Religious Theory Research Articles

How Can Humans Attain a Harmonious Cosmic Order? Max Scheler’s Insights into Religious Experience in the Middle Period

This paper critically examines Scheler’s mid-period religious theory, focusing on his pursuit of a harmonious cosmic order and religious experience by integrating Catholic theology and phenomenology. The argument has four key stages. First, I argue that the realization of this cosmic order, which enables communion with both the cosmos and God, relies on three elements: spiritual intuition, love, and faith in God’s reality. Second, I contend that these elements, in turn, originate from God’s self-revelation and divine love, which establish a bidirectional relationship between humanity and God. Third, I demonstrate that this mutuality is deepened through Scheler’s dual-layered cosmic order, which employs analogy and phenomenological intuition to distinguish between the microcosm and the macrocosm. Finally, I identify two critical limitations in Scheler’s framework: his oversimplification of the divine–human asymmetry through analogy and his insufficient treatment of the origins of evil. Therefore, while Scheler’s synthesis offers valuable insights, it necessitates the further exploration of metaphysical and religious questions, particularly those concerning divine transcendence and the nature of evil.

Dharmagita Dalam Pelaksanaan Upacara Yajña Di Kecamatan Tegallalang Kabupaten Gianyar

Dharmagita in the religious and social life of Hindus is a form of offering sound art as a form of offering. Dharmagita is always present in Hindu religious ceremonies in Tegallalang District, giving the impression that the dharmagita accompanies the yajña. This research aims to examine the use of dharmagita in the yajña ceremony in Tegallalang sub-district, Gianyar district, and to discover the elements of Hindu philosophy contained in dharmagita. In general, this research aims to explore and provide a clear understanding of dharmagita and its use in yajña ceremony in Tegallalang District, Gianyar Regency, Hindu philosophy studies. This research uses three theories, functional structural theory, religious theory, and symbol theory to examine the dharmagita problem in Tegallalang district. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach, which took the research location in the tegallalang sub-district, because it is seen from the phenomenon of socio-religious life in communities located in the transition area between sub-district and rural areas. The data sources in this research use primary data sources and secondary data sources. The results of this research confirm that dharmagita is a form of sound art offered to God in the yajña ceremony, including the god yajña, butha yajña, manusa yajña, pitra yajña, and rsi yajña ceremonies. Hindu philosophy in the dharmagita includes tattwa teachings which emphasize the divine aspect and have implications for increasing the sraddha and bhakti of the people in the yajña ritual.

How to make conspiracy theory research intellectually respectable (and what it might be like if it were)

ABSTRACT A great deal of conspiracy theory research presupposes a falsehood – that conspiracy theories as such are irrational to believe – and that conspiracy theorists as such suffer from a range of cognitive defects. But since people frequently conspire, many people believe in a wide range of conspiracy theories because they themselves are historically and politically literate. Thus, research questions like ‘Why Do People Believe in Conspiracy Theories?’ (with the presupposition that there is something wrong with them if they do) are misconceived, since people believe in conspiracy theories (like many other theories) for a wide range of reasons, some good and some bad. But there are legitimate research questions here such as ‘Why do so many people believe in irrational conspiracy theories?’ But you can’t answer such questions systematically without a robust set of criteria for determining which kinds of conspiracy theories are irrational to believe and which are not. Furthermore, you need to keep the whole question in mind in conducting your research. If this were done, then it might very well turn out that people believe in irrational conspiracy theories for much the same reasons that they believe in irrational theories of other kinds (for example, religious theories).

The Tradition of Ketipat Kawulu Ceremony in Hindu Community Civilization in Mataram City

This research aims to: 1) To analyze the form of the Ketipat Kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City, 2) To describe the function of the Ketipat Kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City, 3) To analyze the meaning contained in the Ketipat Kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City. The data collection techniques used in this research are 1) Observation, 2) interviews and 3) Documentation. Furthermore, the theories used to analyze are: 1) Religious Theory, 2) Symbolic Instruction Theory, and 3) Value Theory. The results of this study are: 1) The tradition form of ketipat kaulu ceremony in the civilization of Hindu Society in Mataram City consists of: a) carried out by the Hindu community in Mataram City; b) the place of the ceremony is focused on sanggah/merajan, dadya temple, beach and the nearest temple in Mataram City; c) this ceremony is held on tilem sasih kaulu; d) In this ceremony using banten tipat sirikan; e) Steady belief (sradha bhakti). 2) The function of the Ketipat kawulu Ceremony Tradition in Hindu Civilization in Mataram City, namely: a) Neutralizing negative forces; b) As an Implementation of Vedic Teachings; c) As an Actualization of Panca Yadnya; d) As a Practice of Tri Hita Karana teachings; e) Environmental Preservation. 3) The meanings contained in the implementation of the ketipat kaulu ceremony tradition in the civilization of Hindu society in Mataram City include the following: a) philosophical meaning; b) religious meaning (tattwa); c) social meaning d) cultural meaning; e) welfare meaning.

