Removal Of Carbofuran Research Articles

Effective application of green nano adsorbent on the removal of carbofuran from wastewater

In this study, carbofuran (CF) was eliminated from wastewater using pomegranate peel nano adsorbent (PPNA). Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) before and after adsorption were used to assess the process efficiency. BET demonstrated that the PPNA has a specific surface area of 356.5 m2/g. The PPNA was tested under some environmental factors, such as contact time, concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, and pH. Experimental work was done within the range of 10–50 mg/l initial concentration and the best biosorption capacities were found at 30 min contact time, 0.7 g adsorbent dose, 25 °C, and pH 2. The Freundlich isotherm was the best-fitting isotherm model. The pseudo-second-order model provided the best fit to the process kinetics and indicated that the intra-particle diffusion stage is the rate-limiting step for the process. The study of thermodynamics showed that carbofuran adsorption on PPNA was physisorption (ΔG = −3.2334 kJ/mol) and spontaneous at high temperatures (ΔH = 22.2058 kJ/mol, ΔS = 85.0355 J/mol K). Design of a single-stage batch adsorber for the adsorption of CF from aqueous liquors using PPNA was also done.

The adsorption effects of biochar on carbofuran in water and the mixture toxicity of biochar-carbofuran in rats

Carbofuran, a widely used carbamate insecticide, is frequently detected in water. In this study, a high-performance adsorbent (WAB4) for carbofuran was obtained from laboratory-synthesized biochars. The maximum adsorption of carbofuran by WAB4 reaches 113.7 mg/g approximately. The adsorption of carbofuran by biochar was a multi-molecular layer and the adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9984) and Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.99). Importantly, an in vivo rat model was used to assess the combined toxicological effects of biochar-carbofuran complexes. The toxicity of the complexes (LD50 > 12 mg/kg) is lower than that of carbofuran (LD50 = 7.9 mg/kg) alone. The damage of biochar-carbofuran complex on rat liver and lung is significantly less than that of carbofuran. The Cmax and bioavailability of carbofuran were found to be reduced by 64% and 68%, respectively, when biochar was present, by UPLC-MS/MS analysis of carbofuran in rat plasma. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the biochar-carbofuran complex is relatively stable in the gastrointestinal tract, by performing a carbofuran release assay in artificial gastrointestinal fluids in vitro. Collectively, biochar is a bio-friendly material for the removal of carbofuran from water.

Diazotization-coupling reaction on aluminum-based metal–organic framework for efficient purification of wastewater from carbofuran pesticide

A crucial issue is the development of highly and selectively absorbable pesticides. At room temperature, aluminum-based metal–organic frameworks (MIL-53-NH2, MIL-53-AZA, MIL-53-AZA-La, and MIL-53-AZA-Ce) were successfully formed. Using prepared MOFs as sorbents, carbofuran was adsorbed from wastewater. Experimental and spectroscopic studies were used to investigate the elimination mechanisms. The current process can connect a mixture of pi- pi stacking contact, coordination bonding, and hydrogen bond production. The adsorption of carbofuran from wastewater was best described by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isothermal models. MIL-53-NH2, MIL-53-AZA, MIL-53-AZA-La, and MIL-53-AZA-Ce had elimination capacities of 367.87, 433.50, 610.23, and 635.05 mg g-1, respectively. The synthesized MOFs are represented as promising materials for the removal of carbofuran.

Efficient removal of carbofuran by sono-photo active CdS@MIL based Ti Framework

The misuse of pesticides is resulted in their deposition in the soil, plants and animals which consequently affecting the environment's pollution and constitute a potential risk to human beings. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) has an efficient band gap which resulted in the trapping of electron and consequently preventing the recombination of photogenerated radical species (electron/hole). The current approach is considered with the in-situ nucleation of CdS directly over MIL-125-NH2 to obtain CdS@MIL-125-NH2, that was sequentially applied for removal of carbofuran pesticide by sono-photocatalytic degradation. The electron microscope declared that spherical agglomerated CdS was densely covered MIL-125-NH2 framework. Catalytic degradation of carbofuran in presence of the prepared materials was systematically investigated by sonolysis, photolysis and sono-photolysis. The degradation of carbofuran was followed the first order model. The catalyzation of CdS@MIL-125-NH2 by daylight was much efficient rather than ultrasonic. By applying CdS@MIL-125-NH2, the degradation amount of carbofuran reached 331.5 mg/g, 630.0 mg/g and 738.0 mg/g for sonolytic, photolytic and sono-photolytic, respectively within 90 min. Insertion of CdS, enhanced the sono-photolytic activity of MIL-125-NH2 by 3.1 times. CdS@MIL-125-NH2 showed good recyclability and its efficiency in carbofuran degradation was diminished by 6.5% only after five repetitive using cycles.

