Remazol Red RR Research Articles

Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Surface of Prepared ZnO Nanocatalysts

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) having nsemiconducting properties are important nanocatalysts for many surface reactions. Because of their extensive use as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for energy production and environmental cleaning, it is essential to understand their surface properties to design better chemical and photochemical nanocatalysts. Here, we used the sol-gel method to develop numerous ZnO NPs at various calcination temperatures (300 - 800 oC) and analyzed by different surface characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, XRD and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. To investigate the catalytic activity a series of photooxidation studies on Remazol Red RR (RRR) were carried out at different conditions. From the surface characteristic analysis, it is found that the crystalline ZnO NPs are formed at above 400 oC temperature. The highest photocatalytic efficiency is found at 500 oC which might be related to the lowest particle size (35.4 ± 5.2 nm) and surface heterogeneity. The experimental results suggest that temperature-controlled growth rate and intra/inter-particle heterogeneity of ZnO nanoparticles have a great impact on the surface properties and photocatalytic activity. In addition to surface area, surface defects and crystal deformation may have a considerable impact on the photocatalytic activity by ZnO NPs. Finally, this study will help to understand what type of surface properties need to optimize to design industrial suit ZnO nanocatalysts. Journal of Engineering Science 15(1), 2024, 75-81

Optimization and kinetic modeling of col or removal by biosorption method from textile wastewater containing Remazol Red RR dye using sunflower biosorbent

Optimization and kinetic modeling of col or removal by biosorption method from textile wastewater containing Remazol Red RR dye using sunflower biosorbent

Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Spinel as a New Efficient Magnetic Heterogeneous Fenton-like Catalyst for Wastewater Treatment

For the first time, cobalt ferrite spinel (CoFe2O4) was used as a catalyst in the Fenton process for Remazol Red RR dye degradation in water. CoFe2O4 was synthesized via gel combustion using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as an alternative fuel in one step with a ratio of Ψ = 0.8. Its structural, surface optics, magnetic properties, and the optimal conditions of the Fenton reagents for dye degradation were evaluated. The saturation magnetization and remanence (Ms and Mr, respectively) for the as-prepared powder were 65.7 emu/g and 30.4 emu/g, respectively, and the coercivity (Hc) was 1243 Oe, indicating its ferromagnetic nature and suitability as a magnetic catalyst. Red Remazol RR dye degradation tests were performed using the Fenton process to evaluate the influence of the catalyst dosage and H2O2 concentration. The tests were performed in a batch reactor in the dark with constant agitation for 24 h. The best result was obtained using 1 g/L of catalyst with a dye degradation of 80.6%. The optimal concentration of H2O2 (1.0 M) resulted in 96.5% dye degradation. Nanoparticle recyclability testing indicated that the material could be satisfactorily reused as a catalyst for at least three cycles. The potential use of the CoFe2O4 synthesized in this study as a catalyst for dye degradation by the Fenton process was demonstrated.

Adsorption, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Reactive Dyes on Chitosan Treated Cotton Fabric

The adsorption performance, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters of reactive dyes on chitosan-treated cotton fabric are described in this research. The batch experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of pH, time, temperature, dye concentration, and material to liquid ratio of Remazol Red RR and Remazol Yellow RR, two widely used reactive dyes. The adsorption of red and yellow dyes was observed at λmax 517 and 419 nm respectively. For both Remazol Red RR and Remazol Yellow RR reactive dyes with starting dye concentrations of 0.0667 and 40 mg/L, the greatest dye adsorption was reported at pH 11 (0.0009 and 0.1284 mg/g) and pH 4 (0.0004 and 0.1038 mg/g). The adsorption performance was investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption behaviours of the two reactive dyes closely matched to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2>0.98) than Freundlich isotherm (R2>0.92). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2>0.99) was followed by the dyeing kinetics of modified cotton sample. Thermodynamic investigation was covered with enthalpy change (ΔH⁰), Gibbs free energy (ΔG⁰) and entropy change (ΔS⁰) where all the values were reported positive confirming that the adsorption process was non-spontaneous, endothermic and the higher affinity of reactive dye on chitosan treated cotton.

