Heteroatom Removal Research Articles

Effects of the use of acetone as co-solvent on the financial viability of bio-crude production by hydrothermal liquefaction of CO2 captured by microalgae

Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology to produce biocrude from microalgal biomass that has captured gaseous CO2. However, several problems of this technology must still be solved to make it economically and technically feasible. One of the main problems in the financial viability of the HTL process is the low yield obtained when only water is used as a solvent, with results close to or lower than 30 wt%. This, in turn, increases the production cost to over 120 USD/BBL. In recent years, some authors have focused their efforts on increasing biocrude production through the extensive use of organic solvents, without considering the effects on economic viability. The present work evaluated the financial effect of using acetone as an organic co-solvent, finding that high acetone contents increased operating costs of the process, mainly due to losses in its handling and recovery. On the contrary, very low acetone contents had very little effect on the biocrude yield. It was possible to establish that concentrations close to 5 wt% of acetone, mixed with water, resulted in a yield of about 60 wt% and a production cost of 50 USD/BBL of biocrude, with an energetic densification of 30.25 MJ/kg and 8.60∘ API, classifying it as heavy crude, which makes it necessary to include refining processes for heteroatom removal. Chemical characterization of biocrude revealed a high content of nitrogenous compounds (23.6 wt%) and oxygenated compounds (10.7 wt%), which have to be removed for the subsequent production of commercial liquid fuels. It is concluded that the use of a water-acetone mixture allows for obtaining positive operating profits, which helps to the high capital costs involved in this type of technology, making it more financially comparable with the conventional petroleum industry.

Sustainable Processing of Ultralow-Cost Petroleum Cokes Into Ultrastable Self-Doped Fe3C@CNT Catalysts for High-Efficiency HER.

Petroleum cokes are largely used as low-cost anodes in aluminum industries and general fuels in cement industries, where large amounts of CO2 are generated. To reduce CO2 release, it is challenging to develop green strategies for processing abundant petroleum cokes into high-value products, because there are abundant hetero-atoms in petroleum cokes. To overcome such issues, a sustainable electrochemical approach is proposed to convert ultralow-cost high sulfur petroleum coke and iron powders into high-efficiency catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). During molten-salt electrolysis, raw petroleum cokes are converted into CNTs via heteroatom removal and the catalytic effect of Fe, forming Fe3C nanoparticles on the sulfur and nitrogen co-dopped carbon nanotubes (Fe3C@S, N-CNTs). The electrochemical reaction analysis using the continuum model suggested that the rate-determining step referred to the slow transport of mobile ions inside the porous cathode. Because the self-doped S and N atoms massively alleviated the energy barrier for H* absorption and H2 desorption (i.e., promoting HER kinetics), the as-prepared Fe3C@S, N-CNTs exhibited low overpotentials at 10mAcm-2 in acidic (96mV) and alkaline (106mV) solutions with ultralong-term duration (200h). This study offers a sustainable approach to convert ultralow-cost petroleum cokes into ultrastable catalysts for high-efficiency HER.

Impact of Carbonization Temperature on the Structure and Li Deposition Behavior of 3D Dual Metal Carbon Fibers

Li deposition within lithiophilic–lithiophobic metal carbon fibers is influenced by several structural factors, including electrical conductivity, surface‐bound functional groups, particle size and distribution of the lithiophilic–lithiophobic components, which are significantly affected by the carbonization temperature. To gain a deeper understanding of how these different parameters affect the Li deposition behavior, a detailed analysis of Ag and Cu containing carbon fibers at carbonization temperatures from 500 to 1000 °C is performed. At lower carbonization temperatures, the fibers exhibit an unordered carbon structure with a high concentration of heteroatoms and a lithiophilic–lithiophobic gradient. However, the high electrical resistance at these temperatures impedes Li‐ion interaction with the fibers, leading to the formation of mossy and dead Li. In contrast, higher carbonization temperatures result in the removal of heteroatoms and a more ordered carbon structure. The agglomeration of Cu and Ag particles at these temperatures disrupts the lithiophilic–lithiophobic gradient, causing concentrated Li deposition on top of the fibers. A threshold temperature of 700 °C has been identified for achieving homogeneous Li deposition. At this temperature, the lithiophilic–lithiophobic gradient still exists, and the more ordered carbon structure enhances Li‐ion interaction with the fibers, resulting in stable Li deposition for over 1100 h.

