Remainder Part Research Articles

Modeling of Overpressure Generation–Evolution of the Paleogene Source Rock and Implications for the Linnan Sag, Eastern China

Subsurface pore pressure affects the direction of hydrocarbon migration, determines the distribution of the hydrocarbon reservoir, and provides scientific reference for drilling planning. Overpressures are widespread in the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Linnan Sag, which is closely related to the distribution of oil reservoir. However, the overpressure generation mechanisms are undefined, let alone the relationship between the evolution of paleo-overpressure and hydrocarbon migration in the Linnan Sag, which brings great challenges for the understanding of oil accumulation and future oil exploration. Basin modeling was carried out to solve the issue of quantitative evaluation of overpressure mechanisms and to restore the overpressure evolution of the Paleogene source rocks. The implications for the pore pressure prediction and oil migration in the Linnan Sag were further discussed. The modeling results show that the disequilibrium compaction of mudstones is a dominated overpressure mechanism of source rocks in the Linnan Sag, which accounts for approximately 90% of the measured overpressure in the region. The remainder part of overpressure was generated by hydrocarbon generation; however, the effects of hydrocarbon generation on overpressure evolution were limited in the intervals deeper than 4000 m. The significance of the overpressure mechanism is that the porosity-dependent method will give a satisfactory pressure prediction result in the current exploration depth range (3800–4300 m). The overpressure evolution of the source rock has undergone a cycle of “accumulation-dissipation-reaccumulation,” which corresponds to the age of 45.5–24.0 Ma (Es3-Ed period), 24.6–14.0 Ma (Ed period), and 14.0–0 Ma (Ng-Qp period). The oil potential of the Es3l shows good inheritance with the overpressure in the source rock, indicating overpressure increased the driving force for oil migration. The oil released from the source rock has a trend to migration from the center of the sag to the uplift belt, which is also indicated by the physical properties of crude oil. The knowledge of the generation and evolution of overpressure has great significance for further exploration in the Linnan Sag and other extensional basins.

Anisotropic subloading surface Cam‐clay plasticity model with rotational hardening: Deformation gradient‐based formulation for finite strain

AbstractThis study is aimed at developing an anisotropic elastoplastic constitutive model for geomaterials at finite strain and its stress calculation algorithm based on the fully implicit return‐mapping scheme. The Cam‐clay plasticity model is adopted as a specific prototype model of geomaterials. As a pertinent representation of deformation‐induced anisotropy in geomaterials, nonlinear rotational hardening is incorporated into the model in a theoretically reasonable manner by introducing the dual multiplicative decompositions of the deformation gradient tensor. In addition to the usual decomposition into elastic and plastic parts, the plastic part is decomposed further into a part contributing to the rotational hardening and a remainder part. The former part leads to a back stress ratio tensor related to the rotational hardening via a hyperelastic‐type hardening rule. The constitutive theory is thereby formulated on proper intermediate configurations entirely in terms of deformation‐like tensorial variables possessing invariance property, without resort to any objective rates of stress or stress‐like variables. Combining the Cam‐clay plasticity with the concept of subloading surface, a class of unconventional plasticity, enables the model to be capable of reproducing complex hardening/softening accompanied by volumetric contractive/dilative responses. Basic characteristics and predictive capability of the proposed model, as well as the accuracy of the developed numerical scheme, are verified through several numerical examples including monotonic and cyclic loadings.

Strain response analysis of API 5L X80 pipelines with a constrained dent subjected to internal pressure

