Removal Of Prohibition Research Articles

Protection or police harassment? Impacts of punitive policing, discrimination, and racial profiling under end-demand laws among im/migrant sex workers in Metro Vancouver

In 2014, Canada implemented end-demand sex work legislation which leaves the sale of sex under some circumstances legal. However, immigration policies based on discourses positioning sex work as exploitation and migration as trafficking continue to criminalize many im/migrant sex workers. Despite community reports of punitive policing, limited research has explored how police interactions with im/migrant sex workers have impacted labour conditions since this legislative shift. As part of a longstanding community-based Vancouver study, we drew on the conceptual framework of slow violence to analyze 20 in-depth interviews with sex workers born outside Canada. Despite rhetoric positioning im/migrant sex workers as victims deserving protection, participants described experiences of punitive, racialized, and stigmatizing police treatment. Fear of being ‘outed’ as a sex worker and living with precarious immigration status undermined participants' ability to seek police protections; yet when they did seek assistance after experiencing violence/theft, police were unsupportive or discriminatory. Our findings suggest that policies depicting im/migrant sex workers as victims act not to protect them, but to justify targeted repressive, racist policing that severely undermines women's occupational safety. Our results illustrate the harms of policies conflating sex work with trafficking; demonstrate the inherent opposition between legislative aims to protect those who sell sexual services and to abolish the sex industry; and interrogate who the state affirms as a deserving victim. The full decriminalization of sex work, removal of prohibitions on sex work among im/migrants, and community-led alternatives to the criminal justice system are urgently needed to uphold im/migrant sex workers' labour rights.

A novel type of gene interaction in D. melanogaster

The genes interact according to classical mechanisms, namely, complementation, modification, polymery, and epistasis, in the cells and organisms carrying these genes. Here we describe a novel type of gene interaction when the interacting genes reside in parents, whereas the interaction event takes place in their progenies lacking these genes.The conditional mutations in the D. melanogaster male X chromosome caused the “prohibition on producing daughters” in its offspring. The chromosomal rearrangements in chromosomes 2 and 3 of its female partner removed the prohibition. The phenomena of “prohibition” and “removal of prohibition” appeared as a parental effect in both the male and female. Both phenomena ensued from the presence of the studied mutations in parents rather than their unviable or survived progenies. Thus, the gene interaction when the genes themselves are absent at the site of interaction and during the interaction event takes place in drosophila.

Preventing Trafficking in Organs for Transplantation: An Important Facet of the Fight Against Human Trafficking

Most countries now have national legislation that outlaws both human trafficking and organ trafficking. However, international conventions and domestic laws alone have not been enough to stop the trade in organs. As of 2007, a conservative estimate was that 5% of the approximately 100,000 organs transplanted annually were derived from exploiting the poorest and most vulnerable people in society; anti-trafficking efforts have since reduced, though not eliminated, this practice. The Declaration of Istanbul (DoI) was created in 2008 to engage medical professional societies to collaborate with governments and others in combating organ sales, transplant tourism, and trafficking in human organs. In 2010, the Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group (DICG) was formed to actively promote and to monitor the implementation of the DoI principles. The removal of prohibitions on organ purchases, which is now being promoted in some wealthy nations, is unlikely to shorten transplant waitlists (because organ sales crowd out voluntary, unpaid donation) and would be based on the false view that such sales do not exploit the sellers. To combat such exploitation, the DICG advocates for ratification and enforcement of the new “Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Human Organs,” as a complement the Palermo Protocol to the United Nations organized crime convention that prohibits human trafficking for organ removal. To increase ethical organ donation by living related donors, the DICG encourages countries to adopt means to cover donors’ financial costs, which now discourage donation. It also works with the World Health Organization to encourage ministries of health to develop deceased donation to its maximum potential toward the goal of achieving national self-sufficiency in organ transplantation so that patients do not need to travel to foreign destinations to undergo organ transplantation using kidneys and partial livers purchased from poor and vulnerable people. Success in combating human trafficking for organ removal and organ trafficking will be greatly enhanced through organizations like the DICG forging strong relationships with human rights organizations.

Problematizing Alcohol through the Eyes of the Other: Alcohol Policy and Aboriginal Drinking in the Northern Territory, Australia

This article traces the evolution of alcohol policy in the Northern Territory, Australia, over the past half century, from the removal of prohibition on the possession and consumption of alcohol by Aboriginal people, to the emergence of spatially-defined restrictions which, while not overtly referring to Aborigines, are designed primarily to contain consumption in public by Aboriginal drinkers. Aboriginal alcohol-related problems, which are serious and broad-ranging, continue to be defined for policy purposes primarily by non-Aboriginal people in terms of public drunkenness and perceived threats to urban amenity. Meanwhile, a non-Aboriginal, heavy-drinking culture is positively sanctioned discursively through the social construction of “the Territorian.” The article argues that discourse and policies combine to perpetuate Aboriginal marginality with respect to urban spaces, and to deny a voice to Aboriginal people and organizations in defining alcohol-related problems and identifying solutions.

Public policy for a multiproduct firm: Tearing down the ‘Berlin Wall’ in telecommunications

United States telecommunications policy contains ‘Berlin Walls’ that due to technology advances are being breached. Policies that encourage competitors are unnecessarily constraining traditional providers, the local exchange carriers. These constraints are causing market distortions, harmful to consumers. We propose four specific policy changes that should be adopted in order to bring down the walls while providing protections against any residual market power held by the exchange carriers. Specifically: use of incremental cost test to deter/detect cross-subsidies, price imputation for intrafirm transfers, generalized open network architecture, and removal of prohibitions on exchange carrier provision of video programming.

Miserocchi v. Società Agnesi

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Intention of the parties — Travaux préparatoires — Whether treaty may be applied retroactively as ius superoeniens — New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 — The law of ItalyTreaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement of — Retroactive application — Arbitration clause excluding jurisdiction of forum State in favour of arbitration abroad — Prohibition of such exclusion under municipal law — Subsequent removal of prohibition by international convention incorporated into municipal law — New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 — Whether operating as ius superveniens to validate such clause — Intention of parties — Travaux préparatoires — The law of Italy

External shocks, financial reforms, and stabilization attempts in Uruguay during 1974–1983

This paper interprets and evaluates Uruguay's reforms emphasizing the outcome of financial reforms and attempts to bring down inflation. It is shown that domestic interest rate deregulation and the removal of prohibition towards holding dollar-denominated assets led to a rise in the ratio of financial assets in GDP and to a shift towards dollar-denominated assets. Causes of the persistent and large spread between peso and dollar interest rates adjusted for the preannounced rate of devaluation ( tablita) are examined. The discussion of the stabilization program during 1979–1982 and its aftermath in 1983 shows that setting the tablita at less than the difference between internal and external inflation led to severe imbalances. Because of remaining redundant protection and price stickness, the real exchange rate appreciated sharply for a prolonged period and the trade balance widened until the stabilization episode ended with capital flight when doubts set in about the sustainability of the tablita.