Removal Of Carbamazepine Research Articles

Insight into the Diclofenac and Carbamazepine Removal by Bacillus subtilis BMT4i Immobilized on Different Activated Carbons: A Comparative Removal Study by Activated Carbon, Bacterial Cell, and Its Composite

Insight into the Diclofenac and Carbamazepine Removal by Bacillus subtilis BMT4i Immobilized on Different Activated Carbons: A Comparative Removal Study by Activated Carbon, Bacterial Cell, and Its Composite

Oxygen Vacancies and Lattice Distortion Synergistically Enhanced Piezocatalysis of CaZn2(BO3)2 for Nonantibiotic Pharmaceutical Degradation.

Piezocatalysis, an emerging green and advanced oxidation technology, has recently been widely researched in environmental treatment. However, the limited polarization efficiency of the piezocatalyst is a serious bottleneck for its practical application. The search for an excellent piezocatalyst with a high piezoelectric coefficient and abundant reactive sites remains an urgent task that needs to be developed. Herein, a piezocatalyst, CaZn2(BO3)2 (CZBO), obtained by quenching has an excellent piezocatalysis, which exhibited superior activity for ibuprofen (IBP) and carbamazepine (CBZ) removal with 100% and 83.8% efficiency under ultrasonic cavitation (120 W, 40 kHz) within 36 min, respectively. The outstanding piezocatalytic degradation was attributed to the strong polarization of the material under the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies (OVs) and lattice distortion, which effectively facilitated the generation of a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The lattice distortion induced by O-deficient [BO3] plane units can promote the e- and h+ pair separation and transportation, and the OVs with abundant electron-rich regions can significantly decrease O-O bond activation energy, thus collaboratively contributing to the high production of ROS for IBP and CBZ degradation. This work provides a simple avenue for enhancing piezoelectric polarization based on the OVs and lattice distortion and proposes insights into the reaction mechanisms for degrading nonantibiotic pharmaceuticals in wastewater.

Insight into interactive synergy of MoS2@CoNC for peroxymonosulfate activation: From bath experiments to continuous flow experiments

As catalysts for peroxymomosulfate (PMS) activation, several carbon materials derived from MOFs have gained considerable attention. Despite this, Fenton-like reactions have always been limited by cycle efficiency of metal’s valence state. In this study, a novel catalyst (MoS2@CoNC), Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) modified CoNC (derived from ZIF-67), was successfully synthesized. Catalytic experiments indicated that the carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation efficiency could be enhanced in the MoS2@CoNC-PMS process. Moreover, PMS decomposition also exhibited outstanding performance compared with other processes. Various quenching experiments and ESR analyses indicated that CBZ degradation is mainly caused by nonradical oxidation (86.10 %). In addition, Density Functional Theory (DFT), in-situ Raman, and in-situ FTIR were employed to elucidate PMS activation mechanism. The generation pathways of singlet oxygen (1O2), cobalt-oxo species (CoVI = O), and electron transfer were systematically elaborated. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis identified unsaturated S as a significant factor contributing to MoS2@CoNC stability. Further investigation into CBZ degradation was conducted using DFT and LC-MS. The toxicity of intermediates was also assessed through TEST and bean sprout cultivation. Additionally, a continuous flow experiment is performed to evaluate the practical application of MoS2@CoNC-PMS. After 10 h, CBZ removal efficiency is approximately maintained at 90 %. Water matrix effects and multi-pollutant degradation also determined that the MoS2@CoNC-PMS process is a promising method for pollutants degradation.

Activation of peroxomonosulfate by manganese-containing non-homogeneous catalysts prepared via a soft template calcination strategy for efficient degradation of carbamazepine

Manganese (Mn)-containing inhomogeneous catalysts have demonstrated potential to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS), but may be constrained by low efficiency and poor resistance to environmental disturbances. According to the soft template calcination strategy, g-C3N4 with Mn doping was synthesized to improve PMS activation through an effective Mn(II)/Mn(III)/Mn(IV) cycle. The constructed Mn25@CN/PMS system achieved complete and rapid removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) at 0.3 g/L catalyst and 2 mM PMS. Its corresponding rate constant of pseudo-first-order was 0.3424 min−1, and it was 3424 and 16.15 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4/PMS system and CN/PMS system, respectively. More strikingly, the catalysts exhibited excellent resistance to environmental impacts, with CBZ removal rates exceeding 95% under the influence of different anions, cations, aqueous pH values, and humic acid (HA) concentrations. Subsequently, it was proposed a reliable catalytic mechanism for CBZ removal and PMS activation derived from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests and quenching experiments. The O2·- and 1O2 played a major role in the CBZ removal process. This research provides a perspective soft template strategy for PMS activation using highly efficient catalysts with high resistance to environmental impacts, which provides new ideas to alleviate environmental issues.