Constrained dents normally cause serious plastification on the pipe under internal pressure due to the restraint of the indenter. Therefore, in this work, the strain response of the API 5 L X80 (referred to as X80 in the remainder part) steel pipeline containing a constrained dent was investigated. Firstly, the formation process of the constrained dented pipeline was numerically simulated by establishing a 3D finite element (FE) model. The model was then verified against the test results of other researchers. The validated model was employed to investigate the equivalent plastic strain distributions of the constrained dent created during the pipe construction and pipe operation stages. Finally, an extensive parametric study was conducted to examine the effects of the internal pressure, dent depth, diameter-to-thickness ratio, indenter size and shape on the strain response of the constrained dented pipe in detail. The results show that the maximum equivalent strain of shallow dents locates at the pipe inner wall at the dent center. As the dent depth increases, the maximum strain position deviates from the dent center and moves outwards along the pipe circumferential direction. Compared with the constrained dent formed during the pipe construction period, the maximum equivalent strain of the in-service constrained dented pipelines is larger under the identical dent depth. The maximum strain increases significantly as increasing the dent depth and internal pressure. It is noted that the wall thickness has a greater influence on the equivalent plastic strain distributions of the constrained dented pipe than that of the pipe diameter. The equivalent plastic strain caused by a small indenter is more serious than the large one due to the high strain concentration. It is noteworthy that circumferential dent (dent length is less than dent width) can be considered as the most severe form of dent defects on the pipe in comparison to the axial dent (dent length is greater than dent width) and dome dent (dent length is approximately equal to dent width).

Shell Mass, Biomass, Condition, and Reproductive State of the Invasive Bivalve Mytilopsis leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831) (Dreissenidae)

Basic information on shell dimensions, calcimass and periostracum mass, biomass, and the relation between the condition and reproduction of Mytilopsis leucophaeata was analyzed for a population in the North Sea Canal, the Netherlands. The mean dry flesh weight of individuals with a mean shell length of 12.5 mm showed a peak at the end of June. The mussel reached the highest mean dry flesh weight in the month before the spatfall started. The gonad index (GI) was high in June, followed by a period of decrease until September and a period of increase until November. The condition index (CI) peaked in June and decreased during the remainder part of the year. The range of CI was highest in May when the gonadal development progressed and was smallest in June when the gonadal development was complete. The CI decreased during the rest of the year. Quantile regressions showed a highly significant relation between CI and shell length. Based on the regression coefficients, the CI was maximal at a shell length of 11.4 mm and minimal at 12.5 mm. Condition index variation was highest within a shell length range of 10–15 mm.

Static Mantle Density Distribution 2 Improved Equation and Solution

Using Archimedes Principle of Sink or Buoyancy (APSB), Newton’s universal gravity, buoyancy, lateral buoyancy, centrifugal force and Principle of Minimum Potential Energy (PMPE), this paper improves the derivation of equation of static mantle density distribution. It is a set of mutual related 2-D integral equations of Volterra/Fredholm type. Using method of matchtrying, we find the solution. Some new results are: (1) The mantle is divided into sink zone, neural zone and buoyed zone. The sink zone is located in a region with boundaries of an inclined line, angle α_0=35°15’, with apex at O(0,0) revolving around the z-axis, inside the crust involving the equator. Where no negative mass exists, while positive mass is uniformly distributed. The buoyed zone is located in the remainder part, inside the crust involving poles. Where no positive mass exists, while negative mass is uniformly distributed. The neural zone is the boundary between the buoyed and sink zones. The shape of core (in sink zone) is not a sphere. (2) The total positive mass is equal to the total negative mass. (3) The volume of BUO zone is near twice the volume of SIN zone. (4) No positive mass exists in an imagine tunnel passing through poles (the z-axis).

Characteristic polynomials and zeta functions of equitably partitioned graphs

Let π={V1,…,Vr} be an equitable partition of the vertex set of a directed graph (digraph) X. It is well known that the characteristic polynomial ϕ(X/π,x) of a quotient graph X/π divides that of X, but the remainder part is not well investigated. In this paper, we define a deletion graphX\\π over an equitable partition π, which is a signed directed graph defined for a fixed set of deleting vertices {v‾i∈Vi,i=1,⋯,r}, and give a similarity transformation exchanging the adjacency matrix A(X) which is compatible with the equitable partition for a block triangular matrix whose diagonal blocks are the adjacency matrix of the quotient graph and the deletion graph. In fact, we show the result for more general matrices including adjacency matrix of graphs, and as corollaries, we show the followings: (i) a decomposition formula of the reciprocal of the Ihara-Bartholdi zeta function over an equitably partitioned undirected graph into the quotient graph part and the deletion graph part, and (ii) Chen and Chen's result ([4, Theorem 3.1]) on the Ihara-Bartholdi zeta functions on generalized join graphs, and (iii) Teranishi's result [32, Theorem 3.3].

