Removal Of Trihalomethane Precursors Research Articles

Advanced oxidation of Trihalomethane (THMs) precursors and season-wise multi-pathway human carcinogenic risk assessment in Indian drinking water supplies

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in water treatment industries can simultaneously offer disinfection and eradicate organic contaminants. The present work examined the direct exposure impact of various oxidative (UV, O3, and H2O2) and their eclectic combinations (UV/O3, H2O2/O3, and UV/H2O2) for the abolition of Trihalomethane (THMs) precursors. The application of the Fenton process proved to be the most effective technique for reducing TOC (85.23%) and UV254 (91.11%) than other used AOPs. Higher removal of THMs precursors found in the Fenton process may be attributed to the higher degradation potential of hydroxyl radical generated from this process than other AOPs. The deformed ferrous iron salts (Fe2+) in the Fenton reagent catalyzed the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and produced highly reactive radicals. Seasonal probabilistic lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of THMs in males and females were also investigated in the drinking water supplies of five major cities in India. Comparative risk analysis through different pathways revealed significant risk from oral ingestion (99%), followed by inhalation exposure (0.77%) and dermal absorption (0.002%), where females were found at higher risk of cancer. Sensitivity analysis using a radar plot was also performed to identify the most influential parameter affecting the total risk of cancer. The Risk value of chloroform (CF) was highest among the THMs compound in all the WTPs for both seasons. Seasonal risk assessment revealed a higher risk of cancer in the pre-monsoon season.

Removal of Trihalomethane Precursors by Nanofiltration in Low-SUVA Drinking Water

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are prevalent disinfection by-products. High THM formation is usually associated with natural organic matter with high molecular weight and aromatic characteristics, which is efficiently removed by nanofiltration (NF). In the Sea of Galilee and the Israeli National Water Carrier (NWC), water shows high THM formation potential, although it mainly contains low molecular weight and hydrophilic organic matter with low aromaticity. In the present study, NF removal abilities were tested on treated NWC water using three different spiral wound membranes (NF90, NF270, and DL). Rejections and fluxes were tested as a function of pressure, water recovery, and membrane type. Feed and permeate dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UVA254, total THM formation (THMF), and total THM formation potential (THMFP), as well as alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl− were measured to evaluate rejection and THM formation reduction. The results demonstrated that NF can efficiently remove natural organic matter (NOM) and reduce THM formation, even in this challenging type of water. At low water recovery, membranes showed average rejection of about 70–85% for THMFP and THM. Upon elevating recovery, average THM and THMFP rejection decreased to 55–70%, with THM content still well below regulation limits. Of the membranes tested, the higher permeability of NF270 appears to make it economically favorable for the applications tested in this work.

Effect of bioflocculants on the coagulation activity of alum for removal of trihalomethane precursors from low turbid water

Reactivity of chlorine towards hydrophobic groups present in natural organic matter (NOM) provokes the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes in chlorinated water. The present study aimed to investigate the variations in coagulant activity of alum using two different bioflocculants (coagulant aid) namely, Moringa oleifera and Cyamopsistetragonoloba for the removal of hydrophobic fractions of NOM and subsequent chlorine consumption by treated water. Effect of dual coagulants on trihalomethane surrogate parameters such as total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, UV absorbing materials and prominent hydrophobic species such as phenolic groups along with aromatic chromophores, polyhydroxy aromatic moiety have also been studied. The concept of differential spectroscopy and absorbance slope index has been employed to understand the combined effects of alum-bioflocculants on the reactivity of NOM with chlorine. Our result shows that the combination of alum and C. tetragonoloba is more efficient for reducing trihalomethane surrogates from chlorinated water as compared to M. oleifera. C. tetragonoloba elicited synchronized effects of sweep coagulation and particle bridging-adsorption which eventually facilitated efficient removal of hydrophobic fractions of NOM. The variation in the mechanistic approach of bioflocculants was due to the presence of cationic charge on M. oleifera and adhesive property of C. tetragonoloba.