Yogākṣara Dalam Śiwa Tattwa Sebagai Laku Spiritual Untuk Mencapai Kalepasan

Tattwa texts in Bali contain Śiva’s philosophy such as Wṛhaspati Tattwa, Jñānasiddhanta, Jñāna Tattwa, Gaṇapati Tattwa, Sanghyang Mahājñana, Catur Prenawa and Tutur Amertha Kundalini Lontar Śiwa Tattwa contains Śiwa's teachings about divinity, creation and liberation. The interesting in Śiwa Tattwa is the teaching of kalêpasan with the Sadanggayoga concept through ākṣara practice known as yogākṣara. The yogākṣara system as a religious system in Bali has never been studied seriously based on academic methods. Therefore, it needs attention to carry out a more in-depth study. This research aims to interpret yogākṣara in the Śiwa Tattwa to achieve liberation. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive interpretive approach. The primary data in this research is the Śiwa Tattwa text. Secondary data is obtained from literature in the form of books and research results relevant to the research topic. Data collection used observation, interview, documentation, and literature study techniques in this research. Semiotic theory and religious theory are used in this research. The results of this research that the yoga structure contained in Śiwa Tattwa is Sadanggayoga. The form of yogākṣara in the Śiwa Tattwa is by carrying out Panglukuan Ākṣara. Yogākṣara is also an effort to understand the nature of being oneself and achieve Śiwa consciousness. There are seven levels of consciousness dimensions in Śiwa Tattwa called Sapta Pada. From the results of this research, it can be concluded that yogāksara is a spiritual practice to achieve Śiwa consciousness, namely achieving kalêpasan (liberation).

Ratik Basa Ritual Tulak Bala Di Nagari Singgalang X Koto Kabupaten Tanah Datar

The research entitled Ratik Basa as a Tulak Bala Ritual in Nagari Singgalang, X Koto District, Tanah Datar Regency, aims to describe the series of implementation of "Ratik Basa in the Tulak Bala ritual and the views of the people who adhere to the Syattariah sect in Nagari Singgalang, X Koto District, Tanah Datar Regency" . Ratik Basa is a worship service that is integrated into religious traditions in the form of reciting dhikr in various contexts in the lives of the people of Nagari Singgalang. The research uses qualitative methods, field data collection techniques, literature study, observation, interviews and documentation using ritual theory, religious theory and perception theory. The results of the research show that the implementation of the Ratik Basa tradition is sung using a monophonic vocal technique, namely sung in one type of voice. For the people who adhere to the Syattariah sect in Nagari Singgalang, X Koto District, Tanah Datar Regency, Ratik Basa as a Tulak Bala Ritual ceremony is very essential. Because it is closely related to people's lives, especially the threat to the safety of nagari children in various forms of disaster, including natural disasters, dangerous disease attacks, famine, and others. Ratik Basa as a Tulak Bala Ritual is very important for people's lives because apart from being able to avoid all disasters, it has a positive value as an identity for Nagari Singgalang, and as a ritual means to foster ties of brotherhood between groups of adherents of the Syattariah sect and society in general.

Pantheism and William Wordsworth

A religious theory that may be utilized to construct an Islamic criticism of English literature according to Islamic principles is Wordsworth’s pantheism. Pantheism may encourage academics whose ultimate objective is to understand God via the study of natural objects of the universe found in English literature, despite the fact that it is fundamentally antithetical to God’s oneness. We were therefore enthralled by Wordsworth’s interpretation and comprehension of nature. However, we tried to reconstruct the idea from an Islamic perspective utilizing Quranic text after learning that his idea of God’s partial presence as a being within each natural element violates Islamic monotheism. The romantic poets like such as Wordsworth, Keats, and Shelley in Britain; transcendentalists Emerson and Thoreau in the United States; and Goethe and Hegel in Germany all contributed to the idea’s rise in popularity in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emerged as the preeminent literary form dedicated to praising nature in the nineteenth century. Philosophers and poets from all eras and stages manifest pantheism in a variety of languages.

