Remote Room Research Articles

Boredom, vigilance, and repetition during remote control room work for autonomous ships

Abstract Introduction: Remote Operating Centers (ROCs) enable human oversight of remotely operated and autonomous ships. However, the “human-in-the-loop” model of automated control oversight implies prolonged periods of inactivity punctuated by safety-critical action. This paper investigates the extent to which this role is aligned with humans’ innate attentional resources in terms of boredom, vigilance, and repetition. Method: A simulator study was completed with ROC operators (volunteer participants with relevant expertise). One group completed a short scenario (5 minutes; N = 16); the other completed a long scenario (30 minutes; N = 16). The duration marked the onset of a stimulus (an alarm), prompting manual takeover. In a mixed method approach, four sources of data were collected, consisting of pupillometry, questionnaire, interview, and video data. Results: Pupillometry data showed larger pupillary constrictions in the 30-minute group, indicative of decreased cognitive activity (effect size 0.25 mm). The questionnaire showed that operators in the 30-minute scenario were more likely to experience their tasks as unchallenging, understimulating, and lacking in meaning. Finally, a relationship was found between repetitive content and varying perceptions of time duration. Moreover, operators perceived scenarios as longer when they detected an “oddball” in the repetitive series (a gorilla passenger). Conclusion: ROC work as currently imagined is prone to boredom, vigilance decrement, and suppression of repetition. The study adds to the empirical research about boredom and its associated cognitive states in control room work. The study also contributes to design considerations impacting safety and organizational aspects like operator training and retention.

Server Room Temperature Remote Monitoring System

The COVID-19 pandemic creates more significant opportunities to develop more Internet of Things-based systems. IoT has been helpful in remote monitoring and control of connected devices. This research aims to develop a Room Temperature Remote Monitoring System using an Arduino Board and Cloud storage. It provides remote room temperature monitoring, real-time reports and graphs, and a 3-way alert/alarm system when the observed temperature is out of range. The prototype developed is compared to the room thermometer and provides accurate results.

VR digital twin of office space with computer vision-based estimation of room occupancy and power consumption

AbstractIn the past years, energy consumption has increased rapidly due to many factors, including the rise in technology adoption. This has many downfalls, from higher costs to CO$$_2$$ 2 emissions. Human activities in offices and houses represent a considerable amount of energy usage. A digital twin (DT) of an open-plan common space is created, serving the purpose of remote room occupancy monitoring and automatic detection of energy consumption. A virtual reality (VR) model is developed and integrated to temperature, humidity and imaging sensors. For maintaining privacy, images are processed in local computers to measure occupancy levels and live video feed were never transmitted. The same set of imaging sensors were also used in a bespoke computer vision module for energy consumption estimation. The human avatars were mapped with high correlation (R$$^{2}$$ 2 $$= 0.85$$ = 0.85 ) with actual positions on floor. Our energy consumption algorithm accuracy obtained true positive rate of $$91.58\%$$ 91.58 % and F1 score of $$81.96\%$$ 81.96 % . Finally, all this information is transmitted and visualized to the 3D digital twin for remote monitoring and simulation.

Quantum Key Distribution for Critical Infrastructures: Towards Cyber-Physical Security for Hydropower and Dams.

Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components, increasingly via public communication infrastructures. While these communications enable efficiencies and increased reliability, they also expand the cyber-attack surface. Communications may use the internet to remote control a facility's control systems, or it may involve sending control commands over a network from a control room to a machine. The content could be encrypted and decrypted using a public key to protect the communicated information. These cryptographic encoding and decoding schemes become vulnerable as more advances are made in computer technologies, such as quantum computing. In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) and other quantum cryptographic protocols are not based upon a computational problem, and offer an alternative to symmetric cryptography in some scenarios. Although the underlying mechanism of quantum cryptogrpahic protocols such as QKD ensure that any attempt by an adversary to observe the quantum part of the protocol will result in a detectable signature as an increased error rate, potentially even preventing key generation, it serves as a warning for further investigation. In QKD, when the error rate is low enough and enough photons have been detected, a shared private key can be generated known only to the sender and receiver. We describe how this novel technology and its several modalities could benefit the critical infrastructures of dams or hydropower facilities. The presented discussions may be viewed as a precursor to a quantum cybersecurity roadmap for the identification of relevant threats and mitigation.