Bank filtration in a coastal lake in South Brazil: water quality, natural organic matter (NOM) and redox conditions study

Bank filtration (BF) was evaluated as new treatment or pre-treatment option for drinking water production in Brazil. General water quality parameters, natural organic matter (NOM) and redox conditions were evaluated in Lagoa do Peri, a costal lake in Santa Catarina, South Brazil. Studies in two periods at two bank filtrations well systems, in a 45-m-length column and in a test filter laboratory scale set-up, were performed. The well systems and the column showed the removal of turbidity and colour from around 7 NTU and 65 Pt–Co, respectively, to below the local regulations (1 NTU and 15 Pt–Co units). Both systems demonstrated a good removal of NOM and trihalomethanes (THM) precursors with a preference removal of THM precursors. The NOM and THM precursor removal in the large column and the test filter were effectively modelled. In both cases, an easily degradable organic matter fraction was modelled; in the large column a moderate degradable fraction was identified as well. The first fraction was removed during the first days of travel time of the bank filtrate. A change to reduced redox conditions was observed in the large column experiment. The same happened in the wells system, showing the dissolution of iron, manganese and sulphide in the bank filtrate. This was the principal drawback of BF comparing with the already existing direct filtration (DF) treatment plant. BF performed slightly better in THM precursor removal (52%) than DF (42%). Therefore, BF could be a pre-treatment for the DF treatment system, and the existing facility could be adapted for iron and manganese removal.

Removal of trihalomethane precursors from water using activated carbon obtained from oak wood residue: kinetic and isotherm investigation of adsorption process

A novel adsorbent, activated carbon prepared from oak wood residue (ACOWR) was applied to eliminate trihalomethanes (THMs) precursors in an improved adsorption process. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Moreover, the impacts of parameters including pH value, initial total organic carbon (TOC) concentration, contact time and adsorbent dose on TOC and UV254 removal from water were surveyed. Both TOC adsorption efficiency and UV254 removal remained approximately constant within the pH range of around 3-8. At the optimal adsorption conditions: pH = 6.5 and contact time = 120 min, approximately 53 and 62 removal efficiencies were obtained, respectively, for TOC and UV254 removal using the adsorbent dose of 2.5 g L-1 and initial TOC concentration of 10 mg L-1. Experimental data were fitted with different isotherms and kinetic models. The results showed that the adsorption data were fitted well to the Freundlich isotherm equations, indicating that THMs precursors' uptake was mainly directed by a heterogeneous physical adsorption. Also, the kinetic data were best fitted to the pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The results also showed that the preparation of the ACOWR is easy and can be employed as an adsorbent for the effective removal of THM precursors from aqueous environments.

The control of N-nitrosodimethylamine, Halonitromethane, and Trihalomethane precursors by Nanofiltration

Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising technology for removing precursors of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from source waters prior to oxidant addition in water treatment. The aims of this study were to investigate (i) the removal efficiencies of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), halonitromethane (HNM), and trihalomethane (THM) precursors by NF membranes from different source water types (i.e. surface water, wastewater impacted surface water, and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment effluents), (ii) the impact of membrane type, and (iii) the effects of background water components (i.e., pH, ionic strength, and Ca2+) on the removal of selected DBP precursors from different source waters. The results showed the overall precursor removal efficiencies were 57–83%, 48–87%, and 72–97% for NDMA, HNM, and THM precursors, respectively. The removal of NDMA precursors decreased with the increases in average molecular weight cut off and negative surface charge of NF membranes tested, while the removal of THM precursors was slightly affected. pH changes increased the removal of NDMA precursors, but pH did not affect the removal of THM and HNM precursors in municipal WWTP effluent. On the other hand, pH changes had little or no effect on DBP removal from industrial WWTP effluent. In addition, regardless of the membrane type or background water type/characteristics, ionic strength did not show any impact on DBP precursor removals. Lastly, an increase in Ca2+ concentration enhanced the removal of NDMA precursors while a slight decrease and no effect was observed for THM and HNM precursors, respectively, in municipal WWTP effluent.