На границе религиозного и секулярного: российский толкинизм как вымышленная религия

The paper treats the phenomenon of so-called fictional religions in the context of contemporary post-secularism theories. Particular attention is paid to M.A. Davidsen's concept of commentitious (fictional) religion, which serves as a methodological basis for considering the Russian role-playing movement of Tolkienists as a fictional religion. The paper analyzes M.A. Davidsen’s concept of post-traditional religious field and fictional religions as its typical feature. A brief history of Russian Tolkienism is given in the paper, its peculiarities are studied in the context of both sociological, psychological and religious theories. It is argued in the paper that Russian Tolkienism can be considered a fictional religion because, based on the literary text, it goes far beyond it, begins to fulfill a number of functions of religion and brings invented ritual practices into reality.

MODERASI BERAGAMA: PERAN DAN TANTANGAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DI SEKOLAH DI ERA DIGITAL

Religious moderation is defined as an attitude aimed at reducing violence or avoiding extremism in religious practices to balance religious teachings. This is reflected in defending religious teachings while accepting opposing views. Religious moderation aims to bring harmony into the lives of others. The role of religious mediation that students must understand in the current digital era is as follows: 1) Peaceful education that respects human rights and friendship between nations, races or groups, 2) developing entrepreneurship and partnerships with industry, 3) paying attention to prophetic Islam, 4 ) include lessons about tolerance and religious pluralism, 5) understanding of Islam for it was passed down to a moderate anti-mainstream Indonesian Islamist, 6) balancing views between intellectual, spiritual, moral and casual abilities, 7) producing intellectual scholars, 8) solutions to educational problems , 9) emphasizing the holistic quality of education and 10) the ability to improve foreign language skills. In order to develop moderate students, there are many challenges to be faced, especially in the increasingly advanced digital era, such as the current decline in attachment to religious institutions, changes in religious theory and the strengthening of individualism.

TRADISI MEBUNCING JERO DONG DING PADA SASIH KESANGA DI DESA MUNCAN, KECAMATAN SELAT, KABUPATEN KARANGASEM (KAJIAN ETNOPEDAGOGI)

ABSTRACT One of the unique traditions found in Muncan Village, Selat District, Karangasem Regency is the Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding Tradition. This tradition is an ancestral cultural heritage that still exist today. Tradition as a type of local wisdom has an educational function and noble values that are upheld by the community. There are several problem formulations in this research, namely 1) How is the Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding Tradition procession on the Sasih Kesanga? 2) What is the function of holding the Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding Tradition at the Sasih Kesanga in Muncan Village? 3) What educational values are contained in the Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding Tradition?The theories used in dissecting this research problem are symbol theory, structural functional theory, religious theory, value theory and educational theory. This research design uses a qualitative descriptive research design. The research instrument in this case is the researcher himself. Data collection techniques were carried out using observation, in-depth interviews, literature study and documentation. The data analysis techniques carried out by researchers after the data have been collected are data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions/verification and finally testing the validity of the data.The results of this research are 1) The Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding procession consists of two stages, namely the preparation stage and the implementation stage. The planning stage consists of preparing materials and tools, determining the person who will make the statue and the nangiang event. 2) The Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding tradition has an educational function, namely learning while working, learning while developing, learning while listening/watching. The reason for carrying out this tradition is that the Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding tradition is a fertility rite and is also part of other ceremonies in the Muncan Traditional Village. 3) The educational values contained in the Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding tradition are the value of Tattwa education, the value of ethical/moral education, the value of ceremonial education and the educational value of togetherness and mutual cooperation. Keywords: Tradition, Mebuncing Jero Dong Ding, Ethnopedagogic

KAJIAN FILOSOFI TRADISI MEGÉBÉG-GÉBÉGAN GODÉL DALAM UPACARA BHUTA YAJÑA DI DESA ADAT DHARMAJATI TUKADMUNGGA KECAMATAN BULELENG KABUPATEN BULELENG