Adsorption, Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Reactive Dyes on Chitosan Treated Cotton Fabric

The adsorption performance, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters of reactive dyes on chitosan-treated cotton fabric are described in this research. The batch experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of pH, time, temperature, dye concentration, and material to liquid ratio of Remazol Red RR and Remazol Yellow RR, two widely used reactive dyes. The adsorption of red and yellow dyes was observed at λmax 517 and 419 nm respectively. For both Remazol Red RR and Remazol Yellow RR reactive dyes with starting dye concentrations of 0.0667 and 40 mg/L, the greatest dye adsorption was reported at pH 11 (0.0009 and 0.1284 mg/g) and pH 4 (0.0004 and 0.1038 mg/g). The adsorption performance was investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption behaviours of the two reactive dyes closely matched to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2>0.98) than Freundlich isotherm (R2>0.92). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2>0.99) was followed by the dyeing kinetics of modified cotton sample. Thermodynamic investigation was covered with enthalpy change (ΔH⁰), Gibbs free energy (ΔG⁰) and entropy change (ΔS⁰) where all the values were reported positive confirming that the adsorption process was non-spontaneous, endothermic and the higher affinity of reactive dye on chitosan treated cotton.

Immobilization of Trametes versicolor laccase on chitosan/halloysite as a biocatalyst in the Remazol Red RR dye

In this study, the laccase obtained from Trametes versicolor was immobilized onto the chitosan(CTS)/halloysite (HNT) beads. In the immobilization step, the effects of chitosan (1–3% w/v), halloysite (0–2% w/v), glutaraldehyde (0.5–1.5% v/v) and enzyme concentrations (1–3%) on loading and immobilization efficiency were investigated. SEM, FT-IR, XRD, TGA and XPS analyses were performed to examine the structure of beads. In addition, the effects of parameters such as pH (4–10), temperature (25–55 °C), storage life on the activity of free and immobilized laccase were also investigated. The activities of free and immobilized laccase preserved 23% and 56% of its initial activity at the end of 59 days of storage. The effects of mediators such as 2.2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HBT), 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and violuric acid (VLA) on the dye removal efficiency were investigated. Reusability of the CTS/HNT/Lac in the presence of HBT and VLA mediators, which enable the highest dye removal, was tested. After 15 cycles, 42% and 54% dye removal were achieved with the CTS/HNT/Lac in the medium containing HBT and VLA, and 42% and 49% of the activity is preserved, respectively. This study showed that CTS/HNT/Lac can be used repeatedly for Remazol Red RR dye removal.

Removal of Remazol Red RR from Aqueous Solution by Glass Supported Films of Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles.

The nanoparticles of ZnO (n-ZnO) have been synthesized by a sol-gel method and characterized by UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometry (EDX) and powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Precursor of n-ZnO particles were prepared via a non-aqueous route, which was calcined at 500oC. These particles were then deposited on a glass substrate for adsorption and photodegradation of a typical textile dye, Remazol Red R (RRR). Especially, the high surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles has appealed much attention to use these particles both as an adsorbent and a photocatalyst. A comparative study was carried out between n-ZnO and a commercially available ZnO (c-ZnO) to investigate the removal efficiency of RRR from its aqueous solution under different conditions. The removal efficiency has been optimized by varying several operating variables and the highest performance has been obtained with 0.115 g/slide of ZnO and 0.5 × 10-4 M aqueous solution of RRR under sunlight irradiation. It is important to note that the use of the films of ZnO in the presence of solar light makes it suitable for recycling and causes no secondary environmental pollution.

Decolorization of azo dyes using contact glow discharge electrolysis

Contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) is a proved plasma electrolysis method effectively used for the treatment of organic wastewater. This study investigated the decolorization process of three textile dyes (Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow FG, and Remazol Brilliant Violet) using CGDE aided by air injection. The results indicated that air injection was able to increase the decolorization of Remazol Red RR up to 46.7 % in 180 min. In addition, using this method resulted in good decolorization efficiencies with the three dyes (11,520, 24,412.5, and 8,820 kJ/mmol for Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow FG, and Remazol Brilliant Violet, respectively).

In Silico Analysis of Bacterial Systems For Textile Azo Dye Decolorization and Affirmation With Wetlab Studies

A systemic approach involving in‐silico and in‐vitro tests were used for the decolorization of five azo dyes, Reactive Yellow F3R, Joyfix Yellow 53R, Remazol Red RR, Drimaren Black CL‐S and Disperse Red F3BS, using Aeromonas hydrophila SK16 and Lysinibacillus sphaericus SK13. Homology models for laccase and azoreductase enzymes from these two bacteria were generated using Accelrys Discovery Studio 3.5 and validated. Docking was performed with LeadIT software for binding energy calculation, and active site residues were identified. Reactive Yellow F3R showed highest binding energy with A. hydrophila, which emulated the decolorization percentage by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy. High‐performance LC (HPLC), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) supported biotransformation and biodegradation of Reactive Yellow F3R by A. hydrophila SK16, and a biodegradation pathway was proposed. HPLC analysis of treated sample illustrated peaks at retention time 1.481, 3.165, 3.374, and 3.945 min while the control dye showed peaks at 1.478 and 3.106 min. GCMS analysis showed that (2Z)‐but‐2‐ene, 1,3,5‐triazine, aniline, and naphthalene were formed as end products. The in‐silico outcome was in good agreement with experimental studies. Thus, it can be surmised that in‐silico molecular modeling and docking studies can assist as a preliminary tool for screening of potential bacterial system to be employed in textile dye decolorization and degradation studies.

