Total Iron Removal Research Articles

Dual approach in textile wastewater treatment: optimisation and comparison of fluidised-bed and conventional Fenton processes

ABSTRACT This study optimises secondary textile dyeing wastewater removal using fluidised-bed Fenton (FBR-Fenton) and standard Fenton processes for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour removal efficiency. The Box–Behnken response surface approach optimised pH, iron ion concentration, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. At pH 3.3, [Fe2+] = 2.6 mm, [H2O2] = 6.4 mm in the fluidised bed reactor with 67 g/L quartz sand, with a 50% bed expansion after 40 min, the FBR-Fenton process removed 75.8% COD and 98.0% colour. The standard Fenton method was tuned to pH 3.2, [Fe2+] = 3.1 mm, [H2O2] = 6.6 mm, and COD and colour removal effectiveness of 69.7% and 97.5%, respectively. FBR-Fenton enhanced COD and total iron removal efficiency, reduced chemicals, and reduced sludge by 28.0% compared to conventional Fenton. This study also showed quartz sand reusability in FBR-Fenton treatment cycles. Experimental results matched response surface model predictions, proving regression equation correctness.

Mechanical Enhancement and Water Treatment Efficiency of Nanocomposite PES Membranes: A Study on Akçay Dam Water Filtration Application.

Polymeric membranes are widely used in water treatment because of their ease of fabrication and low cost. The flux and purification performance of membranes can be significantly improved by incorporating appropriate amounts of nanomaterials into the polymeric membrane matrices. In this study, neat poly(ether sulfone) (PES), PES/nano copper oxide (CuO), and PES/nano zinc oxide (ZnO) membranes are fabricated via phase inversion. The pure water flux of the neat PES membrane, which is 355.14 L/m2·h, is increased significantly with the addition of nano-CuO and nano-ZnO, and the pure water fluxes of the nanocomposite membranes vary in the range of 392.65-429.74 L/m2·h. Moreover, nano CuO and nano ZnO-doped PES nanocomposite membranes exhibit higher conductivity, color, total organic carbon, boron, iron, selenium, barium, and total chromium removal efficiencies than neat PES membranes. The membrane surfaces examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after water filtration revealed that those containing 0.5% wt. nano CuO and nano ZnO are more resistant to fouling than the membrane surfaces containing 1% wt. nano CuO and nano ZnO. Based on the results of this study, 0.5% wt. nano ZnO-doped PES membrane is found to be the most suitable membrane for use in water treatment due to its high pure water flux (427.14 L/m2·h), high pollutant removal efficiency, and high fouling resistance. When the mechanical properties of the membranes are examined, the addition of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles increases the membrane stiffness and modulus of elasticity. The addition of 0.5% and 1% for CuO leads to an increase in the modulus of elasticity by 57.95% and 324.43%, respectively, while the addition of 0.5% and 1% for ZnO leads to an increase in the modulus of elasticity by 480.68% and 1802.43%, respectively. At the same time, the tensile strength of the membranes also increases with the addition of nanomaterials.

Self-hydrolyzing Submerged Flow Technology for Acid Coal Mine Drainage Treatment: Effective Removal of Iron Ions

In this study, mine wastewater from Leiyang, Hunan Province was taken as the research object to investigate the effect of using the method of self-hydrolytic submerged sedimentation to treat acid coal mine drainage. It was found in this study that the removal rate of sulfate ions and iron ions from the acidic coal mine drainage stock solution at pH=2.7 was very limited by self-hydrolytic sedimentation experiments relying only on pure vertical sedimentation flow treatment, but the hydrolytic treatment could greatly improve the solution environment and promote the formation of secondary minerals of sulfate ions and iron ions in the acidic coal mine drainage, which greatly improved the removal rate of iron ions. Both suspended and precipitated materials produced in the self-hydrolysis sedimentation experiments were hydroxylated iron sulfate secondary minerals- Schwertmannite [Fe8O8(OH)8-2X(SO4)X (1 ≤ x ≤ 175)], the formation of which is inextricably linked to the low pH environment and high concentration of sulfate and iron ions in coal mine wastewater. Self-hydrophoretic submerged flow can remove iron ions from acidic coal mine drainage at low cost and high efficiency, and the total iron removal rate of this system can reach 90.93% after 24 h of treatment, which has a favorable comprehensive utilization value.

