3%, p=0.042), higher revision rate (43.5% vs. 15.4%, p=0.019) and lower complication rate (4.35% vs. 28.2%, p=0.024). For patients with >15% glenoid bone loss, Latarjet had lower recurrence rate (6.06% vs 28.6%, p=0.034) and lower revision rate (3.03% vs. 21.4%, p=0.041). In collision and contact athletes, Latarjet had better WOSI scores (138 vs. 231, p=0.019) and lower recurrence rate (30% vs. 0%, p=0.005). In multivariate analysis, the odds of recurrence in the remplissage group was higher than the Latarjet group in patients with previous instability surgery (3.56, p=0.006), collision and contact athletes (2.37, p=0.02), 10-15% glenoid bone loss (1.28, p=0.04), and >15% glenoid bone loss (6.48, p=0.001). For off-track Hill-Sachs lesions with subcritical glenoid bone loss, both the remplissage and modified Latarjet can achieve excellent clinical results in the general population, with higher complication rate in the Latarjet group. However, Latarjet appears to be a better choice in patients with previous instability surgery, collision and contact athletes, and >10% glenoid bone loss.

An Individualised Approach to Shoulder Instability: Minimum 2 Years Follow Up of 104 Patients

A treatment algorithm based on several factors helps us individualise treatment for anterior instability leading to satisfactory outcomes in the short term follow up. An individualised treatment regimen for treating shoulder instability should include not only the glenoid and humeral bone loss, but also the patients demands, hyper laxity status and intra operative labral quality. 104 patients who underwent surgical treatment for anterior shoulder instability from Jan 2012 to Jun 2013 were included in the study. Sedentary patients with on track glenoid received Arthroscopic Bankart repair. Patients who were hperlax, who had off track glenoid and who had poor labral quality intra operatively received an additional remplissage procedure. Elite athletes, patients with significant glenoid bone loss and Manual workers received Latarjet procedure. Post operative MR was done for the bankart and remplissage group. Post operative Ct was done for the Latarjet group at 6 months. Clinical assessment was done at minimum two year followup. Oxford Shoulder Score and MISS were used to assess outcome. 48 patients had undergone Bankart repair, 24 had Bankart and Remplissage and 32 patients had Latarjet procedure. The mean age of the patients was 27.2 years. Mean number of prior dislocations was 5.7. 13.2% patients had sleep dislocation. Mean pre operative Oxford score was 44.2. All patients showed significant improvement in clinical scores. MR showed healing of Bankart and Remplissage in 82% patients. CT showed union of graft in all cases of Latarjet. No patient had a redislocation. Two patients in the Bankarts group had apprehension. One patient in the Remplissge group developed severe stiffness. All athletes went back to their previous level of sport. A treatment algorithm based on several factors including glenoid and humeral bone loss, hyper laxity, labral quality and level of activity helps us individualise treatment for anterior instability leading to satisfactory outcomes in the short term follow up.

Remplissage Versus Modified Latarjet For Off-Track Hill-Sachs Lesions With Subcritical Glenoid Bone Loss