Toxic Effects of Coralene Red XF and Remazol Red RR Textile Dyes on Liver and Kidney in Mice

Adulterated food is a silent killer. Dishonest traders used textile dyes as adulterant in different foods as unethical practices. Moreover, textile industries also throw waste dye as effluent in ground water. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of two textile dyes Coralene Red XF and Remazol Red RR by in vivo experiments in mice. Mice were administered Coralene Red XF and Remazol Red RR textile dyes at a single oral dose of 0.04g/kg daily for 21 days to observe any toxic effect of those dyes in mice. The toxic effects were evaluated by measuring the serum activity of aspartate amino-transferase (AST), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum total bilirubin (STBI), serum creatinine (SCR), serum urea (SUR) and histopathology of liver and kidney. The levels of AST, ALT, STBI, SUR and SCR were found to be increased by both Coralene Red XF and Remazol Red RR. Histopathological examination of liver showed inflammatory atypia of hepatocytes and inflamation also observed in kidney.

Dyeing of electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers with reactive dyes using electron beam irradiation

Nylon 6 nanofibers were prepared by using an electrospinning technique. The dyeing behavior of nylon 6 nanofibers which were dyed with reactive dyes, vinylsulphone type-Remazol Red RR, by electron beam irradiation (EBI) has been investigated. Electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers were irradiated varying EBI doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100kGy and their K/S values, Lab values and dyeing equilibrium were observed. No additives and toxic reagents were used for dyeing nylon 6 nanofibers with reactive dyes using radiation. Compared with conventional dyeing method, it is found that irradiated dyeing of nylon 6 nanofibers with reactive dyes has improved not only the color strength and fiber-shrink phenomenon but also the scission reactions of functional groups of Remazol Red RR at EBI dose greater than 10kGy. This finding suggests that the dyeing by EBI significantly influence the waste-water treatment in a green way. The resulting dyed nylon 6 nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–Visible spectroscopy.

The contribution of different vinyl sulphone-reactive dyes to an effluent

Three types of vinyl sulphone dyes were measured in the effluent in this study. The selected dyes were Remazol Yellow RR (mono-functional), Remazol Blue RR (homo bi-functional) and Remazol Red RR (hetero bi-functional). The extinction coefficients of these dyes were measured by creating absorbance versus concentration curves. The absorbance values were obtained by testing standard solutions of each dye in a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The dyeing process was carried out at 4 different dye concentrations (0.025g/40ml, 0.05g/40ml, 0.10g/40ml and 0.15g/40ml) on a 5-g fabric sample for each of the dyes. The post-dye liquors and post-wash liquors were tested in an UV–visible spectrophotometer, and their concentrations were calculated using the Beer–Lambert law. The contribution of these dyes to the effluent was calculated and compared, and their adsorption isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm) were analysed. The homo bi-functional dye (Blue RR) performed well in the dye bath, but it contributed significantly to the effluent during the washing stages. The mono-functional dye (Yellow RR) was able to adsorb, but it did not perform well due to its greater heterogeneity. The hetero bi-functional Red RR dye was found to be the most environmentally friendly in comparison with the other vinyl sulphone dyes.

Compatibility analysis of reactive dyes by exhaustion-fixation and adsorption isotherm on knitted cotton fabric

AbstractCompatibility analysis was done by exhaustion, fixation and adsorption isotherm upon three reactive dyes; Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow RR and Remazol Blue RR. The known solutions of each dye were tested in UV-visible spectrophotometer and the extinction coefficients were calculated by drawing absorbance versus concentration curve. Dyeing processes were carried out in 4 different dye concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%) for each of the dye. The post dye and post wash liquors were tested in UV-visible spectrophotometer and the dye concentrations of those solutions were calculated through the Beer-Lambert law. The exhaustion%, fixation% of all three dyes was compared between them and their adsorption isotherm models were drawn. In between Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model, the last one had the supremacy. Among the dyes, Blue RR had better exhaustion performance although it was not pleasingly attached with the fiber during fixation. Red RR was excellent in both exhaustion and fixation stages. It was found that in deeper concentrations the compatibility among these three dyes would be low. But experimental data shows that introducing more electrolytes and reducing the temperature as well as the alkali amount can improve these dyes’ compatibility.