Static Mantle Density Distribution 1 Equation

The study of mantle distribution does relate to the reflecting of seismic waves, and has important meaning. Using Archimedes Principle of Sink or Buoyancy (APSB), Newton’s gravitation, buoyancy, lateral buoyancy, centrifugal force and the Principle of Minimum Potential Energy (PMPE), we derive equation of static mantle density distribution. It is a set of double-integral equations of Volterra/Fredholm type. Some new results are: (1) The mantle is divorced into sink zone, neural zone and buoyed zone. The sink zone is located in a region with boundaries of a inclined line, with angle α1=35°15’ apex at 0(0,0,0) revolving around the z-axis, inside the crust involving the equator. The buoyed zone is located in the remainder part, inside the crust involving poles. The neural zone is the boundary between the buoyed and sink zones. The shape of core (in sink zone) is not a sphere. (2) The Potential energy inside the Earth is calculated by Newton’s gravity, buoyancy, centrifugal force and lateral buoyancy. (3) The gravitational acceleration above/on the crust is tested by formula with two parameters reflecting gravity and centrifugal force, and the phenomenon of “heavier substance sinks down in vertical direction due to attraction force, and moves towards to edges in horizontal direction due to centrifugal force” is tested by a cup of stirring coffee.

Preparation and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles via Thermal Decomposition from Zinc(II) Schiff Base Complex as New Precursor

In this paper,nano-sized of mononuclear tetrahedral zinc(II) complex with the general formula of Zn((pma-ba)2en)Br2.2H2O, (pma-ba)2en=N,N¢-bis{(paramethylamino)benzylidene}ethylenediamine, was synthesized by ultrasonic bath assisted from the reaction of ZnBr2 and Schiff base ligand (pma-ba)2en in molar ratio 1:1 in methanol solution. The zinc(II) Schiff base complex characterized by elemental analyses (CHN), Fourier transformed infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, thermal stability of the complex was studied from room temperature to 780 °C under argon atmosphere. TGA shows three stages for decomposition of the zinc(II) complex. At the end of decomposition, the remainder part is ZnO. The preparation of ZnO at the end of thermal decomposition confirmed with XRD. The XRD pattern of complex has shown that the sharp crystalline peaks indicating the crystalline phase in complex. By Scherrer’s formula, the average size of the nano-sizes of the complex was calculated >200 nm, that confirmed by SEM image. In addition, ZnO nanoparticles were obtained by thermal decomposition of zinc(II) Schiff base complex at 550 °C for 3 h. XRD result that the good crystallinity for zinc(II) oxide with no impurity observed in the ZnO product. The average size of the nanoparticles of the ZnO was calculated <50 nm.

Halogen Bonding: A Halogen-Centered Noncovalent Interaction Yet to Be Understood

In addition to the underlying basic concepts and early recognition of halogen bonding, this paper reviews the conflicting views that consistently appear in the area of noncovalent interactions and the ability of covalently bonded halogen atoms in molecules to participate in noncovalent interactions that contribute to packing in the solid-state. It may be relatively straightforward to identify Type-II halogen bonding between atoms using the conceptual framework of σ-hole theory, especially when the interaction is linear and is formed between the axial positive region (σ-hole) on the halogen in one monomer and a negative site on a second interacting monomer. A σ-hole is an electron density deficient region on the halogen atom X opposite to the R–X covalent bond, where R is the remainder part of the molecule. However, it is not trivial to do so when secondary interactions are involved as the directionality of the interaction is significantly affected. We show, by providing some specific examples, that halogen bonds do not always follow the strict Type-II topology, and the occurrence of Type-I and -III halogen-centered contacts in crystals is very difficult to predict. In many instances, Type-I halogen-centered contacts appear simultaneously with Type-II halogen bonds. We employed the Independent Gradient Model, a recently proposed electron density approach for probing strong and weak interactions in molecular domains, to show that this is a very useful tool in unraveling the chemistry of halogen-assisted noncovalent interactions, especially in the weak bonding regime. Wherever possible, we have attempted to connect some of these results with those reported previously. Though useful for studying interactions of reasonable strength, IUPAC’s proposed “less than the sum of the van der Waals radii” criterion should not always be assumed as a necessary and sufficient feature to reveal weakly bound interactions, since in many crystals the attractive interaction happens to occur between the midpoint of a bond, or the junction region, and a positive or negative site.

