Removal Of Red Dye Research Articles

Modelling and Optimization of the Removal of Congo-Red Dye from Waste Water Using Agricultural Waste

The continuous utilization of dye in the industries and commodity products has necessitate its development by sustainable approach. However, for the success and commercialization of these products, their cost of production should be compared to the existing products available in the market. To do these, there is a need to introduce cheap feedstock for Congo red dye removal (CDRRR). Its optimization will ease the process of production and give the optimum acceptable yield. Result showed that highest CRDRR yield was 104.00 (mg/L) at pH(X1) = 1, AD(X2) = 0 and Time (X3) = -1, respectively. Box-Behnken response surface methodology (BBSRM) predicted a yield of 91.233 (mg/L) for CRDRR at X1 = -0.423, X2 = -1.00 and X3 = -1.00 variables condition, which was validated as 90.87 (mg/L). ANN genetic algorithm predicted CRDRR of 92.561 (mg/L) at variables condition X1 = -0.567, X2 = -0.89 and X3 = -1.00, which was validated as 91.53 (mg/L). Modelling and optimization derived equations that showed the relationship between the CRDRR and variables (X1， X2 and X3) in term of coded for RSM: CRDRR(%)= 92.67+0.72X1-5.67X2+6.50X3-7.66X1X2-4.59X1X3+6.20X2X3-0.35X1 2-1.14X22-0.12X32; actual factors for ANN: CRDRR(%)=55.70808+7.18508X1+9.74067X2+5.77729X3-3.40222X1X2-1.22467X1X3+6.61867X2X3-0.039194X12-2.02711X22-0.078560 The study concluded that agro waste is suitable feedstock for Congo red dye removal and the statistical software proved suitable for modelling and optimization.

Reuse of waste activated sludge for textile dyeing wastewater treatment by biosorption: performance optimization and comparison

AbstractThe aim of this study is to assess the ability of local low‐cost biomaterials to remove reactive dyes from aqueous solutions. Granules prepared from dried activated sludge (DAS) were used as a sorbent for the removal of red bimacid dye (E5R) chosen as model dye. The study involves batch type experiments to investigate the effects of initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature and pH of solution on biosorption process. Optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model fits very well with the experimental results. The thermodynamic parameters for the biosorption process have also been calculated and found the sorption process as exothermic. The sorption performance of this DAS is finally compared with that of different reference sorbents and of other low‐cost materials.

Recovered materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as adsorbents for dye removal: Equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism

The present study focuses on the recovery of mixed metal oxide LiMn2O4 (MO) and graphite (GR) from cathode and anode of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) and their use as an adsorbent for the removal of anionic congo red (CR) and cationic methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. For better performance, recovered GR was converted to Graphite oxide (GO) by modified Hummer’s method and used as adsorbent for further studies. The recovered constituents of spent LIBs were characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, ICP-OES and Surface area analysis. The effects of operating variables such as adsorbent dosage, pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature were studied. Equilibrium data were well fitted to the Freundlich and Sips for GO; Langmuir and Sips for MO. The adsorption kinetics fitted well with pseudo-second order and Elovich model for both dyes by both adsorbents. GO showed maximum adsorption capacity of 134.1mg/g for CR dye whereas MO showed adsorption capacity of 7.4mg/g and 4.2mg/g for CR and MB dyes respectively. In the case of GO, 100% of MB dye was adsorbed upto 1000mg/L due to electrostatic interaction of oppositely charged adsorbent-adsorbate species along with Π-Π interaction. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption is a physical process, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results demonstrated that the constituents of spent LIBs could be employed as effective adsorbents for the removal of CR and MB dyes from waste water.

Molecular uptake of congo red dye from water on iron composite nano particles

The molecular uptake of congo red dye from aqueous solution onto the iron composite nano particles (ICNPs) is described in batch mode with respect to initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption data followed Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The developed functionalized ICNPs were effective for the molecular uptake of congo red dye from aqueous solution with maximum 90%. The sorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The optimized batch parameters were initial concentration 150μg/L; contact time 25min., pH7.0, dose 0.5g/L and 25°C temperature. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were −9.16, −8.97 and −8.84kJ/mol at 20, 25 and 30°C temperatures; −3.35kJ/mol and −1.61×10−4kJ/molK, respectively. Pseudo-first-order and liquid film diffusion mechanisms of the adsorption were proposed. The developed adsorption method was speedy, environmental friendly and inexpensive as may be used under natural water conditions. The method was capable to work at natural water resources pHs with low adsorbent and agitating time. The adsorption method may be applied for the removal of congo red dye from any water body at economic scale.