Exploring the graphitization transformation mechanism of deposited carbon in molten salt electrolysis: A novel insight from molecular structure models

Molten salt electrolysis graphitization is a novel method for the electrochemical graphitization, offering significant technological advantages. Researchers have shown keen interest in preparing graphite materials through molten salt strategies. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive research methodologies at the molecular scale for the removal of heteroatoms and rearrangement of carbon atoms in different amorphous carbon conversion systems. To address the above issue, the deposited carbon (DC, a coking byproduct) was converted into graphitized material (electrolysis products, EP) through the electrochemical method in this study. By processing Transmission Electron Microscope images with Python programming, aromatic skeleton structure information was quantitatively extracted. The evolution of the structure of DC was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on information about elemental content, aromatic skeletal structure, and heteroatom functional groups, average chemical structure models were constructed for DC and EP, and relevant chemical bond parameters were statistically analyzed. Then, the influence of the electric field on the structural transformation of amorphous carbon in molten salts was investigated. The research results show that the electric field significantly affects the graphitization transformation process of amorphous carbon in molten salts, enhancing the interaction between calcium ions and DC molecules, increasing the diffusion coefficient of particles in the system, and promoting the formation of more sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, thus forming a more compact aromatic ring network. This study provides a new research method and molecular/atomic-level insights for a deeper understanding of the mechanism of graphitization transformation of amorphous carbon.

Alkali-etched mesoporous zeolite beta supported Ni nanoparticles for the catalytic hydrocracking of Shenfu subbituminous coal to hydrocarbon-rich oils

The conversion of low-rank coal to hydrocarbons by catalytic hydrocracking (CHC) is an important process in chemical industry. However, obtaining hydrocarbon-rich oils directly from low-rank coal by precise removal of heteroatoms remains a huge challenge. Considering this fact, a novel bifunctional catalyst Ni10%@βE was prepared by alkali-etching and used for the CHC of Shenfu subbituminous coal (SC). Alkali-etching modified L/B acid distribution and promoted the formation of hierarchical pores in βE, which helps to improve the catalytic activity. Benzyloxybenzene can be selectively converted to benzene and toluene with a total yield of 184.3 mol% over Ni10%@βE. Under 1 MPa H2, 300 °C, and 2 h, the yield of SC-derived cracking oil increased from 8.6 % to 18.0 %, and the proportions of aliphatic hydrocarbons and arenes increased from 13.5 % and 41.9 % to 32.4 % and 63.6 %, respectively. Modification of βE by alkali-etching changes the H2 activation activity of Ni10%@βE. Synergetic transfer of H···H, δ+H···Hδ-, H+, and H· is the core of obtaining high-yield hydrocarbons from SC.

Kinetic insights into heavy crude oil upgrading in supercritical water

Heavy crude oil upgrading in a supercritical water environment is a promising technology owing to diverse advantages such as heteroatom removal, high yields of low molecular weight fractions, and inhibition of coke production. In order to increase the performance of this process, some challenges need to be overcome by researching the reaction mechanisms and developing proper numerical models. Therefore, the kinetic studies reported in the literature for hydrothermal upgrading of heavy crude oil under supercritical water conditions and their results were systematically analyzed and discussed to achieve a better understanding of the diverse approaches considered to determine the distribution of reaction products and limitations. Additionally, fundamental aspects of the kinetic models, including experimental considerations and numerical methodologies applied for kinetic parameter estimation, are reviewed to obtain representative information about the reactant system that can be subsequently integrated into reactor design models or reservoir simulations.