Simultaneous energy harvesting and information processing considering multi‐relay multi‐antenna using maximum ratio transmission and antenna selection strategies

AbstractWireless networks suffer from battery discharging specially in cooperative communications when multiple relays have an important role but they are energy‐constrained. To overcome this problem, energy harvesting from Radio Frequency signals is applied to charge the node battery. These intermediate nodes have the ability to harvest energy from the source signal and use the harvested energy to transmit information to the destination. Simultaneous energy harvesting and data transmission can be done in multi‐relay systems. Each relay dedicates a part of time or power for energy harvesting, and the remainder part is devoted for data transmission. Based on time or power division, 2 relaying protocols known as time switching based relaying protocol or power splitting based relaying protocol exist. These 2 protocols can also be applied in delay‐limited and delay‐tolerant transmission systems. The previous works have assumed a single relay or single antenna for energy harvesting, but in this paper, the proposed method is concentrated on improving the throughput by using multiple antennas in multi‐relay system. Two strategies of selecting the signal of multiple antennas for transmission known as maximum ratio transmit and Antenna selection has been used in this paper. Maximum ratio transmit combines the signals of antennas but Antenna selection selects the antenna with maximum signal‐to‐noise ratio. According to our simulation results, when using multi‐antenna relays, ability of energy harvesting is increased compared with single‐relay or single‐antenna system and thus the system performance will be improved considerably. Also, maximum ratio transmit method has better performance compared with Antenna Selection one.

A new method for topology design of electromagnetic antennas in hyperthermia therapy

The topological derivative concept has been proved to be useful in many relevant applications such as topology optimization, inverse problems, image processing, multi-scale constitutive modeling, fracture mechanics and damage evolution modeling. In this work, we develop a new optimization method based on the topological derivative concept applied to the cancer treatment by hyperthermia. Hyperthermia therapy is a non-invasive medical treatment in which body tissue is artificially heated through electromagnetic waves, focusing the heat in cancerous cells undergoing apoptosis. The basic idea, therefore, consists in finding a distribution of heat source generated by electromagnetic antenna aiming to increase the temperature in the region occupied by the tumor, while keeping the temperature in the remainder part of the body. Numerical results are presented illustrating possible application of the proposed methodology to treatment of cancer by hyperthermia.

On decay properties of solutions to the Stokes equations with surface tension and gravity in the half space

In this paper, we proved decay properties of solutions to the Stokes equations with surface tension and gravity in the half space $\mathbf{R}_{+}^{N}=\{(x',x_N)\mid x'\in\mathbf{R}^{N-1},\ x_N>0\}$ $(N\geq 2)$. In order to prove the decay properties, we first show that the zero points $\lambda_\pm$ of Lopatinskii determinant for some resolvent problem associated with the Stokes equations have the asymptotics: $\lambda_\pm=\pm i c_g^{1/2}|\xi'|^{1/2} -2|\xi'|^2+O(|\xi'|^{5/2})$ as $|\xi'|\to0$, where $c_g>0$ is the gravitational acceleration and $\xi'\in\mathbf{R}^{N-1}$ is the tangential variable in the Fourier space. We next shift the integral path in the representation formula of the Stokes semi-group to the complex left half-plane by Cauchy's integral theorem, and then it is decomposed into closed curves enclosing $\lambda_\pm$ and the remainder part. We finally see, by the residue theorem, that the low frequency part of the solution to the Stokes equations behaves like the convolution of the $(N-1)$-dimensional heat kernel and $\mathcal{F}_{\xi'}^{-1}[e^{\pm i c_g^{1/2}|\xi'|^{1/2}t}](x')$ formally, where $\mathcal{F}_{\xi'}^{-1}$ is the inverse Fourier transform with respect to $\xi'$. However, main task in our approach is to show that the remainder part in the above decomposition decay faster than the residue part.