Analysis of trihalomethane precursor removal from sub-tropical reservoir waters by a magnetic ion exchange resin using a combined method of chloride concentration variation and surrogate organic molecules

In small reservoirs in tropical islands in Japan, the disinfection by-product formation potential is high due to elevated concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bromide. We employed a combined method of variation of chloride concentrations and the use of DOM surrogates to investigate removal mechanisms of bromide and different fractions of DOM by chloride-based magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) resin. The DOM in reservoir waters was fractionated by resins based on their hydrophobicity, and characterized by size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectrophotometry. The hydrophobic acid (HPO acid) fraction was found to be the largest contributor of the trihalomethane (THM) precursors, while hydrophilic acid (HPI acid) was the most reactive precursors of all the four THM species. Bromide and DOM with a molecular weight (MW) greater than 1kDa, representing HPO acid (MW 1–3kDa) and HPI acid (MW 1–2kDa), were effectively removed by MIEX® resin; however, DOM with a MW lower than 1kDa, representing HPI non-acid, was only moderately removed. The removal of THM precursors by MIEX® resin was interfered by high chloride concentrations, which was similar to the removal of glutamic acid (HPI acid surrogate) and bromide. However, elevated chloride concentrations had only a minor effect on tannic acid (HPO acid surrogate) removal, indicating that HPO acid fraction was removed by a combination of ion exchange and physical adsorption on MIEX® resin. Our study demonstrated that the combined use of DOM surrogates and elevated chloride concentrations is an effective method to estimate the removal mechanisms of various DOM fractions by MIEX® resin.

Photocatalysis of THM precursors in reclaimed water: the application of TiO2 in UV irradiation

In this study, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation followed by chlorination was employed for reclaimed water disinfection. In order to reduce trihalomethanes (THMs) from reclaimed water, suspended TiO2 (10 mg/L) was added as photocatalyst in UV process to enhance the removal of THM precursors. Reduction of UV absorbance in 254 nm (UV254), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and THMs formation was analyzed under different experimental conditions (exposure time, pH, TiO2 doses, and TiO2 forms). Excitation–emission matrix spectra technology was also used to investigate the changes of dissolved organic matters properties during UV and UV-TiO2 process. Expansion of irradiation time resulted in a remarkable decrease in UV254 and THM yields, but showed few influence on DOC removal. THMs yield decreased more than 50% with pH increased from 5 to 9 and rise in TiO2 dosage also presented a positive effect on photocatalytic disinfection. In addition, a dramatic increase in removal rates of UV254, DOC, and THMs was observed when TiO2 doses were increased from 3 to 15 mg/L. In terms of TiO2 form, suspended TiO2 exhibited a better removal capacity on UV254, DOC, and THMs by contrast with TiO2 coated on granular active carbon.

Effects of chlorination operating conditions on trihalomethane formation potential in polyaluminum chloride-polymer coagulated effluent

In this study, coagulation performance of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and PAC-lignin acrylamide (PAC+LAM) in reservoir water treatment was contrastively analyzed. Effects of operating conditions including chlorine dose, contact time and pH on the formation potential of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination in coagulated effluent were also investigated. Comparing with PAC, PAC+LAM achieved higher efficiency in the removal of THMs precursors. TTHM yield in unfiltered water samples (UW) was greater than that of filtered water (FW) due to the residual dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the suspended particles or micro flocs. Meanwhile, operating conditions during chlorination had a significant influence on THMs formation potential. With chlorine dose rising, mass ratio of CHCl3 to TTHM increased, whereas that of CHBr2Cl decreased due to higher Cl2/Br− molar ratio. TTHM and CHCl3 levels rose with the increase of pH. Under a given chlorination condition, there was a minor effect of contact time on THM speciation.