Selective hydroconversion of ethanolyzed soluble portion from the ethanolysis of Hanglaiwan long flame coal extraction residue over highly active Ni/SAPO-34 catalyst

The ethanolyzed soluble portion (SPE) prepared from the ethanolysis of Hanglaiwan long flame coal (HLFC) extraction residue was converted to catalytically hydroconverted SPE (CHSPE) by the catalytic hydroconversion (CHC) over Ni10 %/SAPO-34 at 200 °C under an initial hydrogen pressure of 5 MPa for 24 h. The possible mechanisms for the origin and synergic effect of active hydrogen had been speculated according to the reactions of HLFC-related model compounds. H2 can be activated by Ni10 %/SAPO-34 to produce H···H, H+, and H-, the synergic effect of which leads to cleaving >C-O- bonds. After the CHC, arenes and heteroatom-containing aromatic compounds in SPE are converted to cyclanes, indicating that aromatic ring hydrogenation and heteroatom removal occur simultaneously during the CHC of SPE. The relative abundance (RA) of CH-containing species in CHSPE is larger than that in SPE, while the RAs of oxygen- and nitrogen-containing species in CHSPE are smaller than those in SPE. In addition, Ni10 %/SAPO-34 has excellent cyclability for the CHC of SPE, and the relative content of cyclanes decreases only by 17.4 % after five recycles. Undoubtedly, this investigation provides an effective strategy for directional upgrading of derived soluble portion from low metamorphic coals.

Catalytic Synergy between Lewis Acidic Alumina and Pt in Hydrodechlorination for Plastic Chemical Recycling.

Pyrolysis-based plastic chemical recycling has gained significant industrial attention due to its advantage of eliminating complex plastic sorting processes. However, plastic pyrolysis oil contains various components that require stringent removal before subsequent processes. In particular, Cl compounds originating from the decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) can cause serious corrosion of reactors and catalyst deactivation in downstream processes. While extensive research has been conducted on the removal of other heteroatoms (S, N, and O) from organic compounds via hydrotreating, studies on the removal of Cl have been scarce. In this study, hydrodechlorination over Pt catalysts on various supports is comprehensively investigated using 1,2-dichloroethane as a model reactant. Our results demonstrate that Pt on γ-Al2O3 can exhibit exceptionally high catalytic activity compared to those on other supports due to a distinct bifunctional mechanism. Rigorous studies reveal that the Lewis acidic pentacoordinated Al sites of γ-Al2O3 activate C-Cl bonds, whereas Pt activates H2 and provides spillover H to remove Cl as HCl. The bifunctional mechanism enables the minimized use of precious Pt (<0.1 wt %) to achieve high activity. Pt/γ-Al2O3 also allows for efficient Cl removal (96.8%) with high stability in treating waste plastic pyrolysis oil containing 7500 ppm of Cl.

Cover Feature: Mechanistic Insight into Heteroatom Removal from Vacuum Gas Oil Blended with PMMA or PET Waste (ChemSusChem 15/2024)

Cover Feature: Mechanistic Insight into Heteroatom Removal from Vacuum Gas Oil Blended with PMMA or PET Waste (ChemSusChem 15/2024)

Mechanistic Insight into Heteroatom Removal from Vacuum Gas Oil Blended with PMMA or PET Waste.

This work analyzes vacuum gas oil (VGO) and hydrocracking products of this feed blended with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to clarify the oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur removal pathways in these complex mixtures. Hydrocracking reactions are conducted in a semi-batch reactor with a Pt-Pd/HY bifunctional catalyst at 400 °C and 80 bar for 300 min with 10 wt % waste plastic using 0.1 catalyst/feed weight ratio. The samples are analyzed using various techniques, including high-resolution mass spectrometry, providing an improved, more detailed analytical representation. The results demonstrate the synergistic effect of cofeeding oxygenated plastics to the VGO, altering the preferential reaction pathways of heteroatom-containing species in the following order: nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. We assess the nature of the species from the gathered data, establish plausible reaction mechanisms, and evaluate the catalyst's role.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of catering wastes towards biofuel intermediates

AbstractThe potential application of the hydrothermal liquefaction process on catering wastes, spent coffee grounds (SCG) and orange peels, towards reducing municipal wastes was examined in this study, targeting to the production of biofuel intermediates. The study was focused on the two main process parameters, temperature (280–350 °C) and residence time (5–60 min) while the other parameters such as biomass/solvent ratio and applied extractant were selected according to literature. The results indicated that spent coffee grounds are a more promising feedstock, rendering higher bio-crude oil yield than orange peels (34 wt% and 22 wt% respectively). The optimal conditions for each feedstock varied due to their different structural properties, which not only affected the products’ yields but also their quality. To better understand the distribution of the process degradation products and a part of the reaction’s pathway, the gas product was analyzed via GC-FID, and the aqueous phase was studied via HPLC analysis. Finally, the bio-crude oil was subjected to elemental, thermogravimetric, and GC-MS analysis to determine its quality and biofuel potential, based on which the bio-crude oil derived from spent coffee grounds showed promising results while orange peel–derived oil is of lower value. According to the study’s findings, the bio-crude oil can be utilized as a fuel substitute after being upgraded via hydrotreatment enabling the heteroatoms removal and enhancing its fuel properties. Graphical abstract