KISTI remote control room for CDF and Belle II collider experiments.

Particle collider experiments would be continued even when one is not present at the laboratory (on-site). To achieve this, we require an e-Science paradigm of studying particle physics anytime anywhere. One of the components for establishing this paradigm is a remote control room for data acquisition (DAQ). We developed and embedded a remote control room at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI). Since then, we have been adopting on/offline shifts for conducting collider experiments at KISTI, that is, the experiments are done even when we are not on-site. In this paper, we introduce our experience of our remote control room for both CDF and Belle II experiments. This remote control room includes international networks, security, DAQ systems, data transfers, and monitoring systems. We also presented the results of the shifts done in the remote control room at KISTI.

PENERAPAN INTERNET OF THINGS PADA STOP KONTAK LAMPU BERBASIS ARDUINO

Lighting is a device that is in a house or building that has a function as lighting. The lamp works in the presence of a power source by using a switch to turn it on or off. The problem that often occurs in controlling the lights manually is the difficulty in controlling the lights in remote rooms with a large number of rooms and lights so that the control system is not effective and efficient. Today, Internet of Things has become a popular term to describe a scenario where Internet connectivity and computing capabilities extend to a wide variety of objects, devices, sensors, and everyday items. In this design using this control is done wirelessly via a bluetooth module as a communication medium. To turn on the light, the android smartphone will send a command to the Arduino microcontroller via Bluetooth communication so that the light will turn on according to the command from the Android smartphone. One of the methods used is the Prototype Method which serves as an initial version of the system. After testing, the process of sending and receiving data on the light on-off command is able to work at a distance of approximately 10 meters. With these results, controlling an Android smartphone can be used as a control for lighting lights in a house wirelessly with a distance of approximately 10 meters..

2.56 Gbps CML transceiver for data concentrator ASIC

2.56 Gbps CMOS CML-transceiver is presented. The key feature of the design is capability of working with specific inductive load and transmitting data to the remote room about 1 meter away from the experimentation vicinity. Some radiation tolerance techniques used are shown. Testing methodology is briefly described, and concepts in test board realization are provided. The transceiver was designed as an interface part of the data concentrator ASIC, intended for the frontend electronics of the time-projection chamber of the MPD experiment at NICA nuclotron.

Evaluation of In-Hospital Cluster of COVID-19 Associated With a Patient With Prolonged Viral Shedding Using Whole-Genome Sequencing.

BackgroundPatients with hematologic malignancies may produce replication-competent virus beyond 20 days of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, data regarding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from patients with prolonged viral shedding is limited.MethodsIn May 2022, four additional cases of COVID-19 were reported in a hematologic ward at a tertiary care hospital in South Korea, after an 8-week isolation of a patient with prolonged viral shedding. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate the possibility of post-isolation transmission from this prolonged viral shedding.ResultsA patient (case 1) with acute myeloid leukemia was released from isolation 54 days after the diagnosis of COVID-19 based on rising Ct value of up to 29.3, and moved to a six-patient room. On days 10 and 11 post-isolation, his doctor (case 2) and 2 patients who were his roommates (case 3, 4) had positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR results. Additionally, 16 days post-isolation, another patient (case 5) in a remote room had positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result. All the three patients were hospitalized for ≥ 14 days when they were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Except for case 3, the remaining 4 cases were available for WGS, which revealed that case 1 exhibited a 7 nucleotides difference in comparison to cases 4 and 5 and case 2 displayed a 20 nucleotides difference compared with case 1, while sequences of cases 4 and 5 were identical.ConclusionsDespite the possibility of transmission from the patient with prolonged viral shedding, no evidence of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the patient with prolonged positive RT-PCR using WGS was found.