Development of ZnS/SnS/A-FA nanorods at ambient temperature: Binary catalyst for the removal of congo red dye and pathogenic bacteria from wastewater

The present work is emphasized to develop novel ZnS/SnS/A-FA nanorods by using A-FA, ZnNO3·6H2O, SnCl2·2H2O and Na2S as precursor materials at ambient temperature. UV–vis DRS, PL, FE-SEM, EDX and TEM techniques were employed to confirm the formation of ZnS/SnS/A-FA nanorods. Photocatalytic activity of the ZnS/SnS/A-FA catalyst was checked under UV light using congo red dye as a model pollutant for waste water treatment applications. The results indicate that the fly ash incorporated ZnS/SnS have the capability to degrade the congo red dye within 150min using 10mg of the photocatalyst. The reuse property of ZnS/SnS/A-FA catalyst was appraised and was found to be quite stable during photocatalytic experiments. The pioneer antibacterial properties of ZnS/SnS/A-FA nanostructures were studied against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), which shows a significant antibacterial activity compared to ZnS/A-FA. ZnS/SnS/A-FA was proved as a potential material toward the wastewater treatment for the removal of dye molecules and pathogenic bacteria.

Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Composite as an Effective Adsorbent for Reactive Red Dye Removal.

Chitosan, modified with different dosages of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), was first prepared, and its adsorption capacity for reactive red (RR) dye in aqueous solutions was investigated, in this paper. The structure and morphology of the adsorbents were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, and TGA. The effect of varying parameters (pH, temperature, adsorbent loading, and contact time) was also investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity based on the Langmuir model was found to be 32.16 mg/g. In addition, experimental kinetic data were analyzed by the psuedo-first order and psuedo-second order equation models. The psuedo-second order model proved to be the best model for the adsorption system, which suggested that adsorption might be controlled by the chemical rate-limiting step through sharing of electrons or by covalent forces.

Preparation and characterization of microfiltration apatite membrane over low cost clay-alumina support for decolorization of dye solution

Apatite material obtained from natural sources of Tunisian mineral has been used for the development of membrane over clay–alumina-based microporous supports. For this purpose, supports of single-channel and 19-channel circular configurations were used. The apatite powder used for membrane preparation had average pore diameter of 4.02 μm. Coating formulation has been optimized to obtain stable suspension. Powder loading of 4 wt.% was found as optimum for obtaining a proper microfiltration membrane with 0.2μm pore diameter. Single-channel membrane was used for characterization. The application to color removal from synthetic reactive dye solution was performed using membrane with 19-channel configuration. An average water flux of 200 and 80 l/m2 h was obtained for 19-channel support and membrane, respectively, in laboratory scale setup. Reactive red dye removal from synthetic dyeing solution was achieved up to 99%. Resulting saturated membrane was successfully regenerated using H2O2 at various concentrations and contact time. Color separation efficiency of the membrane (g/m2) has been evaluated as an indicator of membrane regeneration. Moreover, apatite membrane-based separation of reactive red dye has been compared with adsorption using the apatite powder followed by membrane separation. Apatite membrane-based separation was found to be more efficient compared to adsorptive separation using apatite powder.