Mechanism of β-MnO2 particle for the peroxymonosulfate activation under electric field: the promoting effect of carbamazepine on Mn(III) and reactive oxygen species production

In this study, β-MnO2 was introduced into electro-peroxymonosulfate process as particle electrodes (E/PMS/β-MnO2) to reveal the pathway of reactive manganese species (RMnS) and its promoting effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A significant synergistic was observed in the E/PMS/β-MnO2 process, the reaction constant was 3 times higher than that in the E/PMS process. The mechanism experiments revealed the generation pathway of Mn(III)aq during the E/PMS/β-MnO2 process. The pyrophosphate complex experiments and electrochemical analysis demonstrated that Mn(III)aq was dominantly generated through the electron transfer between carbamazepine (CBZ) and Mn(IV) under electric field conditions, rather than the reduction process in the cathode area. Furthermore, quenching experiments and competition kinetics method demonstrated the production of Mn(III)aq has the potential to enhance the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially •OH and SO4•−. In addition, Mn(V)aq and Mn(VI)aq was proved unable to be produced during the E/PMS/β-MnO2 process. Different from other similar electrochemical studies, 1O2 was mainly generated by the reaction betweenO2•− and •OH in this research. It was observed that the inclusion of Cl— facilitated the removal of CBZ, whereas the addition of humic acid (HA) had negligible impact on CBZ removal during the E/PMS/β-MnO2 process. At last, the results of various water matrices effects and toxicology analysis showed that the E/PMS/β-MnO2 process has satisfactory performance in practical application. This study could provide new insights for electro-persulfate treatment processes.

Kinetic study of the simultaneous removal of ibuprofen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and diclofenac from water using biochar and activated carbon adsorption, and TiO2 photocatalysis

The growing number of pharmaceuticals released into the environment poses a threat not only to the aquatic environment but also to human health. This work introduces a novel approach for the simultaneous analysis of four pharmaceuticals—ibuprofen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and diclofenac—each with distinct chemical structures. The study explores the kinetic behavior of these compounds during their removal from water, employing biochar and activated carbon as adsorbents, as well as titanium dioxide (TiO2) for photocatalytic degradation. This utilizes two distinct approaches incorporating adsorption mechanisms. The concentrations of pharmaceuticals were simultaneously measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). In addition to adsorption, photocatalysis with varying dosages of TiO2 was investigated as an alternative method for pharmaceutical removal. The HPLC- DAD analysis enabled the simultaneous monitoring of all four pharmaceuticals in a single analysis. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was applied to the photocatalysis data to assess reaction kinetics. The results demonstrate the efficacy of both adsorption methods in removing pharmaceutical contaminants from water. Integrating both adsorption and photocatalysis experiments in one manuscript allows for a comprehensive evaluation of these methods' individual strengths in water treatment applications, providing insights into their combined potential for addressing pharmaceutical contamination in water resources. The calculated removal efficiencies, Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics, half-life values, and equilibrium adsorption capacities provide a comprehensive understanding of the efficiency and mechanisms involved in the removal processes, emphasizing the importance of addressing pharmaceutical contamination in water treatment strategies.

Proof-of-concept for removing micropollutants through a combination of sub-atmospheric-pressure non-thermal plasma and hydrodynamic (super)cavitation

The persistence and toxicity of hazardous pollutants present in wastewater effluents require the development of efficient and sustainable treatment methods to protect water resources. In this study, the efficacy and efficiency of a novel combination of two advanced oxidation processes – sub-atmospheric-pressure plasma and hydrodynamic cavitation – were systematically tested for the removal of valsartan (VAL), sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, naproxen, diclofenac (DF), tramadol, propyphenazone, carbamazepine, 17β-estradiol (E2) and bisphenol A (BPA). The results show that both sample temperature and plasma power play a role and the highest removal, from 29–99 %, was achieved at 25 ℃ and 53 W of plasma power. E2, BPA, DF, and VAL were removed to the highest degree. These results are particularly important in the case of E2 and BPA, whose harmful environmental effects may start to occur already at sub-ng/L to µg/L levels. The differences in the removals obtained depend strongly on the physicochemical properties, and the compounds with the highest logKOW were removed to the highest extent. The energy yield, in terms of plasma power, was between 1 and 26 mg/kWh under optimal experimental conditions. Our results show that the novel plasma-cavitation treatment shows potential that could prove valuable for upcoming regulatory requirements.