Removal of heavy metals from domestic wastewater using Beneficiated Kaolin Clay, Silver Oxide and zinc Oxide nanocomposite

This study describes the removal of total iron, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, arsenic, mercury silver and zinc from domestic wastewater disposed of via sewers, using Beneficiated Kaolin Clay (BKC), BKC/Ag, BKC/ZnO and BKC/Ag/ZnO nanocomposite adsorbents produced by blending Silver Oxide (Ag) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with kaolin clay. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) results showed that the produced adsorbents were polycrystalline in nature, while the interplanar spacing and average crystalline sizes are 1.775 – 4.712 nm and 26. 834 – 40.258 nm respectively, according to X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) analysis. The Dispersive X – Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis indicated that SiO2/Al2O3 ratios for BKC/Ag, BKC/ZnO and BKC/Ag/ZnO nanocomposites adsorbents were 1.5170, 1.4818 and 1.5231 respectively. Brunauer – Emmett – Teller (BET) analysis showed that the desorption average pore sizes fell in the mesopore widths of 13.8994 – 16.9233 nm and surface areas of 1.0545 - 14.5126 m2.g-1. The removal efficiencies of the produced adsorbents followed this trend: BKC/Ag/ZnO > BKC/Ag > BKC/ZnO > BKC. These adsorbents were excellent in the removal of total iron, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, arsenic, mercury silver and zinc pollutants from domestic wastewater, and hence, recommended for large scale production.

Genetic engineering to enhance microalgal-based produced water treatment with emphasis on CRISPR/Cas9: A review.

In recent years, the increased demand for and regional variability of available water resources, along with sustainable water supply planning, have driven interest in the reuse of produced water. Reusing produced water can provide important economic, social, and environmental benefits, particularly in water-scarce regions. Therefore, efficient wastewater treatment is a crucial step prior to reuse to meet the requirements for use within the oil and gas industry or by external users. Bioremediation using microalgae has received increased interest as a method for produced water treatment for removing not only major contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphorus, but also heavy metals and hydrocarbons. Some research publications reported nearly 100% removal of total hydrocarbons, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and iron when using microalgae to treat produced water. Enhancing microalgal removal efficiency as well as growth rate, in the presence of such relevant contaminants is of great interest to many industries to further optimize the process. One novel approach to further enhancing algal capabilities and phytoremediation of wastewater is genetic modification. A comprehensive description of using genetically engineered microalgae for wastewater bioremediation is discussed in this review. This article also reviews random and targeted mutations as a method to alter microalgal traits to produce strains capable of tolerating various stressors related to wastewater. Other methods of genetic engineering are discussed, with sympathy for CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This is accompanied by the opportunities, as well as the challenges of using genetically engineered microalgae for this purpose.

Degradation of imidacloprid by fluidized-bed Fenton process

Wastewater containing imidacloprid (IMI), a new and widely used insecticide, can harm human health and aquatic organisms. To remove IMI, this study applied a fluidized-bed Fenton process due to its low capital cost. The degradation of IMI was investigated in a bench-scale reactor with synthetic wastewater. The studied conditions included pH 2–5, 1.0–10.0 mM Fe2+, 1.0–15.0 mM H2O2, 1.0 mM IMI, 100–400% bed expansion, 100 g of SiO2 and at 25 °C. Under the conditions of 3 mM Fe2+, 5 mM H2O2, 400% bed expansion, and pH of 3.0, degradation efficiencies of 97%, 41%, and 12% for IMI, COD, and TOC, respectively, were obtained within 45 min of reaction period while total iron removal reached 10%. Increasing bed expansion up to 400% did not have a significant impact on IMI degradation; however, it slightly deteriorated the total iron removal performance due to a scouring effect. At 100% bed expansion, total iron removal increased to 22%. The apparent rate law for IMI degradation by the fluidized-bed Fenton reactor under the studied conditions can be expressed as follows:d[IMI]dt(mM min-1) =-0.2218H2O20.1182Fe2+0.3717

Factors affecting bioleaching in the processing of non-metallics

Biotechnological treatment of non-metallics is based on bacterial leaching of raw material and dissolution of Fe. Bacterial iron dissolution ability is dependent on various physicochemical factors as temperature, acidity of solutions, redox potential, rapidity of water circulation and presence of organic sources. The Fe content in the quartz sands and feldspar samples by the biological leaching decreased as much as 60% and by subsequent using of electromagnetic separation of feldspars, the decrease of Fe content in 74% was achieved. However, the application of magnetic separation of quartz sands after bioleaching resulted in total iron removal of 93% and in such combined way prepared product contained 0.024 % of Fe2O3. Achieved results on iron removal point to the fact that combination of leaching and magnetic separation enables to obtain product usable in glass and ceramic industry.