Synthesis of monolith silica anchored graphene oxide composite with enhanced adsorption capacities for carbofuran and imidacloprid

Highly efficient adsorbent was prepared for the removal of carbofuran and imidacloprid pesticides from wastewater. The silica monolith anchored graphene oxide composite was synthesized by the modified Fischer esterification protocol. The composite showed improved adsorption capacity for the removal of pesticides from wastewater. Graphene oxide was synthesized using the modified Hummer’s method, while the silica monolith was prepared via sol–gel method. The composite was characterized via X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red, Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET/BJH) analysis, zeta potential, and FESEM imaging. Different adsorption parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbate and adsorbent concentration, and temperature were optimized for the adsorption of pesticides. The equilibrium and kinetic models were applied to the adsorption process of the pesticides. Qe of the composite as found to be 342.46 mg g−1 for imidacloprid and 37.15 mg g−1 for carbofuran. The adsorption process followed the pseudo 2nd order kinetic model for carbofuran (R2~0.9971) and imidacloprid (R2~0.9967). The Freundlich isotherm best fitted to the adsorption data of the pesticides with R2 value of 0.9956 for carbofuran and 0.95 for imidacloprid. The resultant adsorbent/composite material came out with very good results for the removal of pesticides.

Swiss-roll electrodes for efficient degradation of carbofuran by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have been extensively investigated for the degradation of emerging contaminants. However, only the composition of electrodes is well studied but less for the electrode configuration. This work developed a new configuration of electrodes rolled along the optimized Archimedes spirals shaping a “Swiss roll”. The effects of electrode distance, electrode area and current were investigated via regulating the electrode configuration and EAOPs conditions. The increasing electrode distance contributed to the H2O2 accumulation but went against the anodic oxidation of carbofuran. The EAOPs with moderate electrode distance showed synergetic removal of carbofuran by electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes. The current density was optimized by changing electrode area and current. The increasing current density promoted the generation of H2O2 and •OH, which could significantly improve the removal of carbofuran by electro-Fenton process. Accordingly, novel kinetic models were developed and validated with experimental data to describe the coupled electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation reactions. Examination of transformation products indicated that the continuous production of •OH accelerated the cleavage and ring-opening of carbofuran and transformation products. The reactor consumed low electrical energy (34.4 kWh/kg) in long-term EAOPs, providing promising solutions in terms of performance and cost in large-scale applications.

Optimization of low-cost cow dung based activated carbon for the removal of carbofuran from aqueous solution

Water pollution has become a serious issue of this century due to increased industrialization. Several methods have been adopted to tackle this issue, including adsorption by activated carbon (AC). Conventional sources of AC preparation are costly and non-renewable as well. Several fruit and agricultural wastes have characteristics to become sustainable feedstock for AC preparation. This study aims to prepare cost effective AC from sustainable raw material, cow dung. The preparation has been analyzed and optimized by utilizing central composite design (CCD). The effect of activation temperature, time, and impregnation ratio (IR) on responses of percent yield ( R1) and percent pesticide removal (R2) has been analyzed. Quadratic models have been suggested with R2, adjusted R2, and predicted R2 values of 0.98, 0.96, 0.89 for R1, and 0.97, 0.94, 0.87 for R2, respectively. Activation temperature and KOH/Feedstock ratio significantly influence the yield and pesticide removal. Optimized conditions of activation temperature, KOH/Feedstock ratio, and activation time are 708.07 ?C, 1.22 and 0.66 h, respectively. These conditions produced 14.78% yield and 89.18% pesticide removal. SEM and BET analysis of optimized AC also confirmed porosity development and large surface area availability due to activation process. Findings of this study suggest that cow dung can be used to prepare low-cost AC for pesticide removal from aqueous solution.

