Reactive Dye Remazol Brilliant Blue Research Articles

Nutmeg seed shell biochar as an effective adsorbent for removal of remazol brilliant blue reactive dye: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic study

ABSTRACT Biochar derived from agricultural wastes has emerged as an effective adsorbent for wastewater treatment. However, studies on nutmeg seed shell (NSS) utilization in textile wastewater treatment is limited. This study explores the possibility and efficacy of using a modified nutmeg seed shell as an adsorbent to remove remazol brilliant blue reactive dye (RBBR) from the aqueous wastewater. The adsorbent was characterized before and after adsorption using FTIR, FE-SEM, TGA, and XRD, respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on Box–Behnken design (BBD), was utilized to optimize the effects of initial concentration (5–100 mg/L), pH (2–12), contact time (10–120 min), and adsorbent dosage (0.5–3 g/L) on the RBBR removal. The quadratic model generated by RSM describes the best relationship between the independent parameters and the dye removal efficiency. The optimum conditions for the RBBR dye removal were observed at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 2.85 g, pH of 10, and contact time of 110 min, which resulted in 93.41% removal efficiency. The adsorption model fits the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models with correlation factors (R2 ) > 0.99. Langmuir adsorption isotherm gives an optimum adsorption capacity of 173.31 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics study shows that the adsorption process is based on monolayer chemisorption. The thermodynamic studies suggest that adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The result indicates that modified NSS is an efficient adsorbent for removing reactive dye RBBR.

Decolorization of the synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive (RBBR) by Ganoderma lucidum on bio-adsorbent of the solid bleached sulfate paperboard coated with polyethylene terephthalate

White rot fungi can secrete many types of extracellular oxidases that are involved in the degradation of lignin in natural lignocellulosic substrates. Solid bleached sulfate (SBS) paperboard coated with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a type of cellulose and hemicellulose based waste from the packaging industry for ready-to-eat foods. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the discoloration of the Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive (RBBR) dye by bioabsorbent, consisting of ligninolytic macrofungal mycelium supported on PET-coated SBS paper. This work involved three steps: first, to determine the residual concentration of Remazol Reactive Bright Blue (RBBR) dye in the effluent produced in a dyeing process, according to the dye concentrations most applied in the textile industry. In the second step, the solution with medium concentration of the RBBR dye was then treated with the bioabsorbent, composed of ligninolytic macrofungus mycelium supported on PET-coated SBS paper. In the third stage, the technical feasibility of reusing the bioabsorbent was evaluated. The effluent generated from dyeing baths and washes was collected and analyzed, providing a final effluent with an average residual concentration of 57.3 mg/L of dye. The results showed that higher concentrations of carbon and nitrogen gave rise to the bio-adsorbent with higher values of total proteins and enzymatic activity. The bio-adsorbent use and reuse tests showed 94% color removal for the RBBR dye over 30 days of reuse. The use of the bio-adsorbent for the decolorization of dyes and textile effluents is a potential efficient and low cost.

Decolorization of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R by zirconium oxychloride as a novel coagulant: optimization through response surface methodology.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the performance of a novel coagulant, i.e. ZrOCl2, for the removal of anthraquinone-based reactive dye from aqueous solution. An ideal experimental setup was designed based on central composite design using response surface methodology to determine the individual and interactive effects of different operational variables (i.e. pH, coagulant dose and dye concentration) on treatment performance in terms of dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies. Total 92.58% dye and 85.33% COD removal were experimentally attained at optimized conditions at low coagulant dose, i.e. 156.67 mg/L for the dye concentration of 105.67 mg/L at pH 2. To validate the working pH of the metal coagulant, the static charge of ZrOCl2 was measured using Eh value. The performance of the coagulant was validated with experimental and predicted values in the selected data set, and R2 values for both responses were found to be 0.99 and 0.95 respectively, which shows the reliability of the experimental design. Further, the toxicity of the coagulant was assessed and no such toxicity was found even up to the concentration of 500 mg/L, proclaiming the disposal of sludge may not exhibit any threat to humans. Experimental results suggested that the ZrOCl2 could be used as an eco-friendly coagulant for dye wastewater treatment.