Simultaneous removal of nitrate, copper, carbamazepine, and calcium from micropolluted water by fulvic acid through promotion of denitrification and microbial-induced calcium precipitation: Performance and mechanism

In this paper, a study of the denitrification strain Cupriavidus sp. W12 was conducted to remove copper (Cu2+), carbamazepine (CBZ), and calcium (Ca2+) by microbial-induced calcium precipitation (MICP) after adding fulvic acid (FA). After the addition of 20 mg/L FA, the removal efficiencies of nitrate (NO3–-N), Cu2+, CBZ, and Ca2+ reached 100.0 %, 98.7 %, 96.6 %, and 73.6 %, correspondingly and there was no accumulation of nitrite (NO2–-N). FA stimulated the growth of strain W12, improved electron transfer activity, and facilitated the conversion of gaseous nitrogen. The research revealed that FA might enhance microbial activity and result in a more dense and porous structure of the biological precipitate. Cu2+ and CBZ were removed by co-precipitation and adsorption. As the initial report of FA promoting MICP to remove complex pollutants, this paper offers a theoretical foundation for NO3–-N, Cu2+, CBZ, and Ca2+ remediation in micropolluted water.

Elucidating the dynamics of carbamazepine uptake using date pit-derived activated carbon: A comprehensive kinetic and thermodynamic analysis

Water contamination with pharmaceuticals such as Carbamazepine (CBZ) presents a significant environmental challenge. This study investigates the use of activated carbon derived from waste date pits (DPAC) for the removal of CBZ from water. The impact of several parameters such as pH, temperature, CBZ concentration, and flow rate on the adsorption were assessed. The generated DPAC demonstrated a specific surface area of 309 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.264 cm³/g, and the pores are mainly distributed at 1.86, 2.73, and 3.43 nm. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Toth isotherms were used to fit the experimental data, and the results indicate the occurrence of monolayer adsorption and heterogeneous surface conditions. The Linear Driving Force model was used for kinetic analysis, showing improved fit at higher concentrations. Thermodynamic analyses revealed the process to be endothermic, spontaneous, and entropically driven. The DPAC achieved an adsorption capacity of 14.89 mg/g and maintained 94 % effectiveness after the first regeneration cycle and 70 % after four cycles. This study highlights the potential of DPAC as a sustainable adsorbent for advanced water purification.

Synergistically enhanced heterogeneous activation of dissolved oxygen for aqueous carbamazepine degradation over S(III) coupled with siderite

The wide occurrence of emerging contaminants (ECs) was drawing more attention due to the potential hazard and threat on human and environment. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a widely prescribed medication that has garnered considerable research interest with the exposures exceeding the environmental carrying capacity. We have established the innovative heterogeneous advanced oxidation process (AOPs) based on the activated dissolved oxygen (DO) coupled with S(III) and natural iron ore (siderite). In S(III)/O2/siderite system, we investigated the degradation efficiency, reactive species generation mechanism, and degradation pathway of CBZ. CBZ degradation and mineralization rate were 90% above and ∼15% with the reaction time of 40 min. The degradation of CBZ conformed to a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with an activation energy determination of 76.36 kJ/mol. The optimal initial solution pH was the weak acid condition (pH = 4–6) for CBZ degradation. Moreover, the inhibition effects of coexisting substance including Cl−, HCO3−, and natural organic matter (NOM) on CBZ removal were observed, while the coexisted SO42− exhibited no significant influence. In addition, the reactive species generated in S(III)/O2/siderite system were predominantly identified as sulfate radical (SO4∙-) and hydroxyl radical (∙OH). The crucial intermediate complexes, Fe(III)S(IV)O3(+) and Fe(II)HS(IV)O3(+), was proposed to form in the initial stages of the reaction, which upon decomposition, yielded SO4∙- along with other reactive species. The degradation pathway of CBZ primarily involved deamination, oxidative ring-opening, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, and ketone degradation processes. This work provides the effective approach for the CBZ degradation with the mild reaction conditions and the sustainable technology for ECs treatment and control.