Bioremediation process optimization and effective reclamation of mixed carbamate-contaminated soil by newly isolated Acremonium sp.

Global pollution from excessive pesticide use has become a serious environmental and public health problem. The aim of the study was to optimize the fungal mediated simultaneous removal of carbofuran and carbaryl from soil. Carb-PV5 strain was isolated from contaminated soil following enrichment culture technique; based on 18S rRNA sequencing, strain was identified as Acremonium sp. (MK514615); Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis reflected its morphology. Towards the development of bioaugmentation strategy for the bioremediation of carbamate-contaminated soil, the process parameters were optimized employing Central Composite Rotatable Method. The experimental studies were performed in the range of biomass (0.2–0.6 g kg−1), temperature (23–33 °C), pH (6–9) and moisture (10–30%). The degradation rate parameters, k and t1/2 were determined to as 0.475, 0.325 d−1 and 5.39, 2.1 d with the corresponding r2 of 0.9491, 0.9964 for zero and first order, respectively. The cube root growth kinetic constant k of Acremonium sp. varied from 0.0469 to 0.0512 (g1/3 L−1/3 h−1) and 0.0378 to 0.0415 (g1/3 L−1/3 h−1) for carbofuran and carbaryl, respectively. To confirm the model appropriacy and sustainability of the optimization procedure, bioremediation experiments were conducted onto real carbamate-contaminated soils. UPLC and GCMS analysis confirmed the successful removal of carbamates. The current study presents the first report on the bioaugmentation studies carried out on the mixed carbamate contaminated soil using newly isolated Acremonium sp.

Low-cost sugarcane bagasse and peanut shell magnetic-composites applied in the removal of carbofuran and iprodione pesticides.

In the present study, two agro-industrial wastes, sugarcane bagasse, and peanut shell were employed as support of magnetite nanoparticles for the synthesis of magnetic bio-composites: magnetic sugarcane bagasse (MBO) and magnetic peanut shell (MPSo). The presence of magnetite was verified by Raman spectroscopy. Magnetic nanoparticles shape and size distribution were studied by TEM, while composites morphologies were observed by SEM. Structural characteristics of the pesticides and their possible chemical adsorption on composites were analyzed by FTIR. The removal was carried out by a batch adsorption process, and UV-VIS technique was used for pesticide concentration estimation. Elovich model described better all systems pointing out to a chemical adsorption process occurring. Experimental data isotherms of carbofuran and iprodione can be best explained by more than one mathematical model, but Sip was the ordinary equation in all systems. Maximum adsorption capacities of 175 and 89.3mg/g for carbofuran, and 119 and 2.76mg/g for iprodione, were obtained for MBo and MPSo, respectively.

Borassus aethiopum shell-based activated carbon as efficient adsorbent for carbofuran

ABSTRACT . Carbofuran, a pesticide applied in farmlands, often gets washed away into water bodies due to heavy rainfall and renders the water toxic. In this study, Borassus aethiopum shells-based activated carbon (BAS-AC) was prepared using CO 2 and KOH as physical and chemical activating agents, respectively, which was employed as an adsorbent for the removal of carbofuran from an aqueous medium. The adsorbent was produced using the impregnation ratio of 3.28, activation temperature of 800 o C and activation time of 90 min. Textural properties and available functional groups in the adsorbent were determined using N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The removal efficiency was performed after optimizing the adsorption parameters and kinetics of the adsorption process was examined using a batch system. The surface area, average pore diameter and adsorption capacity of the BAS-AC were obtained as 632 m 2 /g, 2.97 nm and 160 mg/g, respectively. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were fitted better by the Langmuir model than the Temkin and Freundlich models. The adsorption kinetics follow the pseudo-second-order model and the adsorbent diffusion mechanism was further studied using the intraparticle diffusion model. KEY WORDS : Borassus aethiopum , Carbofuran, Activated carbon, Adsorption isotherm, Adsorption kinetics Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2019 , 33(3), 425-436. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v33i3.4

Torrefied and unmodified capsicum annuam biochar for the removal of synthetic hazardous pesticide (carbofuran) from watershed