Adsorption of remazol red RR onto chitosan from aqueous solution

Chitosan has been used as an adsorbent to remove remazol red RR from aqueous solution by adsorption. The experiments have been conducted to study the effects of initial concentration of adsorbate, temperature, pH and particle size on dye adsorption. The kinetic data obtained have been examined using pseudo first- and pseudo second-order equations. The equilibrium adsorption data have been studied by using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The best results have been achieved with the pseudo second-order kinetic model and with the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm model. The equilibrium adsorption capacity (qe) of chitosan increases with increasing the initial concentration of dye, temperature and with decreasing particle size. However, the highest adsorption capacity has been found at a pH about 5.4. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity, qe = 155.72 mg/g has been found at the optimum conditions. The activation energy (Ea) of sorption kinetics is about 9.25 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (?G), enthalpy (?H) and entropy (?S) have also been evaluated. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i2.22005 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(2), 111-118, 2014

Biodegradation studies on dye effluent and selective remazol dyes by indigenous bacterial species through spectral characterisation

Effluent collected from a dye industry in Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India, was screened for potential indigenous micro-organisms to treat remazol dyes and dye effluents. Out of sixty strains isolated, four strains were found to be potential in degrading the dye effluent and various remazol reactive dyes. The physicochemical characterisation of the dye effluent showed quite high values. Decolourisation studies were performed for two different effluents (I & II) and observed maximum decolourisation of 76.4% at 120 h (Effluent I) and 79.9% at 96 h (Effluent II) by the organism EI25. The synthetic dyes Remazol Red RGB (RR-RGB), Remazol Red RR (RR-RR), Remazol Yellow RGB (RY-RGB) and Remazol Yellow RR (RY-RR) showed complete decolourisation (100%) after 24–72 h by two potential strains (EI05 and EI25). EI25 have shown the maximum efficiency of 87.2, 95.1, 89.4 and 84.4% decolourisation for RR-RGB, RR-RR, RY-RGB and RY-RR, respectively, within a 24 h time period. Morphological characteristics and biochemical screening tests identified the organisms to be Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium acetobutylicum. C. acetobutylicum (EI25) was found to be the most potential strain isolated. Biodegradation of remazol dyes was characterised by spectral analysis using UV–Visible spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The peak disappearance in UV spectrum is at the λmax 519nm for RR-RGB and RR-RR; whereas, 410nm for RY-RGB and 419nm for RY-RR stands as the proof of decolourisation. In the FTIR spectrum, the shift of several important peaks responsible for the functional groups N=N, S=O and phenolic O–H corresponding to the structure of remazol group of dyes and appearance of new peaks indicating the degradation metabolites observed in the decolourised samples ensures biodegradation. Further, EI25 have also shown marked reduction in the basic wastewater characteristics like COD, BOD, TDS, EC and pH. Thus it is concluded that the Clostridium species on further studies can be well developed into a biological method of textile effluent treatment process.

VARIATION IN LINEAR DENSITY OF COMBED YARN DUE TO DYEING WITH REACTIVE DYE IN DIFFERENT SHADE PERCENTAGES

Though yarn dyeing is a significant part of wet pro cessing, it still has some major obstacles. It loses its weight as well as strength due to wet treatment. A study on the changes of lin ear density in combed yarn due to different shade p ercentages of reactive dye has been conducted and the results are statisticall y analyzed. Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow RR and R emazol Blue RR were used for this experiment. The study reveals that dy e shade percentage effects on the linear density ne gatively. Before 2.5% shade the yarn loss is greater and after 3.5% shade linea r density also decreases. 2.5% to 3.5% shade percen tage can be taken as the range where loss of linear density is much less tha n the other percentages. The lowest loss percentage was found for 3% shade for every dyestuff among which Remazol Red RR was the l east.