CoFe2O4-catalytic ceramic membrane for efficient carbamazepine removal via peroxymonosulfate activation

Poor water removal of low-molecular-weight anthropogenic contaminants is always a key problem in low-pressure membrane filtration process. In this work, we successfully designed and fabricated a novel cobalt-based bimetallic catalytic ceramic membrane (CoFe2O4@CM-2) with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and membrane filtration dual functionality, employing a facile impregnation-filtration-calcination method. The resulting CoFe2O4@CM-2/PMS filtration system was specifically tailored for the removal of carbamazepine (CBZ). Our results demonstrate that the CoFe2O4@CM-2/PMS system achieved efficient removal of CBZ from contaminated waters. Under optimal conditions (PMS dosage of 0.5 mM and an operating flux of 40 L·m−2·h−1), the CoFe2O4@CM-2/PMS system exhibited remarkable CBZ removal efficiency, reaching up to 96.5 %. This efficiency was 32.2 and 19.3 times higher than that achieved by ceramic membrane filtration alone and PMS treatment alone, respectively. Additionally, the CoFe2O4@CM-2/PMS system facilitated 37.0 % mineralization of CBZ and up to 87 % utilization of PMS in the permeate. Furthermore, the CoFe2O4@CM-2/PMS system demonstrated robust performance, removing over 91 % of CBZ across a pH range of 3–9 and maintaining stability stability in the presence of humic acid (HA) interference. Its exceptional anti-fouling ability effectively mitigates membrane flux loss compared to single membrane filtration process. Quenching test, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that 1O2, SO4-∙ and ·OH were the primary active substances in the system, while the redox cycle of Co2+/Co3+ played a crucial role in PMS activation. Moreover, the presence of iron (Fe) in the CoFe₂O₄@CM-2 expedited the Co2+/Co3+ cycle and enhanced PMS activation. This study introduces an innovative approach for fabricating ceramic membranes with catalytic degradation capabilities for organic pollutants and suggests promising avenues for integrating separation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in future applications.

Scaling-up the use of macroscopic photo-CWPO La1-xTixFeO3/SiC alveolar foam catalyst for solar water treatment against micropollutants

Current wastewater treatment plants are not prepared for the removal of micropollutants like phenol, pharmaceuticals and pesticides in water. As their release into the environment has adverse consequences towards the living organisms of ecosystems, the engineering of novel sustainable processes able to ultimately remove the emerging organic contaminants is an objective of paramount importance. Hereby we report for the first time on the successful scale-up of a macroscopic photo-CWPO La1-xTixFeO3/SiC alveolar foam catalyst used at the pilot-plant scale inside a Compound Parabolic Collectors based photoreactor. The removal of a span of organic micropollutants in water matrices of different complexity was efficiently realized under natural solar radiation using H2O2 or persulfates as oxidizing agent. The water matrix composition affected the efficiency of the degradation process. Using H2O2, for a collected energy of ca. 27 KJ/mol, the rate of micropollutant removal ranged from 53 % to 95 % in distilled water depending on the micropollutant in a cocktail configuration. It was lowered to the 17–66 % range in tap water, and to the 8–42 % range in simulated urban wastewater. The results demonstrated the promise of using sodium persulfate as oxidant instead of H2O2, with a better efficiency towards the removal of most of the micropollutants tested. The use of the sodium persulfate oxidant allows for overcoming the drawbacks associated to the treatment of real water matrices observed using H2O2, as better performances were reached when increasing the water matrix complexity. Complete removal of carbamazepine and diclofenac micropollutants was reached in tap water and simulated urban wastewater for ca. 27 KJ/mol of collected energy. The degradation performances combined to the catalyst robustness make this water treatment technology promising for operating in a continuous way under natural solar light.

Hybrid packed bed bioreactor using combined biodegradation and ozonation to enhance nitrogen and micropollutants removal from landfill leachate

Landfill leachate contains ammonium and micropollutants. Ammonium can be biologically removed but bio-recalcitrant micropollutants removal requires post-treatment like ozonation. This study developed an expanded clay aggregates packed biofilm column (EBC) and demonstrated its feasibility of coupling biodegradation and ozonation (CBAO) to simultaneously remove nitrogen and bio-recalcitrant micropollutants. The first 60 days only had biodegradation process to start the bioreactor. 51 % nitrogen was biologically removed but the removal of micropollutant carbamazepine (CBZ) was only 30 %. From 61 d to 150 d, both biodegradation and ozonation were performed in the EBC. After 48 h-biodegradation, ozone gas was introduced and bubbling through EBC for 30 min to further remove residual micropollutants. At 0.4 gO3/gCOD, CBZ were completely removed. The average nitrogen removal efficiency (85 %) was increased by 34 % because the increased abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in EBC. This study confirmed the promising potential of the CBAO process for treating landfill leachte.