Design of a secured telehealth system based on multiple biosignals diagnosis and classification for IoT application

AbstractThe aim of this article is to design a new telehealth system with secured wireless transmission and classification of multiple biosignals using e‐Health sensors platform and Xbee modules with Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi as acquisition and processing units, respectively. The collected data, such as temperature, airflow, position, Galvanic skin response and oxygen in the blood can be evaluated in order to monitor patient health state using threshold detection. The prediction of the cardiac state based on automatic identification of arrhythmias is validated by the classification of ElectroCardioGram (ECG) signals using Artificial Intelligence (AI) by exploiting TensorFlow and Keras tools. Different AI algorithms and a combination with different Machine Learning (ML) basing to transfer learning approach are tested. These algorithms include Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K‐Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Random Forest (RF). At first, ANN and CNN are used to classify ECG‐scalogram images using softmax, then the used CNN model (VGG16) is employed to extract features and pass them to other traditional classifiers (SVM, KNN and RF) allowing to evaluate and select the best classifier, such that the ECG signal can be classified into four categories namely Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR), Atrial Fibrillation (AF), Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) and other cardiac arrhythmia (ARR). The proposed method has been evaluated using real recorded signals and four PhysioNet databases. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been designed with C# under Visual Studio IDE allowing to display the results using personal computer (PC) or a network linked phone, which makes it possible to transfer the diagnosis with the prediction results to a remote clinic control room as Internet of Things (IoT) system application. The best classification accuracy of 99.56% is attained, confirming that the designed system allows a good trade‐off between low cost and performances in addition, it is easy to use with quick access to multiple biosignals. It has improved vital characteristics monitoring and diagnosis services quality under a robust secured wireless transmission using lightweight chaos‐based algorithm, thus preventing loss of life during critical health situations.

Installation and Implementation of Energy Management Sytem in the Residential Buildings for Sustainable Development

This paper presents the details of the installation of the energy management system in the buildings of a typical Residential Building Residential Building in India and consequently the reduction of electrical energy consumption. Increasing People intake, the introduction of new courses, research centers and laboratories, and the rapid expansion of Residential Building infrastructure, are rapidly increasing the demand for electricity in universities. Most of the electrical energy consumed in universities in India is for air conditioning and lighting purposes. Established Building Energy Management System (BMS) continuously monitors the electrical load demand of air handling units (AHUs) and room lighting in buildings and reduces the load demand by fitting the AHU thermostats based on the work schedule. One day and on / off control of occupancy based on occupancy in different rooms from remote server rooms via Ethernet. Preliminary findings suggest that a significant reduction in load demand can be achieved in any Residential Building in India through the implementation of BMS, thereby contributing to the reduction of domestic oil consumption. If most universities in the country installed BMS on their Residential Buildinges, it would be possible for electric utilities to use real-time meter data, technology-enabled dynamic pricing, and decisive direct load control for fuel management. There are Residential Buildinges. This paper also highlights the future trend in BMS implementation in universities, as the Residential Building's DSM has a secure Residential Building area network that can effectively use demand response when enabled by high-bandwidth, two-way, end-to-end. Can. Communication in a smart grid environment.

Hydrogeological control on carbon dioxide input into the atmosphere of the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc cave.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (CDC) is an essential parameter of underground atmospheres for safety and cave heritage preservation. In the Chauvet cave (South France), a world heritage site hosting unique paintings dated 36,000years BP, a high-sensitivity monitoring, ongoing since 1997, revealed: 1) two compartments with a spatially uniform CDC, a large volume (A) (40,000 to 80,000m3) with a mean value of 2.20±0.01% vol. in 2016, and a smaller remote room (B) (2000m3), with a higher mean value of 3.42±0.01%; 2) large CDC annual variations with peak-to-peak amplitude of 2% and 1.6% in A and B, respectively; 3) long-term changes, with an increase of CDC and of its annual amplitude since 1997, then faster since 2013, reaching a maximum of 4.4% in B in 2017, decreasing afterwards. While a large effect of seasonal ventilation is ruled out, monitoring of seepage at two dripping points indicated that the main control of CDC seasonal reduction was transient infiltration. During periods of water deficit, calculated from surface temperature and rainfall, CDC systematically increased. The carbon isotopic composition of CO2, correlated with water excess, is consistent with a time-varying component of CO2 seeping from above. The CO2 flux, which is the primary driver of CDC in A and B, inferred using box modelling, was found to confirm the relationship between water excess and reduced CO2 flux into A, compatible with a more constant flux into B. A buoyancy-driven horizontal CO2 flow model in the vadose zone, hindered by water infiltration, is proposed. Similarly, pluri-annual and long-term CDC changes can likely be attributed to variations of water excess, but also to increasing vegetation density above the cave. As CDC controls the carbonate geochemistry, an increased variability of CDC raises concern for the preservation of the Chauvet cave paintings.