Comparison of conventional technologies and a Submerged Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (SMPR) for removing trihalomethanes (THM) precursors in drinking water treatment plants

This work evaluates the feasibility of several technologies for the removal of trihalomethanes (THM) precursors, usually humic substances found in real surface water, which are transformed into these potential carcinogens (THMs) during the further disinfection by chlorination. The aim was to compare, an Activated Carbon Bed (ACB), an Ozonation Reactor (OR) and a Submerged Membrane Photocatalytic Reactor (SMPR) with TiO2/UV in terms of reduction efficiency of these THM precursors after chlorination. Taguchi's parameter design methodology was selected to study the most relevant factors that might influence the removal of THM precursors with each technology keeping the number of experiments at minimum. According to the study, OR showed low removal percentages of THM precursors (of 40–50%) while SMPR and ACB were more efficient technologies. SMPR achieved 86% removal of THM precursors when operating at the optimal conditions of TiO2 catalyst concentration of 0.5gL−1 (type PC500® from Cristal Global). ACB attained the 87% removal of THM precursors when Filtracarb® CC60 8×30 (steam activated mineral coal) was used with a hydraulic retention time of 15min.

Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works

The removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during potable water treatment is important for maintaining aesthetic water quality standards, minimising concentrations of micro-pollutants, controlling bacterial regrowth within distribution systems and, crucially, because it contains a sub-component that can act as trihalomethane (THM) precursors. In this study, the concentration and characteristics of raw water DOC and THM formation potential (THMFP) entering an upland potable water treatment works were analysed over twelve months. Correlations between raw water DOC characteristics, standardised THMFP (STHMFP) and % DOC removal were also investigated. DOC and THM precursor removal during a series of treatment stages was examined over this period, as well as potential selectivity in the removal of DOC fractions, to assess the importance of different treatment stages for DOC removal and THM amelioration. Though THMFP removal remained high and fairly stable throughout the study period (83–89%), the data suggest that this was mostly the result of high DOC removal rates rather than the selective removal of THM precursors. Whilst this chemical agnosticism makes DOC removal more robust, it may make the overall process more vulnerable to exceeding permissible THM concentrations under changing climatic conditions. The kinetics of the reaction between DOC and chlorine appeared to vary seasonally, indicating temporal changes in the proportions of fast- and slow-reacting precursors with implications for THM concentrations at the point of delivery to the consumer. The initial treatment stages, comprising coagulation–flocculation and dissolved air floatation (DAF) were by far the most important in terms of bulk DOC removal and the preferential removal of THM precursors, though, surprisingly, DOC quality was also modified following chlorination and secondary rapid gravity filtration (RGF). Though net THM concentration decreased following initial treatment stages, a doubling in the proportion of brominated THMs (BrTHMs), which are reported to be more carcinogenic, was also observed.

Evaluation of a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) coupled with chlorine disinfection for municipal wastewater treatment and reuse

In this study, municipal wastewater was treated by a SMBR system and further disinfected with chlorine to produce reclaimed water. The primary objective was to examine the water quality with a focus on trihalomethanes (THMs). As disinfection conditions are important aspects in controlling the formation of THMs, influences of chlorine dose and contact time on THM formation and speciation were also investigated. High quality reclaimed water was generated though the SMBR system with regard to five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), suspend solid (SS) and turbidity. However the concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHM) in the chlorinated SMBR effluent was up to 160μg/L, demonstrating that the SMBR was insufficient in the removal of THM precursors. TTHM levels increased with chlorine dose and contact time. As chlorine dose increased, the yields of trichloromethane (CHCl3) and bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2) increased, whereas both tribromomethane (CHBr3) and dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) decreased due to the rise of Cl2/Br− ratio. In order to reduce health risks of reclaimed water, efficient removal of disinfection by-product precursor and opportune chlorine disinfection conditions are recommended.

Degradation of algal organic matter using microbial fuel cells and its association with trihalomethane precursor removal

In order to provide an alternative for removal of algal organic matter (AOM) produced during algal blooms in aquatic environment, microbial fuel cell (MFC) was used to study AOM degradation and its association with THM precursor removal. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals in MFCs were 81±6% and 73±3% for AOM from Microcystis aeruginosa (AOMM) and Chlorella vulgaris (AOMC), respectively. THM precursor was also effectively degraded (AOMM 85±2%, AOMC 72±4%). The major AOM components (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) were obviously removed in MFCs. The contribution of each component to the THM formation potential (THMFP) was obtained based on calculation. The THMFP produced from soluble microbial products was very low. If the energy input during operation process was not considered, MFCs treatment could recover electrical energy of 0.29±0.02kWh/kg COD (AOMM) and 0.35±0.06kWh/kg COD (AOMC).