Objectives:Off track Hill-Sachs lesions have been associated with high rate of recurrent shoulder instability. Both arthroscopic Bankart with Remplissage and modified Latarjet have been described to treat off-track Hill-Sachs lesions. However, few comparative studies exist between the two techniques in heterogeneous populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of the two procedures in patients with off-track Hill-Sachs lesions with subcritical (<25%) glenoid bone loss, both in the primary and revision setting.Methods:Arthroscopic Bankart with Remplissage was performed in thirty-one patients and modified Latarjet was performed in forty patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability, off-track Hill-Sachs lesion, and less than 25% glenoid bone loss. Surgeries were performed at two centers. Patients were divided based on if they have had no previous surgical stabilization (Group A) or if they have had one or more previous surgical stabilization (Group B). The mean follow up time was four years. Patients were assessed for their risk of recurrence using the Instability Severity Index score and had preoperative 3-dimensional imaging to assess humeral and glenoid bone loss. Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI), radiographs, range of motion, recurrence rate, subsequent procedures and complications were analyzed.Results:In the thirty-two patients of group A, seventeen had remplissage and fifteen had Latarjet performed. Within group A, there were no difference found between the two techniques in regards to SANE, WOSI, range of motion (p>0.35). There were no complications, recurrence or revision with both techniques in group A. In the thirty-nine patients of group B, fourteen had remplissage and twenty-five had Latarjet performed. In group B, the reoperation surgery rate was significantly higher in the remplissage group (36% vs 8%, p=0.044). The reoperation was performed predominately for pain in patients with remplissage and for recurrent instability with Latarjet. Recurrence instability rate were similar between the remplissage and Latarjet group (14% vs 8%, p=0.45). The WOSI score was similar between the remplissage and Latarjet group (405 vs 461, p=0.66). The complication rate was also similar (36% vs 40%, p=1).Conclusion:For off-track Hill-Sachs lesions with subcritical glenoid bone loss, both the remplissage and modified Latarjet can achieve excellent clinical results in the primary setting (no previous instability surgery). However, in the revision setting (one or more previous instability surgery), patients with remplissage may have a higher reoperation rate.

Medial Posterior Capsular Plication Reduces Anterior Shoulder Instability Similar to Remplissage without Restricting Motion in the Setting of an Engaging Hill Sachs Defect

Objectives:In the present study, the efficacy of a posterior medial capsular plication in addition to Bankart repair was examined as an arthroscopic management strategy for an engaging Hill-Sachs defect.Methods:8 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were utilized for the study. After testing baseline translation and motion, 30% Hill Sachs lesions were created in each specimen. Three experimental groups were created: 1) isolated bankart repair (HSD), 2) bankart repair with remplissage (RM) and 3) bankart repair with posterior medial capsular plication (PL). Biomechanical testing was performed to determine anterior translation, range of motion and Hill Sachs engagement. Translation and motion measurements were normalized to the baseline laxity measures for each specimen.Results:Significant reduction in anterior translation was noted at 60° of abduction and 60° of ER for both PL and RM groups compared to the HSD group throughout most of the joint loads tested (p < 0.05) [Figure 1], but no significant differences were noted between PL and RM at any load. The RM group had significantly less normalized ER at 60° of abduction compared to the HSD and PL groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in IR between the groups. All 8 HSD specimens engaged, while no specimens in the RM and PL groups engaged (p < 0.001).Conclusion:In a cadaveric model, medial posterior capsular plication as an adjunct to Bankart repair offers similar resistance to anterior translation and Hill-Sachs engagement as compared to remplissage in the setting of an engaging Hill-Sachs defect. Medial posterior capsular plication results in less restriction of external rotation compared to remplissage without any significant limitation of internal rotation.

Medial Posterior Capsular Plication Reduces Anterior Shoulder Instability Similar to Remplissage Without Restricting Motion in the Setting of an Engaging Hill-Sachs Defect

Background: Numerous surgical options for the management of engaging Hill-Sachs lesions exist, of which remplissage has emerged as one of the most popular arthroscopic techniques. Remplissage is not without disadvantages, however, and has been demonstrated to potentially result in a loss of external rotation (ER) due to nonanatomic tethering of the infraspinatus tendon and a potential decrease in infraspinatus strength clinically. Purpose: The efficacy of posterior medial capsular plication in addition to Bankart repair was examined as an arthroscopic management strategy for an engaging Hill-Sachs defect. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were utilized for the study. After testing baseline translation and motion, 30% Hill-Sachs lesions were created in each specimen. Three experimental groups were assembled: (1) isolated Bankart repair (HSD), (2) Bankart repair with remplissage (RM), and (3) Bankart repair with posterior medial capsular plication (PL). Biomechanical testing was performed to determine anterior translation, range of motion, and Hill-Sachs engagement. Translation and motion measurements were normalized to the baseline laxity values for each specimen. Results: A significant reduction in anterior translation was noted at 60° of abduction and 60° of ER for both the PL and RM groups compared with the HSD group throughout most of the joint loads tested (P < .05), but no significant differences were noted between the PL and RM groups at any load. The RM group had significantly less normalized ER at 60° of abduction compared with the HSD and PL groups (P < .05). There were no differences in internal rotation between the groups. All 8 specimens in the HSD group engaged, while no specimens in the RM and PL groups engaged (P < .001). Conclusion: In a cadaveric model, medial posterior capsular plication as an adjunct to Bankart repair offers similar resistance to anterior translation and Hill-Sachs engagement as compared with remplissage in the setting of an engaging Hill-Sachs defect. Medial posterior capsular plication results in less restriction of ER compared with remplissage without any significant limitation of internal rotation. Clinical Relevance: Posterior medial capsular plication reduces translation and engagement similarly to remplissage, without any restriction in motion.