Wastewater bioremediation using white rot fungi: Validation of a dynamical system with real data obtained in laboratory

Nowadays, wastewater treatment has become an important issue in view of the ever increasing worldwide paucity of abundant and clean water supplies. In this work, we propose a mathematical model describing the process of decolorization of textile industry wastewater and validate it using data from a laboratory experiment. To this aim, a selected white rot fungus, capable of degrading a wide range of recalcitrant compounds, is used against Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive dye. The real data obtained in laboratory are use to fit the parameters of our model. The qualitative analysis is performed to study the behavior of the wastewater and of the fungus as functions of time. In the present study the, carbon (glucose) has an important role in the system since it can sustain the fungal metabolism and growth. Furthermore a more general mathematical model is studied, considering an open system where there is a constant input and output of pollutant and nutrients respectively.

Statistical optimization of adsorption process for removal of synthetic dye using watermelon rinds

Adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive (RBBR) dye was investigated using chemically prepared watermelon rind activated carbon (WRAC). WRAC was characterized using BET surface area, FTIR, SEM and proximate analysis techniques respectively. Response surface methodology (RSM) statistical technique was used to optimize the preparation conditions which are activation temperature, activation time and chemical impregnation ratio (IR); with percentage RBBR dye removal and WRAC yield as the targeted responses. Based on the central composite design (CCD), two empirical models were developed and validated by applying ANOVA analysis incorporating interaction effects of three variables using RSM to the two responses. The optimum conditions for preparing WRAC for adsorption of RBBR dye were found as follows: activation temperature of 820 °C, activation time of 2.05 h and IR of 2.85, which resulted in 91.82% of RBBR dye removal and 32.09% of WRAC yield. Experimental results obtained agreed satisfactorily well with the model predictions. WRAC prepared under optimum conditions was mesoporous with BET surface area of 776.65 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.438 cm3/g and average pore diameter of 3.74 nm.

Mesoporous activated carbon from industrial laundry sewage sludge: Adsorption studies of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R

Mesoporous activated carbon (AC) was prepared from sewage sludge of industrial laundry by slow pyrolysis followed of physical activation with CO2 and applied to remove reactive dye Remazol Brillant Blue R (RBBR) from aqueous solutions. The effect of activation temperature was investigated. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. The ACs prepared at activation temperatures of 750°C (AC750), 800°C (AC800) and 850°C (AC850) exhibited BET surface areas (SBET) of 159m2g−1, 156m2g−1 and 65m2g−1, respectively, and mesoporous features with average pore diameters ranging from 4.56 to 5.88nm. The SEM images indicated the formation of cavities on the surfaces of ACs with increasing temperature. The XRD patterns showed the presence of minerals in ACs and sewage sludge such as quartz, muscovite, dolomite and calcite. Inorganic and organic contents were evidenced by TGA, and surface groups by FT-IR. The values of pHPZC indicated basic characteristics for AC750, and acidic for AC800 and AC850. The AC750 was applied in the RBBR adsorption from aqueous solution. Adsorption kinetics and adsorption equilibrium showed that the pseudo-second order and Freundlich models were best fitted to experimental data. The Langmuir monolayer maximum adsorption capacity was 33.47mgg−1. The thermodynamic parameters indicated the adsorption is a spontaneous process and favored at higher temperatures (endothermic reaction). The thermal regeneration of spent AC750 showed it can be reused on adsorption processes.

Removal of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R from aqueous solutions by using anaerobically digested sewage sludge based adsorbents

In this study, adsorbents were produced from sewage sludge via chemical and thermal activation processes. Experiments were carried out in a tubular furnace at the heating rate of 20?C min-1 and temperature of 550 ?C with a nitrogen flow rate of 400 mL min-1 for 1 h. Dye adsorption experiments were performed with Remazol Brilliant Blue R for its several concentrations under batch equilibrium conditions by comparing sewage sludge based adsorbents with raw material and a commercial activated carbon. Maximum adsorption capacities of carbonized sewage sludge (CSWS) and activated sewage sludge (ASWS) were found as 7.413 mg g-1 and 9.376 mg g-1 for 100 mg L-1 dye solution, whereas commercial activated carbon had a capacity of 11.561 mg g-1. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were used to explain the adsorption mechanism together with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Langmuir isotherm, which had adsorption capacities of 34.60 mg g-1 (CSWS) and 72.99 mg g-1 (ASWS), provided better fit to the equilibrium data than that of Freundlich isotherm. Pseudo second-order, model which had adsorption capacities of 7.451 mg g-1 (CSWS) and 9.319 mg g-1 (ASWS), was very favorable to explain the adsorption kinetics of the dye with high regression coefficients.