Effects of Ozonation and Catalytic Ozonation on the Removal of Natural Organic Matter from Groundwater

AbstractThis paper presents a comparison of the effects of ozonation [0.4–3.0 mg ozone (O3)/mg (DOC)] and titanium dioxide–catalyzed ozonation (TiO2-O3) (0.4–3.0 mg O3/mg DOC; 1.0 mg TiO2/L) at pH 7.46 on the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from groundwater from the central Banat region (northern Serbia). This groundwater is rich in NOM (9.85 mg/L DOC), which is mostly of hydrophobic character (65% fulvic acid, 14% humic acid fraction). Ozonation and TiO2-O3 resulted in almost identical degrees of DOC content reduction (up to 30%), with the maximum efficacy of both processes achieved with 3.0 mg O3/mg DOC. The application of oxidation treatments resulted in complete humic acid oxidation, and increased the content of the hydrophilic fraction (up to 72%). The use of TiO2-O3 did not result in an improvement in the removal of trihalomethane precursors in comparison with ozonation (up to 48%) but produced less brominated species, whereas use of the TiO2-O3 process resulted in better removal of haloace...

The impact of Moringa oleifera as a coagulant aid on the removal of trihalomethane (THM) precursors and iron from drinking water

Chlorine is used as a disinfectant and an oxidant in drinking water treatment to protect the public health from pathogenic microorganisms. However, if applied to raw water with humic materials, it leads to the formation of halogenated organic compounds that are a potentially serious environmental and health problem. This renders pre-chlorination of raw waters to oxidise iron inappropriate. Coagulation, the principal treatment process for removal of THM precursors, is therefore essential for chlorination by-product control. In this study, the impact of pre-chlorination and the performance of Moringa oleifera as a coagulant aid at Masaka waterworks were assessed. An average increase of trihalomethanes of over 4,000% at aeration and pre-chlorination stage was observed at the plant. From the jar tests, alum with Moringa oleifera reduced dissolved organic concentration by 47.1%. The treated water after sedimentation tasted salty but after filtration and chlorination, the salty taste disappeared. Residual iron values of 1.38 mg/L and 3.05 mg/L were achieved with MOC-SC as coagulant aid and alum alone respectively. The jar test results indicated that use of alum with Moringa oleifera as coagulant aid is promising as a first stage in the treatment train for waters with humic materials and high content of iron.

Trihalomethane formation in drinking water and production within a polyvinyl chloride pipe environment

This project used pipe-incubated water samples collected from a pilot plant in North Vancouver, B.C., and the material-specific simulated distribution system (MS-SDS) test (Brereton 1998) to investigate the interaction between chlorine residuals in drinking water and the interior surface of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) distribution system pipes. Seasonal differences and residence time were important factors in trihalomethane (THM) production, and surface biofilm had a more significant impact on chloroform formation in bulk water than the treatment process. Biofilm adsorption has been identified as one surface mechanism responsible for the removal of THM precursors from the bulk water phase. This study observed that compounds previously adsorbed and extracellular materials from biofilm bacteria (including protoplasm from lysed cells) could participate in the aqueous chloroform formation in the absence of available precursor. Under chlorination conditions typical to the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) utilities, additional precursors were masked by the chlorine-limited condition; however, experiments confirmed that the practice of rechlorination would increase THM production beyond its bulk water capacity. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs), measured from biofilm scrapings, revealed that higher chloroform production was accompanied by bacterial regrowth. A proposed model summarizes the major mechanisms interacting in a PVC pipe environment. Key words: biofilm, chloroform, distribution system, drinking water, material specific simulated distribution system (MS-SDS), PVC pipe, regrowth, trihalomethane (THM) formation.