The present study explored the applicability of torrefied and unmodified Capsicum Annuam biochar (CABC) for the removal of carbofuran from its aqueous streams. The developed biochar at low temperature pyrolysis (300°C) attained a surface area and pore volume of 32.07 m^2⁄g and 0.064〖cm〗^3/g, respectively. The biochar was characterized for its physico-chemical transformation. It was observed that aromatic and hydroxyl groups present in the CABC were responsible for the sorption of carbofuran. The efficacy of carbofuran removal was examined by varying the process variables such as carbofuran concentration, sorption time, pH and adsorbent dosage. The investigation on isothermal models suggested a monolayer adsorption of carbofuran onto homogeneous surface of CABC. While the sorption kinetics is chemical rate controlling mechanism with abundant sorption sites available on the surface and the initial concentration of carbofuran is low compared to the sorption capacities of the CABC. The mass transfer mechanism was studied. The optimization of parameters with central composite design in response surface methodology showed an optimum adsorption uptake value obtained is 134.84 mg⁄g with a desirability value 0.98 with initial concentration as the most influencing parameter.

Removal of carbofuran in aqueous solution by using UV-irradiation/hydrogen peroxide

Pesticide residues in natural water are one of the biggest environmental problems. carbofuran is an insecticide widely used in agricultural activities and it is easily biodegradable. Although this compound has a relatively short lifetime in soils and its persistence in the environment varies from one to several weeks. For this reason, the elimination of carbofuran residual from contaminated waters using suitable technique is of environmental interest. The aim of this study to investigate the synergetic effect of UV and UV with hydrogen peroxide on the degradation of carbofuran in aqueous solution. 50 mgL−1 aqueous solutions of carbofuran (CBF) were prepared. The solutions were exposed to various UV irradiation times. The irradiation time varied from (15–240 min). Hydrogen peroxide was set at 4.8 mM as a minimum concentration level. To follow the degradation percent, formaldehyde concentration, and to identify the intermediates by-products, GC–MS, IC, and UV–vis spectrophotometer were used. The pH, total acidity, and dissolved oxygen values were determined before and after treatment with UV irradiation with/without hydrogen peroxide. Depending on the results obtained the mechanism pathway (degradation) was suggested. The complete removal of carbofuran in aqueous solution took place at 180 min in the presence of H2O2.

Performance of the fixed-bed of granular activated carbon for the removal of pesticides from water supply

ABSTRACTThe application of a fixed bed adsorption column of granular activated carbon (FBAC-GAC), in the removal of carbaryl, methomyl and carbofuran at a concentration of 25 μg L−1 for each carbamate, from the public water supply was investigated. For the determination of the presence of pesticides in the water supply, the analytical technique of high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization was used. Under conditions of constant diffusivity, the FBAC-GAC was saturated after 196 h of operation on a pilot scale. The exhaust rate of the granular activated carbon (GAC) in the FBAC-GAC until the point of saturation was 0.02 kg GAC m−3 of treated water. By comparing a rapid small-scale column test and FBAC-GAC, it was confirmed that the predominant intraparticle diffusivity in the adsorption column was constant diffusivity. Based on the results obtained on a pilot scale, it was possible to estimate the values to be applied in the FBAC-GAC (full scale) to remove the pesticides, which are particle size with an average diameter of 1.5 mm GAC; relationship between the internal diameter of the column and the average diameter of GAC ≥50 in order to avoid preferential flow near the adsorption column wall; surface application rate 240 m3 m−2 d−1 and an empty bed contact time of 3 min.ABBREVIATIONS: BV: bed volume; CD: constant diffusivity; EBCT: empty bed contact time; FBAC-GAC: fixed bed adsorption column of granular activated carbon; GAC: granular activated carbon; MPV: maximum permitted values; NOM: natural organic matter; PD: proportional diffusivity; pHPCZ: pH of the zero charge point; SAR: surface application rate; RSSCT: rapid small-scale column test; WTCS: water treated conventional system

Impact of oxytetracycline and bacterial bioaugmentation on the efficiency and microbial community structure of a pesticide-degrading biomixture.