Realising the value from next generation integrated operating centres (IOC)

The oil and gas (O&G) industry has long been at the forefront of integrated operations centres (IOCs). A remote control room is often the starting point for an IOC. The control room is responsible for monitoring operations, reporting performance issues, and visualising information. In leading O&G players around the world, basic control room functionality has been enhanced by next generation IOCs that provide proactive support, including integrated planning, optimised decision models, automated procedures, and root cause analysis. This paper describes the features of advanced IOCs and their benefits: improved production (reduced production bottlenecks and increased facility runtime); enhanced organisational capability (increased process standardisation and optimised work processes); reduced risk exposure (e.g. hazardous areas and operator fatigue), reduced operational expenditure (15–25% in maintenance costs and 10–15% in logistics costs). In Australia, advanced IOC functionality and the associated benefits are yet to be widely observed. For an IOC to achieve its full potential, companies must start with a clear vision and business case for building the IOC, and how it will support the operating model. This paper details this and other recommendations that need to be considered, for example, changes to the organisation structure, ways of working, employment model, talent acquisition and development to capture value, and to develop a roadmap that delivers agility for future changes.

Digital transformation of mining enterprises contributes to the rational use of resources

Today, the digitalization of industrial enterprises means the use of the latest technologies: robotic or remotely controlled equipment, visualization of technological processes in inaccessible areas, remote centralized control rooms, high-precision positioning of drilling rigs and excavators, portable devices for monitoring the health status of personnel, electronic shift-based risk cards of workers, three-dimensional field models in design and management, predictive methods for analyzing geological and production data. The aim of this work is to demonstrate how the digital transformation of mining enterprises will allow for rational use of resources, including natural resources, while maximizing the economic effect. The objects of the study were enterprises of the oil and gas industry and the coal industry in the Siberian Federal District of the Russian Federation. In the work, we analyzed the need for digitalization of production and business processes of these enterprises. It was proposed to combine robust control, cloud and IoT technologies. Based on the survey results, it was possible to identify implemented digital technologies. Based on the assessments of enterprises, we made a rating of the feasibility of their implementation and development. The paper described the functions of digital infrastructure. It was recommended to create digital infrastructure at mining enterprises. The study proved the feasibility of its implementation.

Pragmatic Tips for Optimizing Remote Classroom Instruction in High School and College