Treatment of synthetic textile wastewater by homogeneous and heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation

The efficiencies of homogeneous and heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation were compared for treatment of azo dye containing synthetic textile wastewater. The influence of parameters such as the presence of NaCl and starch was evaluated and optimal iron and H2O2 dosage determined. Complete decolorization of Remazol Red RR was achieved at all investigated NaCl and starch concentration. Mineralization, in terms of COD reduction, was 96% in the homogeneous and 93% in the heterogeneous reaction, but decreased with increasing NaCl and starch concentrations. The homogeneous oxidation showed the highest efficiency in treating synthetic wastewater containing Remazol Blue RR or a mixture of Remazol Red RR and Remazol Blue RR. Nevertheless, the mineralization was significantly lower than for Remazol Red RR, which shows the dependence on dye structure. Similar amounts of iron-containing sludge were produced in the two processes, while the release of iron ions was reduced by 50% when using heterogeneous photo-Fenton. Promising results were obtained when reusing the iron powder as catalyst; complete decolorization was achieved during 20 batches. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (Less)

Biochemical response to exposure to six textile dyes in early developmental stages of Xenopus laevis

The present study was undertaken to determine the toxic effect of a lethal concentration of six different commercially used textile dyes on the 46th stage of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. The tadpoles were exposed to Astrazon Red FBL, Astrazon Blue FGRL, Remazol Red RR, Remazol Turquoise Blue G-A, Cibacron Red FN-3G, and Cibacron Blue FN-R for 168 h in static test conditions, and thus, 168-h median lethal concentrations (LC(50)s) of each dye were determined to be 0.35, 0.13, 112, 7, 359, and 15.8 mg/L, respectively. Also, to evaluate the sublethal effects of each dye, tadpoles were exposed to different concentrations of dyes (with respect to 168-h LC(50)s) for 24 h. The alteration of selected enzyme activities was tested. For this aim, glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assayed. After dye exposure, the GST induction or inhibition and LDH induction indicated some possible mechanisms of oxidative stress and deterioration in aerobic respiration processes induced by the tested dyes. Findings of the study suggest that selected biomarker enzymes are useful in understanding the toxic mechanisms of these dyes in X. laevis tadpoles as early warning indicators. Therefore, these selected biomarkers may evaluate the effect of environmental factors, such as textile dye effluents and other industrial pollutants, on amphibians in biomonitoring studies.

Decolorization of textile dyes by Bjerkandera sp. BOL 13 using waste biomass as carbon source

AbstractBACKGROUND: Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor and Bjerkandera sp BOL13 were compared for decolorization of azo dyes supplied individually or as a mixture. The dye decolorization was also evaluated during continuous treatment under non‐sterile conditions using a lignocellulosic growth substrate.RESULTS: Bjerkandera sp BOL13 showed the highest dye decolorization potential. This fungus was also found to support high decolorization of Remazol Red RR at an initial pH of 4‐6 and when using straw as co‐substrate. The fungus was evaluated for Remazol Red RR decolorization in a continuously fed packed‐bed bioreactor operated under non‐sterile conditions with 3 days of hydraulic retention time. When glucose was supplied as growth‐substrate, decolorization efficiencies of 65‐90% were maintained for 12 days in a bioreactor packed with wooden material. The decolorization efficiency was lower when glucose was not fed to the fungus or when a plastic material was used as packing. Higher manganese peroxidase and laccase activities were also recorded when the wood packing was used. Contamination caused a drop in decolorization efficiency after 17‐19 days operation.CONCLUSIONS: The potential of Bjerkandera sp BOL13 for decolorization of azo dyes under non‐sterile conditions using lignocellulosic growth substrates was demonstrated. Research is needed to reduce contamination under non‐sterile conditions. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry

Comparison of anaerobic pre-treatment and aerobic post-treatment coupled to photo-Fenton oxidation for degradation of azo dyes

Photo-Fenton oxidation was used for treatment of synthetic textile wastewater as stand alone treatment, as pre-treatment before aerobic biological treatment and as post-treatment after anaerobic biological treatment. The processes were compared with regards to decolorization, chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and chemical consumption. When applying photo-Fenton alone for treatment of Remazol Red RR (100 mg/l), optimal conditions were 3.0 mM H 2O 2 and 0.25 mM Fe 2+. These conditions resulted in complete decolorization and a residual COD of 2.9 mg/l. When reducing the H 2O 2 dose to 1 mM, residual COD was 22 mg/l. In the combined photo-Fenton/aerobic treatment complete decolorization and COD removal was achieved at 3 mM H 2O 2 and 0.25 mM Fe 2+, while 9 mg/l of residual COD remained at the H 2O 2 concentration 1 mM. When applying photo-Fenton as post-treatment after the anaerobic step, the residual COD was 14 mg/l independent of the H 2O 2 concentration being set to 1 or 3 mM, however the Fe 2+ concentration needed to be increased to 2 mM, due to complex formation with the phosphate added as a macronutrient. Phytotoxicity tests showed higher residual toxicity after the photo-Fenton treatment alone than after the combined processes. Our results thereby show that incorporation of a biological step leads to improved mineralization and reduced residual toxicity at lower H 2O 2 doses.