Remote Electronic Control Research Articles

DEPENDING OF RUMINATION DYNAMICS IN MILK COWS ON AGE IN LACTATION

Rumination (duration of cud in cows per day) becomes an effective and reliable test that characterizes the general state of metabolism in their body, the process of digestion and the predicted level of productivity. In an experiment on an array of dairy cows at Petrodolinsky LLC, using a remote electronic control system with a SCR Heatime HR-IR feeding behavior monitoring function, the nature of rumination was observed depending on age in lactations. Studies have found that the average duration of rumination in cows in the herd changes during the lactation period depending on the age in lactations. The array of cows of the first lactation at the time of calving has the lowest rumination value, and its maximum is recorded in cows of the third lactation. By the 30th day of calving, the indicator of rumination activity in cows of all ages levels off, however, it remains the highest in animals of the second lactation. Only by 200 days of the lactation period, the difference in rumination of cows of all ages practically disappears. By the time of lactation cessation before calving, the intensity of rumination in cows of the first lactation again becomes lower than in older animals. It has been established that the first 30 days after calving in cows there is a close correlation between the increase in the amount of rumination and the level of milk yield. At the same time, the correlation coefficient for cows of the first lactation was 0.78, the second - 0.65 and the third - 0.63. When the maximum milk yield is reached (100–120 days of lactation), the correlation coefficient between the nature of rumination and the level of milk yield drops sharply, however, it remains the highest in cows of the first lactation (0.57) versus 0.48 and 0.42 in animals of the second and third lactations . However, in the phase of the second third of lactation, the corresponding indicator remains significant for characterizing the relationship between rumination and milk yield. The connection is significant and direct. After 200 days of lactation, the dependence of milk yield on the nature of rumination decreases even more and the correlation coefficient that determines this indicator is at the level of 0.28 (first lactation), 0.24 - second lactation and 0.23 - third lactation. The results of the research are of significant scientific and practical interest for determining changes in the nature of rumination in cows depending on age in lactation, assessing the age dynamics of the digestion process and establishing the relationship between the nature of rumination and the duration of economic use of animals and productivity. Keywords: cows, rumination, rumination activity, lactation, milk yield.

Remote Electronic Control of DNA-Based Reactions and Nanostructure Assembly.

The use of synthetic DNA to design and build molecular machines and well-defined structures at the nanoscale has greatly impacted the field of nanotechnology. Here we expand the current toolkit in this field by demonstrating an efficient, quantitative, and versatile approach that allows us to remotely control DNA-based reactions and DNA nanostructure self-assembly using electronic inputs. To do so we have deposited onto the surface of disposable chips different DNA input strands that upon the application of a cathodic potential can be desorbed in a remote and controlled way and trigger DNA-based reactions and DNA nanostructure self-assembly. We demonstrate that this effect is specific and versatile and allows the orthogonal control of multiple reactions and multiple structures in the same solution. Moreover, the strategy is highly tunable and can be finely modulated by varying the cathodic potential, the period of applied potential, and the density of the DNA strand on the chip surface. Our approach thus represents a versatile way to remotely control DNA-based circuits and nanostructure assembly and can allow new possible applications of DNA-based nanotools.

Electronic pH switching of DNA triplex reactions

Remote electronic control of fast DNA processing reactions such as S–S-ligation is achievedviapH switching of triplex structures.

Remote Electronic Control in the Regioselective Reduction of Succinimides: A Practical, Scalable Synthesis of EP4 Antagonist MF-310

A practical large-scale chromatography-free synthesis of EP4 antagonist MF-310, a potential new treatment for chronic inflammation, is presented. The synthetic route provided MF-310 as its sodium salt in 10 steps and 17% overall yield from commercially available pyridine dicarboxylate 7. The key features of this sequence include a unique regioselective reduction of succinimide 2 controlled by the electronic properties of a remote pyridine ring, preparation of cyclopropane carboxylic acid 3 via a Corey-Chaykovsky cyclopropanation, and a short synthesis of sulfonamide 5.