Pragmatic Tips for Optimizing Remote Classroom Instruction in High School and College Khadija Khalifé Near the end of Marcel Proust's Du côté de chez Swann (1913), the narrator describes his negative reaction to the use of the recently invented automobiles. He tended to prefer the traditional horse-drawn carriages that made the experience of traveling seem more elegant, more authentic, more "real." Although the automobile was perceived as a conspicuous sign of the modernity and wealth that all wanted, the narrator exclaimed: "Quelle horreur! me disais-je: peut-on trouver ces automobiles élégantes comme étaient les anciens attelages?" <fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Du_côté_de_chez_Swann/Partie_3>. Today, we may find this reaction amusing, but when it comes to changing our habits because of a new technology or a new challenge, do we not have the same reaction? After all, we often say or hear others explaining: "I prefer to read real books rather than electronic versions because of the more genuine feeling!" As the academic world readjusts to the online classroom, we certainly feel that something is "missing": the real experience, the authentic face-to-face touch. The truth is, whether we are nostalgic for our past "normal" or not, tele-education, tele-work, and tele-life will certainly gain traction even after this pandemic subsides. As an instructor who has shifted, like everyone else, to teaching her students remotely, I have composed a few applicable strategies to optimize remote learning. These are based on the key ingredients I have learned and on the feedback I have received from my students, as well as other students in other institutions using different technological platforms: Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Google Classroom, Google Meeting, etc. Therefore, my suggestions are general, and not related to the use of a specific platform. I hope you will find them valuable, as our central goal remains the same: to create a successful remote classroom outside of the so-called "real classroom." [End Page 17] At the Beginning of the Semester a. At the beginning of the semester or school year, establish ground rules and make students commit to them. b. Establish when students are expected to join the remote classroom and when the class officially begins (for example, if the class starts at 10:00, we join the remote room a little before 10:00, etc.). c. Acknowledge that you expect students to be fully present during the whole class. This is harder remotely, as it is difficult to notice if a student is multitasking on the computer, but the instructor and students should commit their attention to one another for the class period. d. Explain how you would like students to participate (raise hand or write note in the conversation or chat box, etc.). e. Establish when, and if, to allow students to turn off their speaker and/or camera. Personally, I always recommend that students' cameras be activated throughout the class time. f. Ask students to fix all technical problems before joining remote classes. According to your institution's policy, give students your institution's IT link and other helpful links where they can obtain relevant information and easily reach the remote technical helpdesk. Before Each Class Unlike other courses, language classes are typically small in size, which is a bonus for us in terms of the quality of our interactions with our students. a. Clarify the format and timing of the class to students, so that they may establish a general pattern (for example: whole class the first 15 minutes; then mini-classes the next 15 minutes). Establishing this format will allow students to know what to expect, which is important when adjusting to this new setting. Having a scattered classroom where the material and format are inconsistent will make students feel unprepared, especially during this turbulent time. b. Design the lesson specifically in a way that will allow every student to participate. Otherwise, it is easy for students to get distracted. c. Be specific about the work that should be done by students before they join the online class. Again, it is important to be detailed and specific so that students do not feel confused. [End Page 18...

IoT Based Bank Security System

Paper This paper proposed an effective watching and controlling system for bank locker rooms which is completely self-decision. The security system is planned to perceive the unlawful entrance in the bank locker room zones that ordinarily happens in cases of the thefts. The genuine stress with current physically managed security structure is that if the robbery occurs by then the banks are not had the ability to recognize the plunderers due to nonattendance of confirmation. In our investigation we use Microcontrollers with different sensors (PIR, Smoke or Fire) as observatory to recognize or perceive intruder or unpredictable activities inside the bank and ATM. The structure will focus on the security of the bank locker rooms in an effective course by recognizing and controlling unapproved development. The proposed security system will save the pictures at whatever point the development will be recognized that can be used in future for examination The system will pass on the image data reliably to the remote territory control rooms using web based checking through neighborhood (LAN) and can moreover send the notice message short message organization (SMS) to the manager using GSM technique.

Guest Editorial: Countering Security Issues in the Digital World

Guest editorial The adoption of digital technologies in the oil and gas industry is generating exciting new opportunities to improve performance, profitability, and sustainability, but brings new safety and security challenges across all operations. According to a 2017 survey by the Ponemon Institute, cyber attacks are on the rise. Successful breaches per company each year have risen more than 27%, from an average of 102 to 130. The energy and utilities industry, including oil and gas, suffered average annualized losses from cyber crime of $17.2 million per sampled organization, just behind the financial services sector at $18.2 million. In June 2017, the NotPetya computer virus affected many companies around the world, including the Russian oil and gas giant, Rosneft. In the same year, another report stated that almost three-quarters of US oil and gas companies had a cyber incident, yet only a handful cited cyber risk as a major concern in their annual reports. Cyber Concerns As the global oil and gas industry grasps the benefits that digitalization, automation, machine learning, and artificial intelligence can bring to production and profitability, its relatively immature cyber systems are making it an attractive soft target for hackers. The traditional focus of cyber security has been on IT, such as the office IT infrastructure. Now, there is an increasing trend for networks on production sites to be connected to wider corporate networks, to allow remote monitoring and control. This increases vulnerability. Managing operational technology, such as control and automation systems, requires both oil and gas operational domain competence, as well as proficiency in general information security. The level of threat depends on the level of communications. Cybersecurity can be simplest when data is moving in just one direction, for instance, from the production system into the corporate network. However, if using a remote or centralized control room, the need for protection becomes more pertinent and problematic, as control rooms must be able to alter critical offshore systems. The complexity and challenge for fail-safe security deepens if vendors are able to access and perhaps control equipment on the plant via corporate systems. As each rig operation involves a significant number of suppliers and contractors, all deploying safety critical systems, it is vital that the industry introduces controls and security barriers to eliminate any weaknesses. Without the understanding and knowledge of how to implement and integrate such systems securely, unnecessary risk and expense can be added to a project. Breaches can lead to lost production; raised health, safety, and environmental risk; costly damages claims; breach of insurance conditions; negative reputational impacts; and loss of licence to operate. Therefore, cybersecurity needs to be a consideration throughout the lifecycle of any project, especially across digital transition activity.