Removal of iron and sulphate during acid mine drainage treatment using laboratory successive alkalinity producing system and its behavioural relationship

Abstract Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is one of the persistent water pollution problems in many coal mines of U.S.A. and Canada. Only few mines in India face this problem. The treatment of acid mine water has become a statutory requirement in almost all mines of the world. Metal removal and alkalinity generation is essential feature of any AMD treatment system but sulphate removal from acid mine drainage is still given the secondary importance. In the present study, four AMDs were treated in laboratory Successive Alkalinity Producing System (SAPS) for five different hydraulic retention times (HRT). The total iron removal and corresponding sulphate removal along with net alkalinity generation were studied during AMD treatment process by SAPS. A complete removal of total iron and sulphate removal of over 59% have been achieved. The study revealed that the total iron removal and sulphate removal increases with increase in HRT and its removal exhibited linear relationship. A substantial increase in alkalinity was also found after SAPS treatment. The findings of the study can be utilized in design of SAPS for removal of iron and sulphate during treatment of AMD in mining areas.

Total iron removal from aqueous solution by using modified clinoptilolite

• This study introduces a simple method for non-harmful natural adsorbent preparation and modification using different acids and bases with convenient and accessible desorption. • The characterization results indicated that clinoptilolite nanoparticles were well prepared and preparation method was effective. • The achieved results from Design Expert showed that at D/C and pH equal to 81.53 and 6.5, respectively the optimal percentage of the iron removal is obtained with value equal to 97.97%. • Freundlich isothermal model best described the total iron adsorption process, and it has been observed that maximum adsorption capacity is 50 mg/g for the total iron removal. Nanotechnologies present a promising application in the production of water to obtain potable water from natural sources by treatment. Clinoptilolite is an abundant and low-cost natural zeolite, which has adsorbent properties. Moreover, this study introduces a simple method for non-harmful natural adsorbent preparation and modification using different acids and bases with convenient and accessible desorption. The characterization methods used in this study are X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Response Surface Method (RSM) has been utilized to reflect the influence of operations variables in Design Expert 7.0. Other Variables, including the Effect of Modifications, contact time, the percentage of the dosage of adsorbent to the beginning (initial) pollutants concentration (D/C), and pH on total iron, were researched during the research procedure. The characterization results indicated that clinoptilolite nanoparticles were well prepared, and the preparation method was effective. Best modification Performance was shown in Z10(0.1 M Hydrochloric Acid dried by Air) at 24 h Setting time. The achieved results from Design Expert showed that at D/C and pH equal to 81.53 and 6.5, respectively, the optimal percentage of the iron removal is obtained with a value equal to 97.97%. In addition, Freundlich isothermal model best described the total iron adsorption process, and it has been observed that the maximum adsorption capacity is 50 mg/g for the total iron removal.

Seasonal impacts on biofiltration acclimation dynamics and performance

AbstractThe City of Denton, Texas, upgraded the Lake Lewisville Water Treatment Plant (WTP) to add ozone and convert the existing chlorinated anthracite/sand filters to granular activated carbon (GAC) biofilters. Biofilter contaminant removal, operational performance, and biomass were monitored following startup on two filters, one brought online in winter and one brought online in summer, to understand seasonal impacts. In addition, the city also monitored anthracite biofilters following a winter shutdown at another WTP. Key conclusions include (1) acclimation (i.e., the time required to achieve steady‐state biomass, total organic carbon [TOC] removal, or total manganese removal, considered individually) was two to three times longer for filters brought online in the winter versus the summer, (2) no acclimation period was observed for turbidity or total iron removal, and (3) the relationship between TOC removal and water temperature was more significant for the WTP with anthracite than GAC biofilters.