An experimental study evaluating the effect of bioaugmentation and antibiotic (oxytetracycline) application on pesticide degradation and microbial community structure of a biomixture used in a biopurification system (BPR) was conducted. The bioaugmentation employed a carbofuran-degrading bacterial consortium. The non-bioaugmented biomixture showed excellent performance for removal of atrazine (t1/2: 9.9days), carbendazim (t1/2: 3.0days), carbofuran (t1/2: 2.8days), and metalaxyl (t1/2: 2.7days). Neither the addition of oxytetracycline nor bioaugmentation affected the efficiency of pesticide removal or microbial community (bacterial and fungal) structure, as determined by DGGE analysis. Instead, biomixture aging was mainly responsible for microbial population shifts. Even though the bioaugmentation did not enhance the biomixtures' performance, this matrix showed a high capability to sustain initial stresses related to antibiotic addition; therefore, simultaneous elimination of this particular mixture of pesticides together with oxytetracycline residues is not discouraged.

Expanding the application scope of on-farm biopurification systems: Effect and removal of oxytetracycline in a biomixture

Antibiotic-containing wastewaters produced in agricultural activities may depress the pesticide-degrading capacity of biomixtures contained in biopurification systems. This work aimed to assay the effect of oxytetracycline (OTC) on the removal of carbofuran (CFN) in an optimized biomixture, and to determine the capacity of the system to dissipate OTC. During co-application of CFN+OTC, CFN removal and its accelerated degradation were not negatively affected. Similarly, different doses of OTC (10–500mgkg−1) did not significantly affect CFN mineralization, and the process even exhibited a hormetic-like effect. Moreover, the biomixture was able to remove OTC with a half-life of 34.0 d. DGGE-cluster analyses indicated that fungal and bacterial communities remained relatively stable during OTC application and CFN+OTC co-application, with similarities of over 70% (bacteria) and 80% (fungi). Overall, these findings support the potential use of this matrix to discard OTC-containing wastewater in this system originally intended for CFN removal.

Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran by TiO2-coated activated carbon: Model for kinetic, electrical energy per order and economic analysis

The photocatalytic removal of carbofuran (CBF) from aqueous solution in the presence of granular activated carbon supported TiO2 (GAC-TiO2) catalyst was investigated under batch-mode experiments. The presence of GAC enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of the TiO2 catalyst. Experiments were conducted at different concentrations of CBF to clarify the dependence of apparent rate constant (kapp) in the pseudo first-order kinetics on CBF photodegradation. The general relationship between the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) and reaction rate constant (kr) were explained by using the modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) model. From the observed kinetics, it was observed that the surface reaction was the rate limiting step in the GAC-TiO2 catalyzed photodegradation of CBF. The values of K and kr for this pseudo first-order reaction were found to be 0.1942 L mg−1 and 1.51 mg L−1 min−1, respectively. In addition, the dependence of kapp on the half-life time was determined by calculating the electrical energy per order experimentally (EEO experimental) and also by modeling (EEO model). The batch-mode experimental outcomes revealed the possibility of 100% CBF removal (under optimized conditions and at an initial concentration of 50 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1) at a contact time of 90 min and 120 min, respectively. Both L-H kinetic model and EEO model fitted well with the batch-mode experimental data and also elucidated successfully the phenomena of photocatalytic degradation in the presence of GAC-TiO2 catalyst.

Rapid Removal of Carbofuran from Aqueous Solution by Pulsed Corona Discharge Treatment: Kinetic Study, Oxidative, Reductive Degradation Pathway, and Toxicity Assay

This work demonstrates the application of plasma generated by pulsed corona discharge for the rapid degradation of carbofuran from aqueous solution. Carbofuran with a concentration of 0.5 mg/L to 30 mg/L was effectively removed within 4 to 10 min of treatment time, at 101.5 W input power. Degradation yield (2.95 g/kWh) was much higher for 10 mg/L carbofuran concentration compared to degradation yield (0.37 g/kWh) for 0.5 mg/L carbofuran. The effect of pulsed voltage, pulsed frequency, initial pesticide concentration, pH, and effect of radical scavengers (HCO3–, CO32–, and humic acid) was also investigated in detail. Appearance of some key intermediates confirmed the possibility of formation of some demethylated products due to direct electron impaction during degradation process. Seven intermediates were identified, and possible oxidation and reduction mechanism of carbofuran degradation pathway was proposed. Microalgae ecotoxicity study confirmed the complete detoxification of carbofuran after 14 min cor...