Principle of generalized velocities in dynamics of planar separation of a rigid body

In this paper, the dynamics of planar separation of a rigid body into two rigid bodies is investigated. Motion of the initial body is planar and its properties (position, velocity, angular velocity, and angular position) are exactly known before separation. The process of separation lasts for a short time during which it is assumed that the position and angle position of the bodies do not vary. After separation, the separated and the remainder body remain to move planar. Applying the principle of momentum and angular momentum, velocity and angular velocity of the separated and remainder body are calculated. In the paper, the analytical procedure for determining these values is developed. Introducing the virtual velocity and angular velocity, the modified D’Alembert–Lagrange equation for planar separation of a body is expressed. Virtual works of impulses caused by impact force and torque are defined and discussed. Using the generalized velocity and angular velocity and introducing the generalized impulse, modified Lagrange’s equations for planar separations are obtained. In this paper, an example of separation of a planar beam on which an impulse of impact force acts is analyzed. Applying the suggested equations, velocity and angular velocity of the remainder beam are determined and discussed. Conditions for transformation of the planar motion into pure translatory motion of the remainder beam are determined. The obtained values represent the initial conditions for long term motion of the remainder part of the beam. The analytical methods suggested in the paper have the potential to improve our knowledge in dynamics of the discontinual separation of a rigid body. The obtained results have practical significance, too.

A dimensionally-heterogeneous closed-loop model for the cardiovascular system and its applications

In the present work a computational model of the entire cardiovascular system is developed using heterogeneous mathematical representations. This model integrates different levels of detail for the blood circulation. The arterial tree is described by a one dimensional model in order to simulate the wave propagation phenomena that take place at the larger arterial vessels. The inflow and outflow locations of this 1D model are coupled with lumped parameter descriptions of the remainder part of the circulatory system, closing the loop. The four cardiac valves are considered using a valve model which allows for stenoses and regurgitation phenomena. In addition, full 3D geometrical models of arterial districts are embedded in this closed-loop circuit to model the local blood flow in specific vessels. This kind of detailed closed-loop network for the cardiovascular system allows hemodynamics analyses of patient-specific arterial district, delivering naturally the appropriate boundary conditions for different cardiovascular scenarios. An example of application involving the effect of aortic insufficiency on the local hemodynamics of a cerebral aneurism is provided as a motivation to reproduce, through numerical simulation, the hemodynamic environment in patients suffering from infective endocarditis and mycotic aneurisms. The need for incorporating homeostatic control mechanisms is also discussed in view of the large sensitivity observed in the results, noting that this kind of integrative modeling allows such incorporation.