Remote electronic control of DNA hybridization through inductive coupling to an attached metal nanocrystal antenna.

Increasingly detailed structural and dynamic studies are highlighting the precision with which biomolecules execute often complex tasks at the molecular scale. The efficiency and versatility of these processes have inspired many attempts to mimic or harness them. To date, biomolecules have been used to perform computational operations and actuation, to construct artificial transcriptional loops that behave like simple circuit elements and to direct the assembly of nanocrystals. Further development of these approaches requires new tools for the physical and chemical manipulation of biological systems. Biomolecular activity has been triggered optically through the use of chromophores, but direct electronic control over biomolecular 'machinery' in a specific and fully reversible manner has not yet been achieved. Here we demonstrate remote electronic control over the hybridization behaviour of DNA molecules, by inductive coupling of a radio-frequency magnetic field to a metal nanocrystal covalently linked to DNA. Inductive coupling to the nanocrystal increases the local temperature of the bound DNA, thereby inducing denaturation while leaving surrounding molecules relatively unaffected. Moreover, because dissolved biomolecules dissipate heat in less than 50 picoseconds (ref. 16), the switching is fully reversible. Inductive heating of macroscopic samples is widely used, but the present approach should allow extension of this concept to the control of hybridization and thus of a broad range of biological functions on the molecular scale.

ChemInform Abstract: Remote Electronic Control of the Ligand in the Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation with Chiral Oxazolinylpyridines.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Remote electronic control of the ligand in the enantioselective palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation with chiral oxazolinylpyridines

New chiral oxazolinylpyridines bearing electron-donating and withdrawing groups in the 4-position of the pyridine ring have been prepared and assessed in the enantioselective palladium catalyzed allylic substitution of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-enyl acetate with dimethyl malonate. The electronic properties of substituents strongly affect the catalytic activity and only slightly affect the enantioselectivity of the substitution reaction. Enantioselectivity up to 93% was obtained.

ChemInform Abstract: Remote Electronic Control in Asymmetric Cyclopropanation with Chiral Ru‐Pybox Catalysts.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Remote electronic control in asymmetric cyclopropanation with chiral Ru-pybox catalysts

Electronic control by remote substitents far from a catalytically active center was found in an asymmetric cyclopropanation of olefins and diazoacetates with the ruthenium catalysts of chiral 4-substituted bis(4′-isopropyloxazolinyl)pyridine, 4-X-pybox. It was found that electron-withdrawing groups increase the catalytic activity, but electron-donating groups decrease it. The enantiomer ratios of the product cyclopropanes with the electron-withdrawing groups, X = Cl and COOMe, are higher than those with the electron-donating groups, X = OMe and NMe2. The enantiomer ratios of the ethyl and l-menthyl cyclopropanes were corelated toward Hammett's σpara values to give positive ϱ values, 0.365 for trans-ethyl ester, 0.486 for cis-ethyl ester, 0.517 for trans-l-menthyl ester, and 0.517 for cis-l-menthyl ester. However, the trans:cis ratios of the products were not affected by their substitutents, ca. 90:10 for ethyl diazoacetate and ca. 96:4 for l-menthyl diazoacetate. Intramolecular cyclopropanation clearly gave a similar trend.

Remote electronic control in the LiAlH 4 reduction of tricyclic p-tolylsulfonylmethyl enones

The LiAlH 4 reduction of 4-p-tolylsulfonylmethyl-oxatricyclo[5.2.1.0 2,6]decadienones 3 and 8 leads regioselectively and stereospecifically to exo-methylene tricyclo-decenols 6 and 11. The sulfone function is essential for this bis-hydride reduction process. Flash vacuum thermolysis of 6 and 11 affords quantitatively the exo-methylene cyclopentenols 13 and 14.