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Watermelon Rinds as Adsorbent

This study examined the feasibility of removing Remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR) dye from aqueous solutions using watermelon rind activated carbon (WRAC) as adsorbent. The surface area of WRAC prepared is 776.65 m2/g with high pore volume of 0.438 cm3/g, which is comparable to commercially expensive activated carbon. The effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, and temperature on adsorption of RBBR dye were investigated. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovic, and Avrami kinetic models were used to test the experimental data in order to elucidate the kinetic adsorption process; pseudo-second-order model best fitted the data. Experimental data were analyzed using eight model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Radke–Prausnite, Sips, Viet–Sladek, and Brouers–Sotolongo isotherms, and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model described the equilibrium adsorption data best. The heat of adsorption (ΔH) indicated the endothermic nature of the process and the negative values of free energy (ΔG) indicated that the adsorption is spontaneous. The mechanism of adsorption was controlled by both film and intraparticle diffusions. The mean free energy obtained from Dubinin–Radushkevich model is 4.972 kJmol−1, indicating that the adsorption of RBBR dye onto WRAC follows physical adsorption process.

Adsorption Kinetic Studies for the Removal of Synthetic Dye Using Durian Seed Activated Carbon

In this study, durian seeds were chemically modified using KOH as an impregnating agent to prepare durian seed activated carbon (DSAC). DSAC was characterized using FTIR, BET, SEM, and proximate analysis techniques and used for the adsorption of Remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR) dye. The effects of pH, contact time, initial dye concentrations, and solution temperature on the adsorption process were investigated experimentally in batch process. Maximum dye removal was obtained at pH 2 to be 95.17%. Experimental data were analyzed using eight model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Radke–Prausnite, Sips, Viet–Sladek, and Brouers–Sotolongo isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption data most. Adsorption rate constants were determined using pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order rate equation, Elovich, and Avrami kinetic models. The adsorption of RBBR dye onto DSAC followed pseudo second-order model and the mechanism of adsorption was controlled by both film and Intraparticle diffusions. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS were also calculated for the adsorption process. The process was found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The results indicate that DSAC is a suitable adsorbent for the adsorption of RBBR dye from aqueous solutions.

Polyamide Fibers Covered with Chlorhexidine: Thermodynamic Aspects

Results of dynamic and equilibrium of sorption of a reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue, and a bactericidal agent, Digluconate of Chlorhexidine over Polyamide fibers are presented with the aim of supplying the fiber with bactericidal properties. However, adsorption of Chlorhexidine onto Polyamide is scarce due to the lack of interactions between the reactive groups of the fiber and the antiseptic molecule. Therefore, in order to provide the fiber surface with anionic groups, fiber has been previously dyed with Remazol Brilliant Blue which increases the negative charge of the fiber surface due to the presence of its sulfonate end groups. Thermodynamic parameters of equilibrium sorption in the two situations, fiber/dye and fiber-dye/Chlorhexidine, have been analyzed, as function of the temperature, pH and concentration of the dye in the pretreatment. Results show that when sorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue reaches the value of about 50 mmol/ kg at the higher temperature and concentration tested, the amount of Chlorhexidine adsorbed exhibits its maximum value which is 6 mmol/kg. Both processes, adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue and adsorption of Chlorhexidine, fit well to Langmuir adsorption model, suggesting the existence of some kinds of specific interactions between adsorbent and adsorbate. Thermodynamic functions show that the interaction is endothermic and spontaneous in all the rage of temperature tested. The kinetic studies show that sorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue is better described by pseudo-first order model, while sorption of Chlorhexidine fits better to pseudo-second order model, and seems to be quicker process. According to the obtained results, chemical interaction between the vinyl-sulfone group of Remazol Brilliant Blue and the amine groups of Polyamide fiber, followed by electrostatic interactions between the guanine group of the Chlorhexidine and the sulfonate group of the dye must be considered in order to explain the adsorption process.

Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of synthetic dye removal using pomegranate peel activated carbon prepared by microwave-induced KOH activation

Pomegranate peel was converted into activated carbon using microwave induced and KOH activation techniques. The prepared activated carbon (PPAC) was characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, and nitrogen-adsorption surface area (BET). BET measurements gave remarkable increase in both the surface area (941.02m2/g) and total pore volume (0.470cm3/g). Various operational parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and solution temperature in batch systems were investigated on the use of PPAC in the adsorption of remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR) dye. At pH 2, the optimum dye removal was 94.36%. The amount of dye removed was dependent on initial dye concentration and solution temperature. Adsorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Experimental data were analyzed using eight model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Radke Prausnite, Sips, Viet–Sladek and Brouers – Sotolongo isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption data most with the highest correlation (R2≥0.99) and lowest normalized standard deviation, ∆qe. Both intra-particle and film diffusion governed the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard Gibbs free energy (∆G0), standard enthalpy (∆H0), standard entropy (∆S0), and the activation energy (Ea) were calculated. The adsorption of RBBR dye onto PPAC was found to be spontaneous and exothermic in nature. This study shows that the adsorption follows physisorption mechanism.

Efficiency of Pleurotus florida Laccase on Decolorization and Detoxification of the Reactive Dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) under Optimized Conditions

AbstractLaccase from the white‐rot fungus Pleurotus florida, produced under solid‐state fermentation conditions, was used for the decolorization of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). RBBR was decolorized up to 46% by P. florida laccase alone in 10 min. In the presence of N‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), the rate of decolorization was enhanced 1.56‐fold. Central composite design of response surface methodology with four variables namely, dye, enzyme, redox mediator concentrations, and time at five levels was applied to optimize the RBBR decolorization. The predicted optimum level of variables for maximum RBBR decolorization (87%) was found to be 52.90 mg L−1 (RBBR), 1.87 U mL−1 (laccase), 0.85 mM (HBT), and 7.17 min (time), respectively. The validation results showed that the experimental value of RBBR decolorization (82%) was close to the predicted one. The disappearance of C–N and C–X groups, and a small shift in N–H groups in Fourier‐transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy confirms the degradation of RBBR chromophore by laccase enzyme. The phytotoxicity of RBBR was considerably reduced after the treatment with laccase. RBBR decolorization kinetics; Km and Vmax were calculated to be 145.82 mg L−1 and 24.86 mg L−1 min, respectively.

Response Surface Modeling and Optimization of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive Dye Removal Using Periwinkle Shell-Based Activated Carbon

This work investigates both batch and optimization studies of adsorption of Remazol Brilliant Blue Reactive (RBBR) dye onto activated carbon prepared from periwinkle shells (PSAC). The effects of three preparation variables: CO2 activation temperature, CO2 activation time, and KOH: char impregnation ratio (IR) were studied using Response Surface Modeling (RSM). Based on the central composite design (CCD), a quadratic model and two-factor interaction models (2FI) were developed to correlate the three preparation variables to the two responses: RBBR dye removal and PSAC yield. The optimum conditions for preparing PSAC for adsorption of RBBR dye were found as follows: CO2 activation temperature of 811°C, CO2 activation time of 1.7 h and IR of 2.95, which resulted in 82.76% of RBBR dye removal and 35.83% of PSAC yield. Experimental results obtained agreed satisfactorily well with the model predictions. The activated carbon prepared under optimum conditions was mesoporous with BET surface area of 1894 m2/g, total pore volume of 1.107 cm3/g and average pore diameter of 2.32 nm. The surface morphology and functional groups of PSAC were respectively determined from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR).