BRAIDED ELECTRICAL CONTACT ELEMENT BASED HIGH PERFORMANCE CONNECTORS

Braided Electrical Contact Element or BeCe is high performance mechanically and electrically. It can be used in a variety of connector and interposer applications. This presentation discusses the use of BeCe in board-to-board, flex-to-board, and equivalent connectors. BeCe is typically braided with 6–12 wires and has OD 0.125–0.9 mm and height 1–4 mm. Because of the high elastic compliance, 25–30 % of the uncompressed height, a BeCe height of 2 mm is adequate for a array of 2000 I/O. The contact pitch has a range 0.2–2.0 mm. The average contact force for an array is 5–20 gr. per I/O. The contact resistance of 1 mm BeCe is 5–20 milliohm depending on the wire used. If copper plated stainless steel wire is used the service temperature can be &amp;gt; 250 C. Typical board-to-board connector is constructed by inserting BeCe array in a carrier for adhesive retention. Alternately, the BeCe is cut into two equal heights and each segment is solder attached to the top and bottom side of the FR-4 carrier. Only both ends of BeCe are exposed the remainder part of BeCe is inserted in the spacer above and below the carrier for hard sop to avoid overloading and for buckling prevention. When electrically connecting two parts it can be done with externally applied contact force and with both ends mating in a demuntable way. Alternatively, the mounting can be done in a self-assembled mode, which will be detailed in the presentation. In the presentation the design, construction, and performance of board-to-board connector will be discussed in detail with performance data.

Subcomponent modelling of input parameters for statistical energy analysis by using a wave-based boundary condition

This paper presents a new and efficient method to calculate point mobilities from subcomponents of a full structure. Subcomponent modelling is a commonly used method to gain information on the dynamic behaviour of complex assembly structures using smaller and more efficient models. For instance, point mobility calculations on subcomponent level are used to obtain more accurate input parameters for statistical energy analysis (SEA) models. A full system analysis is often too computationally expensive, so normally only individual subcomponents of the structure are extracted and analysed. This procedure yields a large reduction in computational effort, but also often results in a substantial loss of accuracy. This is due to the use of an approximation of boundary conditions to represent the eliminated remainder part of the structure, i.e. the full structure except the subcomponent at hand. Commonly, these boundary conditions are simplified by assuming clamped, free or simply supported edges. However, this is a huge simplification and may introduce large errors, especially in the low- and mid-frequency ranges. Earlier work has shown that a more accurate description of the boundary conditions can be achieved by describing the interface dynamics by a combination of so-called dynamic waves. In this paper, the method is developed further and a more robust and efficient wave extraction procedure is presented. An industrial body in white BIW is used as a test case and results are presented for three different cases. The results show that the wave-based boundary condition for point impedance calculations from a subcomponent model gives more accurate results than the results obtained with free or clamped boundary conditions.

부분적 템플릿 매칭을 활용한 악보인식

For music score recognition, several approaches have been proposed including shape matching, statistical methods, neural network based methods and structural methods. In this paper, we deal with recognition for low resolution images which are captured by the digital camera of a mobile phone. Considerable distortions are included in these low resolution images, so when existing technology is used, many problems appear. First, captured images are not stable in the sense that they contain lots of distortions or non-uniform illumination changes. Therefore, notes or symbols in the music score are damaged and recognition process gets difficult. This paper presents recognition technology to overcome these problems. First, musical note to head, stick, tail part are separated. Then template matching on head part of musical note, and remainder part is applied. Experimental results show nearly 100% recognition rate for music scores with single musical notes.

Exergy and thermoeconomic evaluation of MSF process using a new visual package

This paper presents a methodology of exergy and thermoeconomic analysis for performance of the Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) process using the developed package. This methodology gets insight on details not available by the first law analysis. The main target of these analyses is to improve the MSF process as well as to determine the unit product cost of the distilled water. Using the developed VDS package, the energy analysis of the considered MSF plant in the rating mode (performance), the gain ratio (GR) is calculated as 7.91. The exergy input, Ė F , to the MSF plant is calculated as 10.7 MW which represents the exergy of the heating steam, exergy associated to the sea water feed, and electrical pumping power minus the exergy of the brine heater condensate. Only 0.2 MW of an elevated exergy in the distilled stream is produced. The exergy associated with blow down and rejection of cooling streams is 4.04 MW which nominated as an exergy loss. The remainder part of Ė D = 6.46 MW is destroyed internally in the plant components as a result the exergetic efficiency of the considered MSF plant, η II 1.87%. The unit product cost of the MSF desalination plant is calculated as 2.63 $/m 3 by two different ways. The first one by calculating the capital and running costs which invested at the boundary of the MSF plant (input streams); the second way is based on mathematical model (thermoeconomics) by which the outlet streams cost is calculated and charged their value to the desalted water. Thermoeconomic analysis shows that the overall cost of the desalination plant will be obtained if the exergy destruction rate of the desuperheater, the distiller train is reduced. The monetary cost of the streams indicated that any modifications in the first stages will cause more effect other than the last stages. Different partial load conditions for the real data of Eoun Mousa MSF plant are depicted and recorded by Data Control System (DCS). These data are fed to the developed VDS software to investigate the performance of the MSF plant. The distillate product varies from 104 (50%) m 3/h to 208 (100%) m 3/h as well as the top brine temperature varies from 86 to 110°C. The heating steam consumption varies from 12 to 26 m 3/h. Thermoeconomic analysis of MSF plant under different partial load conditions showed that the unit product cost increases to 21% when the load decreases to 50% of its design value.