Study on converting bio-oil obtained from waste microalgal biomass through hydrodeoxygenation over FeSAPO-5 catalyst

This paper showed the study results in hydrodeoxygenation process (HDO). Guaiacol and bio-oil derived from pyrolysis of waste microalgal biomass were deoxygenated in an autoclave type reactor over FeSAPO-5 based catalyst – which has not been applied before for the same purpose. The FeSAPO-5 catalyst was prepared from SAPO-5 by isomorphic introduction of Fe3+ onto its framework. Guaiacol was used as sample for catalyst activity test followed by applying the catalyst in the HDO process of the bio-oil. A series of parameters were investigated including temperature, period of time, catalyst dosage and stirring speed, and the results revealed a range of suitable conditions for the HDO process such as 300oC, 2 hours, 5% in weight and 400 rounds per minute, respectively. Under these conditions, the guaiacol and bio-oil conversion reached 64.2% and 71.1% based on the converted guaiacol in the reaction and the total removal of heteroatoms before and after the HDO process, respectively. Techniques including XRD, SEM, EDX and GC-MS were employed in this study to characterize the catalyst, bio-oil and the hydrodeoxygenated products.

Continuous slurry hydrotreating of sewage sludge-derived hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude on pilot-scale: Comparison with fixed-bed reactor operation

In this study, we demonstrate the continuous catalytic hydrotreating of sewage sludge-derived hydrothermal liquefaction oil on a versatile, pilot-scale testing unit, equipped with both a slurry and a fixed-bed reactor. Comparison of the two reactors shows that slurry hydrocracking is consistently more efficient in both heteroatom removal and cracking performance compared to the fixed-bed operation. The upgraded HTL oil from the slurry reactor contains 35% less nitrogen that the equivalent oil produced from the fixed-bed reactor at 350 °C and is lighter, consisting of 84 wt% molecules in the gasoline and diesel range, compared to 63 wt% in its counterpart. This is tentatively ascribed to the higher residence time and the lower mass-transfer limitations in the slurry reactor that enhance the hydrogenation and cracking reactions. Upgrading the HTL oil in a two-stage configuration improves only the nitrogen removal, which increases from 40‐55% in the one-stage process to 83%. Overall, slurry hydrocracking appears to be a promising strategy for the upgrading of bio-oils from renewable feedstocks, such as waste and biomass. Further research is required to study operability and stability issues for longer time-on-stream and investigate the process in the presence of dispersed liquid catalysts.

Upgrading of sewage sludge-derived pyrolysis oil via hydrotreatment over NiMo-based catalysts

Nowadays, sewage sludge is a hazardous, but valuable by-product of municipal wastewater treatment plants and so, perspective technologies in the frame of ongoing environmental agenda, including developing different approaches to obtain alternative fuels, are necessary.In the present paper, we have upgraded sewage sludge-derived pyrolysis oil by hydrotreatment over NiMoN/Al2O3 and NiMoPS/Al2O3 catalysts. The process with catalysts has been performed in a batch reactor at 350, 375, and 400 °C and under 7.7 MPa (25 °C) of an initial hydrogen partial pressure. A catalyst-free experiment was done at 375 °C for comparison.According to the obtained results, hydrotreatment of pyrolysis oil has led to relatively effective heteroatom removal, especially over NiMoPS/Al2O3 catalyst at 400 °C. Particularly, the most obvious was the decrease in the content of O-containing compounds. Besides, the used catalysts have accumulated Fe (in the form of FeNiS phase), Si, Ca and Cr elements, which could probably be produced by the erosion of stainless steel components of the setup during hydrotreatment. Such observations indicate the importance of developing effective catalysts for the target processes as well as selecting corresponding conditions and construction materials for further studying sewage sludge-derived pyrolysis oil.