Comparative study on iron removal using chemically and greenly synthesised zero-valent iron nanoparticles

As an adsorbent, the nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) has gained attention among researchers for the removal of pollutants like metallic ions from water. The high surface area and resulting high reactivity of nZVI make it a promising material for water/wastewater treatment. The uptake behaviour of iron on nZVI has not been investigated so far. The aim of the study is to compare greenly synthesised (GnZVI) and chemically synthesised (CnZVI) nano zero-valent iron in terms of size, functional groups and stability and to explore the feasibility of utilizing it for iron removal from water. In this study, the liquid-phase reduction technique was used to synthesis nZVI. Sodium borohydride as well as Amaranthus Dubius leaf extract were used as the reductants in this process. Characterization study of nZVI was performed using UV, FTIR, XRD and TEM. The peaks obtained at 312 nm and 316 nm in UV-Vis spectrum for chemically and greenly synthesised particles respectively, confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of C=O, C-O stretching and – CH bending vibrations of bonds. It was found that the CnZVI nanoparticles were largely spherical with size ranging from 80 nm-99 nm whereas GnZVI nanoparticles were in the range of 1nm-3nm. For an influent total iron concentration of 0.5ppm with Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio as 2.5:0.5, total iron removal efficiencies of 54.00% and 35.19% were achieved by CnZVI and GnZVI respectively, at pH of 6.85 and contact time of 3 hours.

Organics removal and in-situ granule activated carbon regeneration in FBR-Fenton/GAC process for reverse osmosis concentrate treatment

Fluidized bed reactor Fenton (FBR-Fenton) process was adopted for reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) treatment with three types of carriers, including sand, zeolite and granular activated carbon (GAC). Adsorption studies demonstrated that GAC achieved the best adsorption performance (maximum COD removal of 78% in 15 h) among the three carriers, and the adsorption of ROC organic matters followed a two-stage adsorption model. Fenton oxidations were carried out in three fluidized beds after column saturation, and FBR-Fenton/GAC process achieved highest COD removal (72%) and most BOD5/COD ratio enhancement (from 0.03 to 0.3) in ROC. Long-term operation data demonstrated good performance stability of GAC as the carrier. In addition, GAC fluidized bed obtained highest total iron removal rate via iron crystallization process. Continuous in-situ GAC regeneration with more than 90% recoveries of surface area, pore volume and adsorption capacity were observed along the ROC treatment with FBR-Fenton/GAC process. Mechanism studies revealed that better COD removal performance in FBR-Fenton/GAC process was attributed to the combining effects of homogenous Fenton reaction, GAC adsorption and GAC/H2O2 catalytic reaction.

Recovery of magnetite from fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization of iron-containing solution as photocatalyst for Fenton-like degradation of RB5 azo dye under UVA irradiation

Iron recovery from wastewater as magnetite (Fe3O4) pellets was performed in a fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) process. The catalytic effectiveness of magnetite in the heterogeneous degradation of RB5 azo dye was evaluated. The key parameters of FBHC, including effluent pH, cross-section loading (L, kg/m2.h), initial iron concentration ([Fe(II)], mg/L), and inlet supersaturation (S), were optimized to maximize the total iron removal (TR, %) and crystallization ratio (CR, %) from a fluidized-bed reactor. Under the conditions of pH = 8.5–9.5 and [Fe(II)]in = 100 – 500 mg/L, the TR and CR values reached 99% and 77%, respectively. The magnetization and coercivity of the recovered Fe3O4 pellets were analyzed to confirm the magnetic characteristic. A Fenton-like degradation of RB5 azo dye was activated using the Fe3O4 pellets under UVA irradiation, pH = 2.75 – 3.0, initial peroxide concentration of 10 mM, and catalyst loading of 2 g/L. The efficiencies of decolorization and mineralization reached about 98 – 99% and 60 – 68%, respectively. FBHC method benefited the recovery of high-purity metal oxides and the production of a low quantity of sludge. Magnetic pellets transformed from the dissolved iron in wastewater were promising materials to reuse as a photochemical reactant for organic pollutant degradation.