Role of cupric ions in the H 2O 2/UV oxidation of humic acids

The purpose of this study is to reveal the role of cupric ions as a natural water contaminant in the H 2O 2/UV oxidation of humic acids. Humic acids are naturally occurring organic matter and exhibit a strong tendency of complexation with some transition metal ions. Chlorination of humic acids causes potential health hazards due to formation of trihalomethane (THM). The removal of THM precursors has become an issue of public concern. The H 2O 2/UV process is capable of mineralizing humic acids due to formation of a strong oxidant, hydroxyl radicals, in reaction solution. Experiments were conducted in a re-circulated photoreactor. Different cupric concentrations (0–3.8 mg/l) and different pH values (4–9) were controlled to determine their effects on the degradation of humic acids, UV light absorbance at 254 nm, and H 2O 2. The presence of cupric ions inhibits humic mineralization and decreases the rate of destruction of humic acids which absorb UV light at 254 nm. On the other hand, the higher the cupric concentration, the lower the H 2O 2 decomposition rate. In the studied pH range, the minimum of total organic carbon (TOC) removal occurs at pH=6 in the presence of 2.6 mg/l of cupric ions; both acidification (pH=4) and alkaline condition (pH=9) lead to a better removal of TOC. It is inferred from this study that the cupric-complexed form of humic acids is more refractory than the non-complexed one.

Particulate and THM Precursor Removal with Ferric Chloride

Pilot-scale experiments were performed to investigate the effectiveness of enhanced coagulation in removing particles and trihalomethane (THM) precursors from two surface source waters: California ...

Effect of HRT and MLSS on THM precursor removal in the activated sludge process

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) on trihalomethane (THM) precursor removal in the activated sludge process and to determine the effect of chemical properties of the organic components on trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). A laboratory-scale reactor for the activated sludge process was used with synthetic domestic wastewater as influent. Experimental conditions, HRT and MLSS, were varied and the effluents were evaluated in terms of DOC and THMFP. Hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity and chemical functional groups were analyzed to determine the chemical parameters that may affect THMFP. Optimum removal of THMFP was achieved at HRT 24 h and at MLSS of ca. 2500 mg l −1. Due to the organic metabolites produced in the activated sludge floc, better DOC or THMFP removal was not observed at longer HRTs and larger MLSS. Decrease in DOC did not result in comparable removal of THMFP. This was attributed to two factors: the higher reactivity of the hydrophobic organic carbon (18.5 μg THMFP mg −1 C) compared to the hydrophilic organic carbon (6.2 μg THMFP mg −1 C) and the nonremoval of the remaining hydrophobic THM precursors in HRTs longer than 8 h. The activated sludge process preferentially removed the hydrophilic organic substances which was shown to have less potential to form THM. The activated sludge process effluents exhibited similar chemical characteristics compared with various types of treated industrial wastewaters determined in a previous study. The activated sludge process effluents contained larger amounts of the hydrophilic organic substances compared to the hydrophobic fractions. Larger amounts of the carboxylic and phenolic-OH functional groups were determined in the hydrophilic fractions than in the hydrophobic fractions. The equation obtained for THMFP prediction based on bulk parameters and specific functional groups of the treated industrial wastewaters was also found to be applicable on the activated sludge process effluents. The equation suggests that bulk THMFP was influenced by UV 260 and organic nitrogen of both the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic fractions, and phenolic-OH of the hydrophilic fractions.

Removal of THMP by nanofiltration: Effects of interference parameters

An experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the effects of interference parameters on the performance of nanofiltration for removal of trihalomethane precursors (THMPs). The influence of operating pressure, feed THMPs concentration, pH, presence of other ions (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+), and suspended solids on nanofiltration performance are determined. The effect of membrane precompaction is studied as well. Membrane performance for reversible and irreversible compaction is compared. Pretreated surface water from a pond is used as the feed water in the study to simulate the practical conditions in water treatment industries. Experimental results show that precompacted membrane has a higher rejection capacity. Higher pressure, feed THMP concentration, and suspended solids increase rejection. However, overall flux variation due to these parameters is found to be negligible. On the other hand presence of divalent ions reduce the rejection capacity. Generally rejection is found to be greater than 90% for a precompacted membrane, which turned out to be well suited for industrial scale application of nanofiltration for removal of THMPs.