Catalytic pyrolysis of microalgal lipids to liquid biofuels: Metal oxide doped catalysts with hierarchically porous structure and their performance

Catalytic pyrolysis of lipids is an alternative pathway for alternative aviation fuel production with advantages of H2-free and mild reaction conditions. However, it is still hindered by coking of catalysts and low selectivity of kerosene. In this research, composite catalysts were synthesized via postsynthesis method (alkali treatment) followed by doping of metal oxides (ZnO, La2O3, and CeO2). Catalytic performance of as-synthesized catalysts was evaluated during catalytic pyrolysis of microalgal lipids. The characterization of BET, XRD, SEM, NH3-TPD for catalysts indicated that alkaline treatment increased the mesoporous structure (5.28–5.91 nm) of microporous zeolite HZSM-5 to form a hierarchically porous structure without apparent disruption of crystal structure of zeolite, while doping of metal oxides (about 10 wt%) enhanced the performance of hetero-atoms (oxygen and nitrogen) removal. The acidity of as-synthesized catalysts significantly decreased from 1175.61 μmol/g (HZSM-5) to 406.77 μmol/g (Ce-MHZ). After catalytic pyrolysis carbon number distribution and compound type of produced liquid fuels tended to high kerosene components (above 40%) and increased hydrocarbon content with reduced content of oxygen-containing compounds. The hierarchically porous zeolite also presented aromatization for aromatic hydrocarbons in alternative aviation fuels. Catalytic mechanism was also elucidated including complex reactions of decarboxylation, decarbonylation, carbon chain cracking, and aromatization.

Unveiling the structural transformation and activity origin of heteroatom-doped carbons for hydrogen evolution

Heteroatom-doped carbon materials have been widely used in many electrocatalytic reduction reactions. Their structure-activity relationships are mainly explored based on the assumption that the doped carbon materials remain stable during electrocatalysis. However, the structural evolution of heteroatom-doped carbon materials is often ignored, and their active origins are still unclear. Herein, taking N-doped graphite flake (N-GP) as the research model, we present the hydrogenation of both N and C atoms and the consequent reconstruction of the carbon skeleton during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), accompanied by a remarkable promotion of the HER activity. The N dopants are gradually hydrogenated and almost completely dissolved in the form of ammonia. Theoretical simulations demonstrate that the hydrogenation of the N species leads to the reconstruction of the carbon skeleton from hexagonal to 5,7-topological rings (G5-7) with thermoneutral hydrogen adsorption and easy water dissociation. P-, S-, and Se-doped graphites also show similar removal of doped heteroatoms and the formation of G5-7 rings. Our work unveils the activity origin of heteroatom-doped carbon toward the HER and opens a door to rethinking the structure-performance relationships of carbon-based materials for other electrocatalytic reduction reactions.

Low-temperature graphitization of lignin via Co-assisted electrolysis in molten salt

The ever-growing energy demand and environmental issues have stimulated the development of sustainable energy technologies. Herein, an efficient and environmentally friendly electrochemical transformation technology was proposed to prepare highly graphitized carbon materials from an abundant natural resource - lignin (LG). The preparation process mainly includes pyrolytic carbonization of raw LG material and electrochemical conversion of amorphous carbon precursor. Interestingly, with the assistance of Co catalyst, the graphitization degree of the products was significantly improved, in which the mechanism was the removal of heteroatoms in LG and the rearrangement of carbon atoms into graphite lattice. Furthermore, tunable microstructures (nanoflakes) under catalytic effects could also be observed by controlling the electrolytic parameters. Compared with the products CN1 (without catalyst) and CN5 (with 10% catalyst), the specific surface area are 158.957 and 202.246 m2 g−1, respectively. When used as the electrode material for lithium-ion batteries, CN5 delivered a competitive specific capacity of ∼350 mAh g−1 (0.5 C) compared with commercial graphite. The strategy proposed in this work provides an effective way to extract value-added graphite materials from lignin and can be extended to the graphitization conversion of any other amorphous carbon precursor materials.

Use of Nickel Oxide Catalysts (Bunsenites) for In-Situ Hydrothermal Upgrading Process of Heavy Oil.