Removal of congo red from water using quercetin modified α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles as effective nanoadsorbent

In the present investigation, Quercetin modified α-Fe2O3 nanoadsorbent (Qur-Fe2O3) is synthesized by a simple chemical impregnation method, followed by characterization and evaluated for the removal of congo red dye (CR) from the aqueous solution. The adsorption of CR onto the novel Qur-Fe2O3 is investigated with variable parameters such as contact time, initial concentration of CR, adsorbent dosage and pH of solution using batch adsorption technique. It is found that the adsorption of CR on Qur-Fe2O3 is rapid during the initial stages and reached a steady-state condition with an uptake of approximately 95.4% after 140 min. Langmuir and the Freundlich adsorption isotherms are used to observe and quantify the interaction of CR and Qur-Fe2O3. Dye adsorption equilibrium data are well-fit with Langmuir isotherm rather than Freundlich isotherm. The maximum monolayer dye adsorption capacity at the optimum pH 5.4 by applying the Langmuir equation is 427.35 mg g−1 at 25 °C for Qur-Fe2O3. Thermodynamic examination demonstrated that CR adsorption on the Qur-Fe2O3 nanoadsorbent was reasonably spontaneous and endothermic. A comparison of kinetic models showed that the overall adsorption process is described in well manner by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The intraparticle diffusion model described that the rate-limiting step is not the diffusion of intraparticle alone. Moreover, the adsorption capacity is about 81.64% of the initial saturation adsorption capacity after being used four times. Thus, Qur-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are good candidate for efficient CR removal process from wastewater and for the deep-purification of polluted water.

Column, kinetic and isotherm studies of PAH (phenanthrene) and dye (acid red) on kaolin modified with 1-hexyl, 3-decahexyl imidazolium ionic liquid

Adsorption studies were carried out to determine the efficiency of kaolin modified with a novel long chain ionic liquid (IL) 1-hexyl, 3-decahexyl imidazolium. Synthesis of IL was carried out and characterised with NMR and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Kaolin was modified with IL to form hydrophobic kaolin (modified–kaolin) by adding IL in excess of the cation exchange capacity of kaolin. Modified–kaolin was characterised using FT-IR, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Modified–kaolin was used in column and batch adsorption studies for phenanthrene and acid red dye. Modified–kaolin was an efficient material for the removal of phenanthrene and acid red dye. For column studies, the adsorption capacity, depth of exchange zone, time required for the pollutant to move through the exchange zone which is the height of the adsorbent in the column and adsorption rates were investigated using the Adams-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson model flow and Thomas sorption model. Column adsorption capacity at the same flow rate (5.0mLmin−1) and different concentrations (50, 100 and 200mgL−1) for phenanthrene were 222.9, 611.8 and 1093.5mgg−1, while that of acid red dye were 877.0, 1337.4 and 1350.7mgg−1, respectively. Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models best explained the column studies. Data from both batch studies fitted well to pseudo-second order. The Langmuir isotherm had the best fit with an adsorption capacity of 842.7mgg−1 for dye and the Freundlich isotherm best described phenanthrene with an adsorption capacity of 188.9mgg−1.

Ionic liquid based nanoporous organosilica supported propylamine as highly efficient adsorbent for removal of congo red from aqueous solution

A novel ionic liquid based nanoporous organosilica supported propylamine (ILNO-NH2) has been prepared and characterized and its efficiency in the removal of congo red dye from aqueous solutions has been investigated. The ILNO-NH2 was synthesized via chemical attachment of 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane on an ionic liquid based ordered nanoporous organosilica in toluene at reflux. The ILNO-NH2 was then successfully applied in the removal of congo red (CR) under acidic conditions. The effect of initial dye concentration, isotherm studies and the enforceability of pseudo-first and second order as well as Elovich kinetic models were investigated. The optimum conditions were achieved by using 0.025g/50mL of adsorbent, 40mg/L of congo red at 30min of contact time and pH 4.0. The study showed that the adsorbent is very efficient with the maximum adsorption capacity of 43.10 (mg/g) under applied conditions and could be recovered without significant decrease in its stability and structural order.

Removal of congo red dye from aqueous system using Phoenix dactylifera seeds

In this study, Phoenix dactylifera seeds (PDS) was used as a biosorbent for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from aqueous system. Biosorbent was characterized by some instrumental techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of various adsorption parameters such as initial dye concentration, sorbent dosage, contact time, pH, electrolyte, surfactants and temperature was optimized for maximum sorption of dye. Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherms were applied for the interpretation of experimental data. Langmuir model was found to be best fitted with maximum adsorption capacity equal to 61.72mgg−1. The kinetic study showed that the adsorption process was described by pseudo-second order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters such as energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) were found to be −3.51kJ/mol, 22.89kJ/mol and 87.130J/mol/K, respectively. Recycling efficiency of PDS was investigated for the sorption of CR and after 5cycles, the adsorption efficiency of PDS was reduced to 53.90% from 76.12%.The results indicated that Phoenix dactylifera seeds were used as a suitable sorbent for the adsorption of CR dye from aqueous solution in a feasible, spontaneous and endothermic way.