Management of an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion: arthroscopic remplissage with Bankart repair versus Latarjet procedure.

This study compared the clinical outcomes of arthroscopic remplissage with Bankart repair and Latarjet operation in patients with a large engaging Hill-Sachs lesion. Thirty-seven shoulders subjected to arthroscopic remplissage with a Bankart repair (group A) and 35 shoulders subjected to a Latarjet operation (group B), for a large engaging Hill-Sachs lesion without significant glenoid bone loss, were retrospectively evaluated. Each group was followed up for a mean more than 2-year period. At the last follow-up, postoperative pain, shoulder mobility, muscle strength, Rowe score, and UCLA score revealed no significant difference between the two groups. The postoperative mean deficit in external rotation at the side (ERs) was 8°±23° in group A (P=0.044). In group B, the mean deficits in ERs, external rotation at 90° of abduction, and internal rotation to the posterior were 10°±20°, 7°±16°, and 1.9°±4°, respectively (P=0.004, 0.022, and 0.009, respectively). The recurrence rate was 5.4% (two shoulders) in group A and 5.7% (two shoulders) in group B (n.s.). The overall complication rate was significantly higher in group B (14.3%) than in group A (0%) (P=0.017). For recurrent anterior shoulder instability with a large engaging Hill-Sachs lesion, both arthroscopic remplissage with Bankart repair and the Latarjet procedure were safe and reliable techniques with a low recurrence rate. However, the Latarjet group had a significantly higher postoperative complication rate than the remplissage group. Case-control study, Level III.

Large Hill-Sachs Lesion: a Comparative Study of Patients Treated with Arthroscopic Bankart Repair with or without Remplissage.

There is little comparative long-term clinical data comparing Bankart repair alone to the addition of remplissage. Our purpose was to compare results of patients with significant humeral head lesions and who underwent either isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair or remplissage. This is a retrospective cohort study of 14 isolated arthroscopic Bankart and 10 remplissage repairs all with large engaging Hill-Sachs (HS) lesions. Average follow-up was 40.72months (26.3-51.1) in the Bankart group and 31.55months (24.1-39.9) in the remplissage group. Surgical failure was defined as a dislocation or subluxation. Groups were matched on handedness, age within 3years, and HS lesion size. Glenoid bone loss and HS size were measured on MRI. Additionally, WOSI and DASH scores were obtained. The average age at surgery was 26.0years (17.8-41.1) of the isolated Bankart patient and 24.4years (16.4-38.3) in the remplissage group. The average HS lesion volume was 310.22mm(3) in the Bankart group and 283.79mm(3) in the remplissage group. The failure rate for the Bankart group was 8 out of 14 patients (57.14%). For the remplissage group, the failure rate was 2 out of 10 patients (20.0%). Average WOSI scores were 73.72 in the Bankart group and 79.54 in the remplissage group. For DASH scores, the average Disability/Symptoms Scores were 16.23 for the Bankart group and 12.05 for the remplissage patients. In comparison to isolated Bankart repair, remplissage was a superior option for recurrent instability patients with large Hill-Sachs lesions as seen by diminished failure rates and improved outcome scores.