In this study, Nickel oxide-based catalysts (NixOx) were synthesized and used for the in-situ upgrading process of heavy crude oil (viscosity 2157 mPa·s, and API gravity of 14.1° at 25 °C) in aquathermolysis conditions for viscosity reduction and heavy oil recovery. All characterizations of the obtained nanoparticles catalysts (NixOx) were performed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray and Diffraction (XRD), and ASAP 2400 analyzer from Micromeritics (USA), methods. Experiments of catalytic and non-catalytic upgrading processes were carried out in a discontinuous reactor at a temperature of 300 °C and 72 bars for 24 h and 2% of catalyst ratio to the total weight of heavy crude oil. XRD analysis revealed that the use of nanoparticles of NiO significantly participated in the upgrading processes (by desulfurization) where different activated form catalysts were observed, such as α-NiS, β-NiS, Ni3S4, Ni9S8, and NiO. The results of viscosity analysis, elemental analysis, and 13C NMR analysis revealed that the viscosity of heavy crude oil decreased from 2157 to 800 mPa·s, heteroatoms removal from heavy oil ranged from S-4.28% to 3.32% and N-0.40% to 0.37%, and total content of fractions (ΣC8-C25) increased from 59.56% to a maximum of 72.21%, with catalyst-3 thank to isomerization of normal and cyclo-alkanes and dealkylation of lateral chains of aromatics structures, respectively. Moreover, the obtained nanoparticles showed good selectivity, promoting in-situ hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reactions, and hydrogen redistribution over carbons (H/C) is improved, ranging from 1.48 to a maximum of 1.77 in sample catalyst-3. On the other hand, the use of nanoparticle catalysts have also impacted the hydrogen production, where the H2/CO provided from the water gas shift reaction has increased. Nickel oxide catalysts have the potential for in-situ hydrothermal upgrading of heavy crude oil because of their great potential to catalyze the aquathermolysis reactions in the presence of steam.

Facile and Universal Defect Engineering Toward Highly Stable Carbon-Based Polymer Brushes with High Grafting Density.

Carbon-based polymer brushes (CBPBs) are an important class of functional polymer materials, which synergistically combine the advantageous properties of both carbons and polymers. However, the conventionalfabrication procedures of CBPBs involve tedious multistep modification, including preoxidation of carbon substrates, introduction of initiating groups, and subsequent graftpolymerization. In this study, a simple yet versatile defect-engineering strategy is proposed for the efficient synthesis of high-grafting-density CBPBs with highly stable CC linkages via free radical polymerization. This strategy involves the introduction and removal of nitrogen heteroatoms in the carbon skeletons via a simple temperature-Fmed heat treatment, leading to the formation of numerous carbon defects (e.g., pentagons, heptagons, and octagons) with reactive C=C bonds in the carbon substrates. The as-proposed methodology enables the facile fabrication of CBPBs with various carbon substrates and polymers. More importantly, the highly grafted polymer chains in the resulting CBPBs are tethered with the carbon skeletons by robust CC bonds, which can endure strong acid and alkali environments. These interesting findings will shed new light on the well-orchestrated design of CBPBs and broaden their applications in various areas with fascinating performances.

One-pot synthesis of lignin biochar supported Ni for catalytic pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris and its model compounds: The formation mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons

A novel catalyst of lignin biochar supported Ni was prepared through one-pot pyrolysis for the catalytic pyrolysis of Chlorella vulgaris. The catalysts with various Ni loading ratios were rich in functional groups with surface areas of 290.87–458.97 m2/g and average micropore sizes of 0.47–0.56 nm. The in-situ reduction during catalyst preparation yielded 33.13 % of Ni0 with average particle size of 37.57 nm. The selectivity of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) from the catalytic pyrolysis of the microalgae reached up to 75.62 % with the quantitative yield of benzene of 58.01 mg/g. The catalytic pyrolysis of the microalgae model compounds (rapeseed oil, glucose, soybean protein, and several amino acids) revealed high catalytic activity for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons based on glucose and soybean protein with 95.72 % and 90.75 % in selectivity, respectively. The study on model compounds conversion elucidated the formation mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons by removal of heteroatoms (N and O).