Remediation performance and mechanism of aquatic plants for iron polluted water

To solve the yellow colorization in water caused by iron ion, we evaluated the remediation performances of six aquatic plant species (Hygroryza aristata, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Jussiaea stipulacea, Pistia stratiotes and Rotala rotundifolia) using hydroponic experiment. Effects of iron concentration, pH, plant biomass on iron removal were investigated, and the intensification of removing iron incurred by aeration was also discussed. Results showed that all the examined plant species could improve both divalent iron and total iron removal, but with significant difference in their performance. Divalent iron concentrations were decreased by H. aristata and H. verticillata from 5.0 mg·L-1 to 0.23 and 0.26 mg·L-1 within 24 h, respectively, meeting the standard of supplementary items for the drinking water and surface water sources (divalent iron concentration ≤0.3 mg·L-1), while total iron concentrations declined to 0.84 and 1.21 mg·L-1 with removal efficiency of 83.2% and 75.8%, respectively. Concentrations of divalent iron and total iron of plant treatment plots at pH 5, 6, 7, 8 were not significantly different, with removal efficiency of divalent iron and total iron being among 95.4%-98.4% and 92.2%-94.6%, separately. When initial divalent iron concentration was less than 5.0 mg·L-1, removal efficiency of divalent iron and total iron increased with the increases of divalent iron concentration. The growth of H. aristata was inhibited at divalent iron concentration of 10.0 mg·L-1. Total iron removal was not stable during the trial. Removal efficiency of plant treatment rose only by 7.0% compared with the control, which was much lower than other concentration treatments. The divalent iron concentration was decreased to ＜ 0.3 mg·L-1 in 24 h at plant biomass :300 g, with no difference of removal efficiency among biomass treatments. Both intermittent and continuous aeration enhanced iron removal by H. aristata, but continuous aeration was more favorable for the removal of total iron due to stabilization.

Removal of iron as oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) from aqueous solution by fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization

Abstract In this study, iron is removed from aqueous solution using a fluidized-bed crystallizer. Homogeneous oxyhydroxide pellets (FeOOH) were recovered at various value of pH, surface loading (L), and initial ferrous concentration to assess the treatability of iron-containing water. The optimal conditions for treating initial ferrous concentrations of 100–300 mg/L were L = 0.6 kg/m2/h (with 29 m/h of upflow velocity), a bed expansion of 50% and pH = 6.5 yielding the total iron removal (TR) of more than 99% and a corresponding iron crystallization ratio (CR) of 85%. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) revealed that the pellets consisted of a mixture of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) yielded images of pellets of up to 1 mm in diameter, which were assembled from FeOOH flakes with thicknessess of 0.2–0.4 µm.

Heterogeneous fluidized-bed Fenton process: Factors affecting iron removal and tertiary treatment application

In this research, the factors affecting iron removal were determined for a fluidized-bed Fenton reactor using construction sand as the medium. Most of the particulate iron could be removed by the fluidized-bed Fenton process under optimum conditions. The surface area of the fluidized media available for iron crystallization via heterogeneous nucleation and hydraulic retention time were found to be the key factors controlling the iron removal efficiency. Bed expansion of 50% was sufficient for satisfactory iron removal. Further bed expansion did not provide any significant improvement, and could deteriorate the iron removal performance through scouring effect and increase energy consumption. Formic acid, one of the carboxylic intermediates from organic pollutant oxidation with hydroxyl radicals, remarkably deteriorated the iron removal performance. This is because it not only increased iron solubility through complexation but also hindered heterogeneous nucleation of ferric hydroxide onto the fluidized material. Therefore, in terms of iron removal, the fluidized-bed Fenton process should be applied to treat low-strength wastewater or to serve as a polishing unit to limit the formation of Fe3+-chelating intermediates. As a tertiary treatment unit, the fluidized-bed Fenton reactor could successfully and consistently reduce the COD and color of secondary effluents from pulp and paper mills to below the new and more stringent standards of 120 mg/L and 300 ADMI, respectively. Depending on the water characteristics, total iron removal of 53–81% could be achieved at the optimum retention time.