Utilization of agro-industrial waste Jatropha curcas pods as an activated carbon for the adsorption of reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR)

Jatropha curcas is a non-edible oil crop predominately used to produce biodiesel. J. curcas pod contains 80% as dried vegetable and remaining 20% are seeds that are used for the biodiesel production in industries. In the present study, J. curcas pods were used for activated carbon preparation and successfully employed as adsorbent for the removal of reactive dye, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). Batch adsorption experiments were performed as a function of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration. The experimental results indicate that 0.2 g of activated carbon removed 95% of 50 mg L −1 dye. Adsorption data were modeled using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Langmuir isotherm was obeyed for the adsorption. Equilibrium parameter value ( R L) was observed to be in the range of 0–1. The dye adsorption followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model with regard to the intraparticle diffusion rate. Physico-chemical properties of activated carbon were analyzed by SEM, FTIR and XRD before and after dye adsorption. The adsorbed dye from activated carbon was successfully desorbed (80%) by 1 N NaOH. Bench scale removal of RBBR dye as well as real textile effluent was carried out by J. curcas pods activated carbon (JCPAC). This option will make the agro-industrial waste JCPAC adopted in textile industrial effluent treatment for environmental cleansing.

Electrokinetic effect and surface free energy behavior in the adsorption process of a reactive dye onto Leacril pretreated with polyethyleneimine ion

In a previous paper, we studied the adsorption of a polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine ion (PEI), onto Leacril in order to increase the amount of the reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) taken up by these fibers. We observed that this polycation changes the fibers zeta potential sign at low concentration, ca. 0.03 g/L, and thus the RBBR adsorption onto Leacril is improved when implementing the PEI treatment. The aim of this work is to study the PEI effect related to the amount of dye adsorbed by Leacril. For this purpose, we present data on streaming potential, adsorption isotherms, and surface free energy component determination as a function of the PEI concentration used in the pretreatment, as well as a function of the RBBR concentration used in the dyeing solutions. Adsorption experimental results show that the amount of RBBR taken by the fibers increases with the PEI concentration used in the pretreatment, and this effect becomes significant at higher concentrations of RBBR solution. The zeta potential increases to positive values in the range of low concentrations of dye solution when Leacril fibers have been pretreated with the polyelectrolyte. From surface free energy component determinations it is worth noting that the electron-donor component, γ − , decreases with the RBBR concentration in the treatment. The results we have obtained suggest that the interaction between the amine group of the PEI previously adsorbed and the reactive β-sulfato-ethysulfonyl group of the dye can be responsible for the improvement in dye uptake.

Cotton fabric: A natural matrix suitable for controlled release systems

The possibility to use cotton as a matrix for controlled release systems was studied by covalently attaching a model compound, specifically the reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R to its surface. Afterwards the fabric was coated with a commercial cellulase. The release of the dye, obtained by the hydrolysis of cotton fibres in sweat buffer, was monitored. The reducing sugars concentration increased for both fabrics (with and without the dye covalently fixed) while the increase in the absorbance was only attained for the dyed cotton, as expected. These results confirm the viability of using cotton as a natural matrix for controlled released systems while presenting a promising approach to immobilize covalently other substances in cotton garments, like fragrances, which could be released by the action of human sweat.

Effect of polyethyleneimine ion on the sorption of a reactive dye onto Leacril fabric: Electrokinetic properties and surface free energy of the system

Data are presented on the kinetics, electrokinetics, and surface free energy in the process of adsorption of polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a pretreatment of Leacril, later dyed with the reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). The electrokinetic potential of Leacril is negative, due probably to the presence of sulfonate and sulfate end-group onto Leacril fibers. The zeta potential of Leacril decreases in absolute value as a function of NaCl concentration in solution, probably because of compression of the electrical double layer. The zeta potential of Leacril as a function of the concentration of PEI in solution increases because of the adsorption of PEI ions through chemical reaction between the sulfonate end-groups of Leacril and the amine groups of PEI. The adsorption kinetics shows that an increase in the concentration of PEI, brings about an increase in the amount of RBBR adsorbed onto the fiber. This may be an indication of the chemical reaction between the reactive groups of the polyelectrolyte and dye molecules. The behavior of the surface free energy of the systems involved confirms these conclusions.