Investigating Removal of Carbamazepine by Helianthus annuus Plant Cells

Investigating Removal of Carbamazepine by Helianthus annuus Plant Cells

CuFeS2/GAC particle combined with electrochemical activation of persulfates for efficient degradation of carbamazepine

Electrochemically activated persulfate is a potential advanced oxidation process due to its advantages of environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and convenient operation. An Fe–Cu–S granular activated carbon (CuFeS2/GAC, abbreviated as FCSG) particles electrode was developed and applied to degrade carbamazepine (CBZ) combined with electrochemical activation of persulfate (E-PDS-FCSG) in this work. Compared to two-dimensional electrochemical process (E-PDS), the three-dimensional (3D) E-PDS-FCSG process exhibited higher removal efficiency of CBZ and lower energy consumption. The removal efficiency of CBZ and power consumption increased by 96% and reduced by 67%, respectively. Over 98% of CBZ removal rate was reached within 25 min. Apart from the same free radicals in two-dimensional electrochemical process, both Fe2+ and Cu+ on the surface of three-dimensional particle electrodes can directly activate PDS to produce SO4•–, and the existence of S2− strengthens the circulation of Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu2+/Cu+. Furthermore, FCSG particle electrode can not only directly enhance the activation of PDS, but also accelerate the electron transfer, and then effectively promoting reactive species generation. LC-MS analysis showed that the main degradation pathways of CBZ involved decarbonylation, deamination, dealkylation, ring opening and mineralization. Moreover, after five cycle experiments, over 80% of CBZ removal rate could be achieved, demonstrating that the E-PDS-FCSG system had excellent electrocatalytic performance and good stability. These findings indicate that FCSG is a promising material and could be used as a particle electrode for removing organic pollutants from water.

Effective peroxymonosulfate activation by lithium cobaltite recovered from spent lithium-ion batteries for enhanced carbamazepine degradation in a wide pH range.

Considering the high cost and complicated recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries (SLIBs), transforming SLIBs into environment functional materials may be a wise approach. Herein, lithium cobaltite (LCO) cathode powders recovered from SLIBs were used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for removing carbamazepine (CBZ). The recovered LCO enables a 98.2% removal efficiency of CBZ (2.5mg/L) within 10min, which was effective at a broader pH range (pH = 5.0-11.0). The influence of key factors (initial pH, PMS, and catalyst dosage) and coexisting substances (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, Cl-, HCO3-, and HA) on CBZ degradation were examined in detail. The primary radical species during the degradation of CBZ were proved to be 1O2, SO4-, and.OH that generated from PMS activation initiated by the valence change of Co in recovered LCO. The recovered LCO displayed excellent reusability with about 80.0% removal of CBZ after six cycles. Homogeneous activation of PMS mainly contributed to CBZ degradation in the first run, but the recovered LCO catalyst dominated the heterogeneous activation of PMS for the degradation of CBZ in the second to sixth run. Finally, the CBZ degradation pathways were presented based on the identified intermediates. This research has offered a new strategy of "treating wastes with wastes" to maximize the recycling of electronic wastes to remove emerging pollutants.

Removal of carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole and aspirin at municipal wastewater treatment plant of Astana, Kazakhstan: paths to increase the efficiency of the treatment process

AbstractBACKGROUNDMedical substances are utilized around the world, and their accumulation in nature is a global concern. This work aimed to identify three priority pharmaceuticals discharged into the domestic sewage stream of Astana city (Kazakhstan). Samples of municipal wastewater were taken before and after the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) over a period of 13 months. The performed experiments demonstrated that there are seasonal variations in the priority pharmaceuticals – carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and aspirin (ASP) – identified in the wastewaters.RESULTSThe non‐conventional WWTP of Astana city, which includes a sequence of treatment processes, showed 2–100% removal of these compounds with the following influent concentrations from the entering stream: 12.5–185.6 ppb (μg L−1) for CBZ, 2.6–51.2 ppb for SMX and 1.9–199.8 ppb for ASP. Laboratory‐scale experiments revealed that the application of the membrane separation technique, i.e. ultrafiltration, is able to provide improved removal of these pharmaceuticals. The removal of ASP, CBZ and SMX by phase inversion polyethersulfone and track etch (TE) polycarbonate membranes was investigated. Filtration with TE membrane demonstrated 39–97% removal of the primary pharmaceuticals from the wastewater.CONCLUSIONFiltration with TE membrane was recognized as an affordable and efficient supplementary treatment step. The addition of the TE separation process in the Astana WWTP could potentially improve the removal of the studied pharmaceuticals along with other medical substances. The reported results hold substantial significance, particularly for rapidly expanding urban centers and developing nations. This is especially crucial as there is a scarcity of data regarding the treatment of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater for these regions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Efficient carbamazepine removal from wastewater using a continuous three-dimensional electro-Fenton system at natural pH