Interface interactions between insecticide carbofuran and tea waste biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures

Biochars showed a potential as adsorbents for organic contaminants, however, have not been tested for carbofuran, which has been detected frequently in water. This study provides evidences for the use of infused tea residue derived biochar for carbofuran removal. Biochars were produced at 300, 500 and 700 °C by slow pyrolysis and were characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis, FT-IR, SEM, BET and pore size distribution. Pyrolysis temperature showed a pronounced effect on biochar properties. The maximum carbofuran removal was achieved at pH 5. Freundlich and Temkin models best fit the equilibrium data. Biochars produced at 700 °C showed the highest sorption intensity. The adsorption process was likely to be a favorable chemisorption process with electrostatic interactions between carbofuran molecules and biochar surface. Acid-base interactions, electrophilic addition reactions and amide bond formations are the possible mechanisms of carbofuran adsorption. Overall, biochars prepared from tea waste can be utilized as effective adsorbents for removal of aqueous carbofuran.

Avaliação da nanofiltração e da osmose inversa na remoção de carbofurano em águas de abastecimento

RESUMO: A complexidade físico-química de micropoluentes, como os defensivos agrícolas, exige o uso de tecnologias avançadas de tratamento de água para abastecimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a remoção de carbofurano em nível de bancada (batelada) utilizando membranas comerciais de nanofiltração (NF90 - DowFilmtec (r)) e osmose inversa (HR - Koch Membrane Systems(r) ). Nos experimentos foi avaliada a influência da qualidade da matriz de alimentação (água ultrapura, bruta e pré-tratada) contendo carbofurano (50 µgL-1), e da pressão de operação (8 e 15 bar para a NF90 e 15 e 30 bar para a HR). Para a NF90, com a matriz de água ultrapura, as eficiências de remoção foram inferiores (89,8%), porém o fluxo permeado foi superior (132,1 Lm-2h-1) àquelas obtidas com a matriz de água bruta (98,4% - 94,7 Lm-2h-1) e água pré-tratada (95,2% - 95,3 Lm-2h-1) para a pressão de 15 bar. Para a membrana HR, remoções relativamente superiores foram observadas para a pressão de 30 bar para as três matrizes, com a água bruta apresentando os melhores resultados (99,7% - 49,7 Lm-2h-1). Concluiu-se, portanto, que o pré-tratamento da água bruta não acarretou diferença significativa na remoção do carbofurano e não influenciou no fluxo de permeado de acordo com a metodologia adotada (baixo tempo de separação em batelada com recirculação).

Removal of carbofuran is not affected by co-application of chlorpyrifos in a coconut fiber/compost based biomixture after aging or pre-exposure

Biomixtures constitute the biologically active part of biopurification systems (BPS), which are used to treat pesticide-containing wastewater. The aim of this work was to determine whether co-application of chlorpyrifos (CLP) affects the removal of carbofuran (CFN) (both insecticide/nematicides) in a coconut fiber–compost–soil biomixture (FCS biomixture), after aging or previous exposure to CFN. Removal of CFN and two of its transformation products (3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran) was enhanced in pre-exposed biomixtures in comparison to aged biomixtures. The co-application of CLP did not affect CFN removal, which suggests that CLP does not inhibit microbial populations in charge of CFN transformation. Contrary to the removal behavior, mineralization of radiolabeled 14C-pesticides showed higher mineralization rates of CFN in aged biomixtures (with respect to freshly prepared or pre-exposed biomixtures). In the case of CLP, mineralization was favored in freshly prepared biomixtures, which could be ascribed to high sorption during aging and microbial inhibition by CFN in pre-exposure. Regardless of removal and mineralization results, toxicological assays revealed a steep decrease in the acute toxicity of the matrix on the microcrustacean Daphnia magna (over 97%) after 8days of treatment of individual pesticides or the mixture CFN/CLP. Results suggest that FCS biomixtures are suitable to be used in BPS for the treatment of wastewater in fields where both pesticides are employed.