The evolution compressible Navier–Stokes system on polygonal domains

The evolution compressible Navier–Stokes system is considered on polygonal domains. It is shown that the lowest order of the corner singularity of the system is the same as that of the heat equation. In a suitable Banach space the velocity is split into singular and regular parts and the coefficient of the singularity is expressed by convolution of some two functions in the time variable. By a formula of the pressure we observe propagation of the corner singularity along the characteristic lines emanating from the corners and also unboundedness of derivatives of pressure there. An increased regularity for the remainder part is established.

Interactions of the fucose-specific Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin, PA-IIL, with mammalian glycoconjugates bearing polyvalent Lewis a and ABH blood group glycotopes

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fuc > Man specific lectin, PA-IIL, is an important microbial agglutinin that might be involved in P. aeruginosa infections in humans. In order to delineate the structures of these lectin receptors, its detailed carbohydrate recognition profile was studied both by microtiter plate biotin/avidin-mediated enzyme–lectin–glycan binding assay (ELLSA) and by inhibition of the lectin–glycan interaction. Among 40 glycans tested for binding, PA-IIL reacted well with all human blood group ABH and Le a/ Le b active glycoproteins (gps), but weakly or not at all with their precursor gps and N-linked gps. Among the sugar ligands tested by the inhibition assay, the Le a pentasaccharide lacto- N-fucopentaose II ( LNFP II, Galβ1-3[Fucα1-4]GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc) was the most potent one, being 10 and 38 times more active than the Le x pentasaccharide ( LNFP III, Galβ1-4 [Fucα1-3]GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc) and sialyl Le x (Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4[Fucα1-3] GlcNAc), respectively. It was 120 times more active than Man, while Gal and GalNAc were inactive. The decreasing order of PA-IIL affinity for the oligosaccharides tested was: Le a pentaose ≥ sialyl Le a tetraose > methyl αFuc > Fuc and Fucα1-2Gal ( H disaccharide) > 2′-fucosyllactose ( H trisaccharide), Le x pentaose, Le b hexaose ( LNDFH I) and gluco-analogue of Le y tetraose ( LDFT) > H type I determinant ( LNFP I) > Le x trisaccharide (Galβ1-4[Fucα1-3]GlcNAc) > sialyl Le x trisaccharide >> Man >>> Gal, GalNAc, and Glc (inactive). The results presented here, in accordance with the crystal 3D structural data, imply that the combining site of PA-IIL is a small cavity-type best fitting Fucα1- with a specific shallow groove subsite for the remainder part of the Le a saccharides, and that polyvalent glycotopes enhance the reactivity. The Fuc > Man Ralstonia solanacearum lectin RSL, which resembles PA-IIL in sugar specificity, differs from it in it's better fit to the B and A followed by H oligosaccharides vs. Fuc, whereas, the second R. solanacearum lectin RS-IIL (the structural homologue of PA-IIL) binds Man > Fuc. These results provide a valuable information on PA-IIL interactions with mammalian glycoforms and the possible spectrum of attachment sites for the homing of this aggressive bacterium onto the target molecules. Such information might be useful for the antiadhesive therapy of P. aeruginosa infections.