Real-time monitoring system for local storage and data transmission by remote control

The real time estimation of the displacements of civil structures is quite sensitive to the availability of wired links between the sensors and the remote control room. Many kinds of wireless displacement sensors or indirect measurements of them have been proposed. However, most of them suffer of large time delays and accuracy issues. In this paper, the authors adopt a Kalman-filter-based data fusion to make a precise measurement of the displacements in for civil structures and infrastructures. The required accuracy can be reached exploiting the real-time satellite corrections provided by a single reference station and combining them with the acceleration signals coming from three axial accelerometers. A wireless communication transfers the information coming from the coupling of GNSS receivers and three axial accelerometers. The proposed system is validated by control mechanism and laboratory tests. The ultimate goal is a reliable scheme for a real-time structural health monitoring managed in remote control.

A new control system for the capacitive energy storage of the GOL-3 multiple-mirror trap

A new control system for capacitive energy storage with a rated energy content as high as 16 MJ is described. Capacitive energy storage has been used since 1987 to supply power for the pulsed magnetic system of the GOL-3 multiple-mirror trap. It has an operating voltage of 6 kV and consists of 6000 IK-6-150 capacitors that are located in six remote rooms together with the necessary infrastructure. The system for control and data acquisition was built using Arduino microcontroller boards operating as a distributed network of remote servers. The client part of the control system uses a personal computer with a standard configuration; communication with remote servers is effected by the TCP/IP protocol. The control system was put into regular operation at devices of the GOL-3 facility in the early 2016.

Remote third shift EAST operation: a new paradigm

General Atomics’ (GA) scientists in the United States remotely conducted experimental operation of the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST) in China during its third shift. Scientists led these experiments in a dedicated remote control room that utilized a novel computer science hardware and software infrastructure to allow data movement, visualization, and communication on the time scale of EAST’s pulse cycle. This Fusion Science Collaboration Zone infrastructure allows the movement of large amounts of data between continents in a short time scale with a 300-fold increase in data transfer rate over that available using the traditional transmission protocol. Real-time data from control systems is moved almost instantaneously. An event system tied to the EAST pulse cycle allows automatic initiation of data transfers, resulting in bulk EAST data to be transferred to GA within minutes. The EAST data at GA is served via MDSplus to approved US collaborators avoiding multiple US clients from requesting data from EAST and competing for the long-haul network’s bandwidth. At present there are 37 approved scientists from 8 US research institutions.

Multichannel acoustic echo cancellation exploiting effective fundamental frequency estimation

Multichannel teleconferencing systems exploit multichannel acoustic echo cancellers to weaken the echo replicas due to the acoustic coupling among loudspeakers and microphones. Many issues have to be dealt with to ensure an effective echo cancellation in such systems, including the reduction of the interchannel coherence among channels, the detection of an active remote human speaker, and the identification of the well-known double-talk scenario. In this paper, a comprehensive solution for dealing with the aforementioned aspects is discussed. The core of this solution is the estimation of the fundamental frequency of the audio signal. It is exploited for weakening the linear relation among channels and for tracking the presence of an active human speaker both in the remote room and in the local room of a teleconferencing system. The computational complexity of the presented approach is also reported to support its feasibility in a real scenario. Then, its real-time implementation is presented and validated on the NU-Tech framework, showing its fundamental frequency tracking capability and echo reduction performance both in simulated and real scenarios.