Pathogen Deactivation of Glow Discharge Cold Plasma While Treating Organic and Inorganic Pollutants of Slaughterhouse Wastewater

Challenges for better treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) stem from too strong organic pollutants as well as the potential existence of various pathogen but conventional biological treatment still has shown its limitation. Using cold plasma, this study investigates the physicochemical deactivation of pathogens while treating organic and inorganic pollutants of slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW). Experiments were conducted by decreasing the hydraulic retention time from 0.16 to 1 L/day to derive the best operating condition based on the performance in the cold plasma oxidation. While operating the continuous plasma process, this study identifies the main mechanisms for nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron removal. The results show that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) recorded the removal efficiencies of 78~93, 51~92, and 35~83%, respectively. A slight increase in pH via cold plasma influence total iron (T-Fe) removal up to 93%. Cell counting confirms that bacteria could be removed as much as 98% or more in all the operating conditions tested. Toxicity unit dramatically decreased to less than 1 (~ 96% removal). These results suggest that the cold plasma treatment of SWW might be a viable option to manage organic pollutants, pathogen, and toxicity simultaneously.

International Trials of Vertical Flow Reactors for Coal Mine Water Treatment

Vertical flow reactors (VFRs) were tested at coal mine sites in New Zealand, South Korea, and the USA. The objective was to evaluate the iron removal efficiency and iron removal mechanisms during field trials at low pH and circumneutral pH, and to evaluate the potential use of VFRs as stand-alone systems or in combination with other passive treatment technologies. Total iron and manganese removal efficiencies at circumneutral pH (6–8) often exceeded 90%, with effluent concentrations less than 1 mg/L. This is attributed to both homogeneous and heterogenous Fe(II) oxidation and filtration of the precipitated ferrihydrite. Iron removal efficiencies at moderately acidic conditions (pH 3–4.5) averaged close to 40%, with an average 71.0% removal in one of the trials after iron removal capacity was stabilized. Microbial Fe(II) oxidation and precipitation as schwertmannite together with aggregation of colloidal and nano-particulate Fe(III) are suspected to be the main removal mechanisms. Iron solubility limited removal under very acidic conditions (pH < 3). The reproducibility of the results with respect to previous research confirmed that VFRs can be used as stand-alone passive treatment systems for iron removal from mine waters with a footprint less than half of the area required by a conventional aerobic wetland. A VFR can also provide useful iron pretreatment for other passive treatment systems under circumneutral conditions, but would have to be combined with alkaline generating systems to achieve full iron removal from acidic mine waters.

Eltrombopag: a powerful chelator of cellular or extracellular iron(III) alone or combined with a second chelator

AbstractEltrombopag (ELT) is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist reported to decrease labile iron in leukemia cells. Here we examine the previously undescribed iron(III)-coordinating and cellular iron-mobilizing properties of ELT. We find a high binding constant for iron(III) (log β2=35). Clinically achievable concentrations (1 µM) progressively mobilized cellular iron from hepatocyte, cardiomyocyte, and pancreatic cell lines, rapidly decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and also restoring insulin secretion in pancreatic cells. Decrements in cellular ferritin paralleled total cellular iron removal, particularly in hepatocytes. Iron mobilization from cardiomyocytes exceeded that obtained with deferiprone, desferrioxamine, or deferasirox at similar iron-binding equivalents. When combined with these chelators, ELT enhanced cellular iron mobilization more than additive (synergistic) with deferasirox. Iron-binding speciation plots are consistent with ELT donating iron to deferasirox at clinically relevant concentrations. ELT scavenges iron citrate species faster than deferasirox, but rapidly donates the chelated iron to deferasirox, consistent with a shuttling mechanism. Shuttling is also suggested by enhanced cellular iron mobilization by ELT when combined with the otherwise ineffective extracellular hydroxypyridinone chelator, CP40. We conclude that ELT is a powerful iron chelator that decreases cellular iron and further enhances iron mobilization when combined with clinically available chelators.

Experimental study on efficient removal of total iron from wastewater using magnetic-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs) were used for the removal of total iron from wastewater samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) measurements were used as characterization techniques. The prepared magnetic adsorbent can be well dispersed in the water and easily separated magnetically from the medium after loaded with adsorbate. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the effects of operating parameters, namely D/C (adsorbent dosage per initial concentration of pollutant ((mg)adsorbent/(mg/l)initial)) and pH, on total iron removal (%). Using RSM model shows that the optimum removal of total iron was 98.97% at pH=8.2 and D/C=5. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The maximum adsorption capacity for total iron removal was obtained as 200mg/g from Langmuir isotherm model. The present study shows the novel nature of the nanocomposite, which can remove total iron from wastewater.