Membrane Synthesized from Microemulsion‐Derived Ilmenite Nano Powders Used for Removal of Red Dye from Textile Industry

In this work, the high‐quality ilmenite (FeTiO3) membranes were grown on the clay‐Al2O3 support tube from microemulsion‐derived FeTiO3 powders by dip‐coating method. FeTiO3 powders were synthesized by reverse microemulsion method, using cyclohexane, Tween‐80, Brij 30, Triton X‐100, and n‐butanol at different composition. The membranes as well as powders were finally characterized by removal of red dye from a simulated wastewater of textile industry in same conditions. The membrane separation process demonstrates the removal of dye coupled with permeation of water simultaneously, and the overall process may have great potential for wide industrial application.

Kinetics of Adsorptive Removal of Drimarene Brilliant Red from Aqueous Solution Using Untreated Agricultural Residues

The potential of untreated banana and orange peels, and rice husk was tested for drimarenebrilliant red (DBR) dye removal from aqueous solution. Kinetics was also studied in a batch experiment.Dose of adsorbents varied from 6 to 12 g/L, particle sizes 0.2 and 0.8 mm and contact time 2–32 h. Highdose and small particle size favoured DBR removal efficiency significantly. The highest adsorption capacitywas shown by rice husk (10 mg/g), then orange peels (9 mg/g) and the lowest by banana peels (4 mg/g).Langmuir isotherm (R2=0.99) and pseudo-second order model (R2=0.99) depicted well the equilibriumand best explained the kinetics for rice husk, respectively. Initial adsorption appeared as pore diffusionin all the cases and film diffusion was controlling the rate, later on. Based upon the analytical data, a simplemodel has been presented that fitted best to describe rice husk adsorption kinetics.

Magnetic nanocomposite of activated charcoal for removal of Congo red dye

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution using magnetically separable novel adsorbent prepared by coating activated charcoal on magnetic nanoparticles. Design/methodology/approach – The synthesized magnetic nanocomposite of activated charcoal was characterized using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The removal of Congo red from aqueous solution using magnetic nanocomposite of activated charcoal was optimized. The equilibrium and kinetics modeling of adsorption of Congo red was analyzed. Findings – The presence of activated charcoal on magnetic nanocomposite was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The average size of the nanocomposite was found to be 12.77 nm using SEM characterization. The elemental composition by EDS analysis confirmed the increase in concentration of carbon due the adsorption of Congo red dye. The optimum conditions for batch adsorption was found to be 1 g/L of adsorbent, dye concentration 50 mg/L, pH 3 and temperature 70°C. The adsorption of Congo red dye on magnetic nanocomposite of activated charcoal was found to follow Temkin adsorption isotherm. Originality/value – The experimental data were found to fit well with the pseudo second-order kinetics and the rate of adsorption was found to be controlled by intra-particle diffusion.

Simultaneous removal of dye and heavy metals in a single step reaction using PVA/MWCNT composites

PVA/MWCNT composites are prepared by a simple ultrasonication method and used for the removal of methyl red dye and heavy metals. The methyl red dye formed hydrogen bonds with PVA polymers; simultaneously, the heavy metals are removed. The composites were found to be effective materials to remove the dye and heavy metals.