This research presents an innovative approach for removing carbamazepine (CBZ), a persistent pharmaceutical contaminant, using a three-dimensional electro-Fenton (TDEF) system. The preliminary phase involved validating the configuration of the TDEF reactor. First, commercial electrodes, metal-mixed oxide as the anode, and stainless steel as the cathode were selected. After that, a third particulate electrode was introduced, working with two options: vineyard biochar and a lab-made conglomerate of perovskite and carbon black. Additionally, two collector systems were evaluated for easy recovery and reuse of this three-dimensional particulate electrode: a thermoplastic tube and a silicone bag. Among the tested configurations, the perovskite conglomerate retained within a silicone bag proved the most effective, achieving a 91 % CBZ removal efficiency at a natural pH (6.5) during a 5-hour batch operation. Considering excellent results, the system's efficacy was confirmed working on fortified tertiary wastewater (FTW) in continuous mode, emphasizing the adaptability to real-world conditions. Moreover, the reusability of microparticles was confirmed for three consecutive cycles, as well as through the characterization study using FTIR, without important modifications in the material after use. Results confirmed the technology's potential for removing CBZ operating with real conditions. Thus, the proposed process represents an alternative treatment to remove CBZ efficiently in a wide range of concentrations from real wastewater in a continuous treatment with a reasonable energy cost (ca. 27 kW/h·gCZP). This novel system represents a cost-effective, straightforward experimental setup suitable for future scaling and industrial applications.

Hybrid ANFIS-ant colony optimization model for prediction of carbamazepine degradation using electro-Fenton process catalyzed by Fe@Fe2O3 nanowire from aqueous solution

Pharmaceutical compounds, such as carbamazepine, have become a concern in aquatic environments due to their wide usage, resistance to degradation, and inefficiency of wastewater treatment processes. Therefore, it is important to find methods to remove these compounds from aqueous solutions. This study focuses on using Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires combined with electro Fenton process in an electrochemical reactor to decompose carbamazepine (CBZ). Various parameters were considered in 81 experiments, such as pH, current density, concentrations of FeSO4·7H2O, carbamazepine, Fe@Fe2O3, and reaction time. The removal efficiency ranged from 30.4 % to 88.6 %. This study utilized a hybrid adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) combined with the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO). The ACO is integrated with the ANFIS models to determine the optimum values for the studied parameters. The implementation of optimization through ACO enhances the ANFIS models' ability. A total of 65 data points were used for training the model, and 16 data points were used to test it. The model's performance was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9988), the root-mean-squared error (RMSE = 4.54E-03), and the average absolute relative deviation (AARD% = 0.7153). The optimal input parameters for CBZ removal were determined as follows: concentrations of CBZ, FeSO4·7H2O and Fe@Fe2O3 nanowire dose of 9.0 mg/L, 4.5 mg/L, and 1050.0 mg/L; contact time of 45.0 min; pH of 4.0; and current of 0.18 A, resulting in a removal efficiency of 91.2 %. Additionally, the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST) sensitivity analysis was applied to assess the influence of individual input parameters or their interactions on the model's output.

Efficient adsorption removal of carbamazepine from water by dual-activator modified hydrochar

The decontamination of trace micropollutants from water environments is a widely concerned issue, and developing green and efficient adsorbent serves as an effective solution. In this study, using dual-activator modification method, an efficient hydrochar adsorbent was prepared through a two-step sequential process combining H3PO4 hydrothermal treatment with K2CO3 pyrolysis activation for carbamazepine (CBZ) adsorption removal. The results indicated that H3PO4 facilitated the K2CO3 activation process. The prepared hydrochar exhibited excellent adsorption properties due to its high specific surface area (1265.08 m2·g−1) and aromatic porous mesh structure, with the maximum and dynamic adsorption capacity for CBZ of 376.11 and 296.98 mg·g−1, respectively. The adsorption mechanism primarily involved pore-filling effects, π-π electron-donor–acceptor (EDA) interactions and hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, the obtained hydrochar material showed high adsorption efficiency for various pollutants and performed well in actual water samples. This study may provide theoretical and technical support for the development and application of high-efficiency hydrochar-based adsorbents.