Outcomes of Arthroscopic Hill-Sachs Remplissage and Anterior Bankart Repair

Background: Hill-Sachs lesions are compression fractures that result from shoulder dislocation. They involve “engaging” the humeral head on the anterior glenoid rim when the arm is abducted and externally rotated. The defect grows as the number of dislocations increases. Hypothesis: Arthroscopic remplissage and anterior Bankart repair do not significantly affect infraspinatus strength while ensuring healing of the capsulotenodesis. Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Sixty-one patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability treated by arthroscopic Bankart repair and Hill-Sachs remplissage at least 24 months previously were compared with a control group of 40 healthy participants. Preoperative imaging included magnetic resonance imaging for Bankart lesion identification and computed tomography to quantify the humeral head defect. Active range of motion and clinical scores (Walch-Duplay, Constant-Murley, and Rowe) were assessed. External rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) were measured with arm at the side (ER1 and IR1) and abducted at 90° (ER2 and IR2). Infraspinatus strength was assessed with the scapula free (infraspinatus strength test [IST]) and retracted (infraspinatus scapula retraction test [ISRT]). Infraspinatus tenodesis and posterior capsulodesis healing were evaluated by ultrasound (US). Results: The follow-up median was 39.5 months (range, 24-56 months). One patient experienced a recurrence of instability at 34 months. In the remplissage patients, ER1 was significantly lower in the affected compared with the unaffected shoulder (P < .001). Mean IST and ISRT strength values did not show differences between sides. The mean Constant-Murley score rose from 62.9 ± 7.1 to 90 ± 5.2 (P < .0001). The Walch-Duplay and Rowe scores were excellent in 23 (78.6%), good in 6 (17.8%), and poor in 1 patient (both scores). The remplissage group had significantly lower ER1 (P < .001), ER2 (P < .001), and IR2 (P < .01) values compared with the control group. Differences in IST and ISRT between the groups were not significant. Capsulotenodesis healing and filling of the Hill-Sachs defect were confirmed by dynamic US in all subjects. Conclusion: Arthroscopic remplissage is a reliable approach to Hill-Sachs lesions. The ER and IR restriction does not significantly affect quality of life. Infraspinatus strength recovery is satisfactory even compared with healthy subjects. Ultrasound examination allows accurate evaluation of capsulotenodesis healing.

Técnica de remplissage para defectos humerales grandes. Un estudio a medio plazo de cohortes emparejadas

ObjectiveTo determine whether a remplissage procedure in patients with large defects of the humeral head compared to those who undergo arthroscopic Bankart repair for anterior glenohumeral instability decreases the rate of recurrence of instability. MethodsA retrospective matched cohort study of a group of subjects prospectively evaluated with a minimum follow-up of 4years. Subjects with large humeral Hill-Sachs defects (>25% of the humeral head, n=42) were included. Those in which a remplissage had be performed (n=14) and matched subjects with similar characteristics and humeral lesions (n=21) were selected. The following parameters were evaluated: recurrence rate, range of motion, Rowe score, Constant score, and Simple Shoulder Test score (SST). ResultsThere were no differences in the characteristics of the two cohorts (age, sex, side, number of previous dislocations or hypermobility). After a minimum follow-up of 4 years (mean=5.4 years [SD=1.24 years]) one patient (7.1%) in the remplissage group had a recurrence and 4 patients (19%) in the control group, and one patient had a recurrence of instability (24% showed instability; no significant difference, P=.41). In both groups there were significant improvements in the Rowe, Constant, and SST scores (P<.01), but there were no differences between groups. The residual deficit in external rotation in the remplissage group was 9.29°±16.85°, and in the control group it was 9.62̊±20.0̊ (P>.05). ConclusionA remplissage procedure does not affect patient functional outcome or the range of motion. The residual instability rate was 7% in the remplissage group and 24% in the control group. Evidence levelIIb. Clinical relevanceThe remplissage technique is a safe procedure that might have an effect on the rate of recurrence in patients with anterior shoulder instability and large Hill-Sachs humeral lesions.