A Statistical Approach to Optimization of Congo Red Dye Removal (CRDR) Via Coconut Shell Activated Carbon (CSAC)

The use of low-cost, locally available, highly efficient and eco-friendly adsorbents has been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing dyes from waste water. The aim of this work was the production of coconut shell activated carbon of Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption studies were carried out by observing the effects of temperature and time, and the optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. Variables such as the adsorbent dose, initial concentration of solution and pH of solution were kept constant at 1 g, 100 mg/L and 7, respectively. The adsorptive capacity and percentage colour removal was mathematically described as a function of experimental parameters and was modelled through central composite response surface methodology (CCRSM). Results showed that the adsorption capacity and the percentage colour removal increased with an increase in time and temperature. The statistical predicted optimum values were validated by carrying out three experiments and an average Congo red (CR) of 86.82% and adsorption capacity (AC) of 8.50 mg/l were obtained at a time (X₁) = -1 and a temperature (X₂) = -1. The coefficient of determination (R²) and R-Sq. (adj.) for CR found in this study were 98.28% and 97.05%, while that for AC were 87.85% and 79.16%, respectively. Thus, the study concluded that the adsorbent was found to be effective, viable and suitable for the removal of Congo Red Dye from aqueous solution and its statistical analysis increased its optimum yields.

UV-irradiated carbon nanotubes synthesized from fly ash for adsorption of congo red dyes in aqueous solution

In this work, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized from fly ash and used as adsorbent for the removal of congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. The as-synthesized CNTs were exposed to UV radiation for improving the adsorption of dye. The produced nanotubes were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman and FTIR spectroscopies. UV irradiation was found to be an effective tool for enhancing intensity of the observed functional groups and could induce extra defects on the sidewalls of the CNTs. The obtained results show that the adsorption of CR increases from 9.1 to 26.5 mg g−1 with increasing the UV irradiation time from 0 to 30 min and maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 4.5. The adsorption efficiency of the UV-irradiated CNTs was decreased from 99.14 to 53.5% by increasing the initial dye concentration from 5 to 50 mg L−1. Langmuir and Freundlich models were fitted to the adsorption equilibrium data and the results reveled that the adsorption of CR onto the CNTs followed the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 25.61 mg g−1. The results suggest that the synthesized CNTs, which contain naturally exist active groups, besides those induced by the UV irradiation, might be useful for the removal of CR and other water pollutants.

Comment on “Determination of adsorption capacity and thermodynamic parameters of the PAC used for bomaplex red CR-L dye removal”

Comment on “Determination of adsorption capacity and thermodynamic parameters of the PAC used for bomaplex red CR-L dye removal”

Enhanced removal of toxic Congo red dye using multi walled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic, equilibrium studies and its comparison with other adsorbents

MWCNTs were used as an efficient adsorbent for rapid removal of hazardous Congo red dye (CR) from aqueous solutions; the whole adsorption process was well investigated and elucidated. The impact of several significant parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature and initial concentration were well studied and optimized. As a result of optimization the values of influential parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, initial concentration and fixed adsorbent dose were found to be 60min, 11, endothermic, 200ppm and 0.05g, respectively. The developed nano adsorbent shows an excellent potential (qe, 352.11mg/g; 92% of CR has been removed within 60min) for removal of CR from the solvent phase. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm data were found to be well fitted and in good agreement with the pseudo-second order and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The efficient and rapid removal of the noxious CR dye using MWCNTs in a very short period of time, and the obtained maximum adsorption capacity of the developed adsorbent in comparison to the previously developed adsorbent establishes the significance of the work done.

Adsorption behaviour of congo red by cellulose/chitosan hydrogel beads regenerated from ionic liquid

A cellulose/chitosan hydrogel bead was prepared by extruding and regenerating the blends from ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]Ac) in ethanol. FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction techniques were used to prove the successful blending of both natural polymers (cellulose and chitosan). Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area and pore diameter analysis showed that the beads were nanoporous with pores measuring from 10 to 20 nm. Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that the bead had a maximum adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g for congo red (CR) dye removal from aqueous solutions, which was more efficient than the most reported natural biosorbents. The CR adsorption capacity at equilibrium was related to initial CR concentration, dosage of beads and pH values of the CR solution. When the initial concentration of CR was 30 mg/L, and the adsorbent dosage was 2.0 g/L, the equilibrium of adsorption was reached within 115 min with the removal rate of 89.6%. The Langmuir model represented the adsorption isotherm data and the experimental results followed a pseudo-second-order rate model, indicating that intraparticle diffusion dominated the adsorption process. The cellulose/chitosan hydrogel beads can be used as an efficient adsorbent for dye contaminant removal from wastewater.