The Megébég-gébégan godél tradition is a tradition that is carried out by grabbing or pulling the godél's head. This tradition is carried out once a year, namely one day before the Nyepi holiday. Looking at this background, the problem can be formulated as follows: 1) What is the basis of the megébég-gébégan godél tradition in the Dharmajati Tukadmungga Traditional Village, Buleleng District, Buleleng Regency? 2) What is the Megébég-gébégan godél traditional system in the Dharmajati Tukadmungga Traditional Village, Buleleng District, Buleleng Regency? 3) What is the meaning of the philosophy of the Megébég-gébégan godél tradition in the Dharmajati Tukadmungga Traditional Village, Buleleng District, Buleleng Regency? The theories used include: 1) Religious theory, 2) Structural functional theory, and 3) Symbol theory. The methods used to collect data are: observation method, interview method, and document study method. The results obtained from this research are: 1) The Megébég-gébégan godél tradition is based on a historical basis, a mythological basis, a religious basis, and a social basis. 2) This traditional system is: (1) The place of implementation is at the great intersection (catus pata) and The implementation time is once a year, the day before the Nyepi holiday, (2) The means of implementing the tradition are godél and using banten, the implementers of the megébég-gébégan godél tradition are: the Dharmajati Tukadmungga Traditional Village Community, Jro Mangku Kahyangan Tiga, and Sarati Banten. The process of carrying out the bhuta yajña ceremony begins with mepepade, prayers at Pura Dalem, followed by the tawur grand senga and the megébég-gébégan godél tradition, 3) The meanings contained in the Megébég-gébégan godél tradition are: the meaning of philosophy, the meaning of Tri Hita Karana, the meaning of togetherness, ethical meaning, meaning, and significance of cultural preservation
 Keywords: Megébég-gébégan Godél Tradition, Philosophical Studies

TARI REJANG SANG HYANG IINAN DI DESA ADAT PUJUNGAN KECAMATAN PUPUAN KABUPATEN TABANAN

The sang hyang iinan rejang dance is one of the sacred dances of Pujungan village and is one of the inheritances passed down from generation to generation that must be carried out. This dance is performed every Pujawali Kapat which is held once a year. The people of Pujungan Village believe that the rejang sang hyang iinan dance has a very deep meaning for the community. Based on this background, there are several problem formulations in this research, including: 1) What is the basis of the rejang sang hyang iinan dance in the Pujungan Traditional Village? 2) What is the process of implementing the sang hyang iinan rejang dance in the Pujungan Traditional Village? 3) What is the meaning and function of the sang hyang iinan rejang dance in Pujungan Village? Several theories that researchers use to study the problem and also provide direction and foundation, namely: 1) Religious Theory is used to dissect the formulation of the first problem regarding the basis for implementing the rejang sang hyang iinan dance in the Pujungan Traditional Village. 2) Structural functional theory is used to dissect the formulation of the second problem regarding the process of implementing the rejang sang hyang iinan dance in the Pujungan Traditional Village. 3) The Theory of Meaning is used to dissect the formulation of the third problem regarding the meaning and function of the rejang sang hyang iinan dance in the Pujungan Traditional Village. The results of the research and data analysis show: (1) The basis for the implementation of the Rejang sang hyang iinan dance is seen from the perspective of a historical basis, a religious basis. The process of performing the Rejang sang hyang iinan dance is carried out at the pujawali kapat in Pujungan Village using facilities in the form of the sang hyang iinan. (2) The function of the sang hyang iinan rejang dance can be seen in terms of religious function, social function and cultural preservation function. (3) The philosophical meaning contained in the sang hyang iinan rejang dance is the aesthetic meaning, the meaning of Hindu religious education, and the ethical meaning.

SANGGAH KAMULAN DADAP SAKTI di DESA LES KECAMATAN TEJAKULA KABUPATEN BULELENG KAJIAN FILSAFAT HINDU

Hinduism is a religion that also teaches worship of God and its manifestations by using a form or symbol whose existence is purified. A holy place is a place for Hindus to carry out daily worship or on certain days. There are 2 (two) Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti in Les Village. Namely the Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti Surya and the Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti Taksu. Sanggah Kamulan Surya is a place to worship Bhatara Hyang Guru. Community belief in Les Village in worshiping Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti has the belief that what is worshiped in Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti is Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa/God and its manifestations, Tri Purusa, Purusa-Pradana, Bapanta-Ibunta, and Atmanta. Between the two Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti a stone is placed, or there is also someone who places a stone under the Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti which is called Ratu Gede Dasar.
 This study uses symbol theory, religious theory, and meaning theory. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. This study examines the form of the Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti, the function of the Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti and the Meaning of the Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti.
 The results of this study include; (1) the form of Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti, namely Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti in Les Village has a height of 1 m, a length of 1.5 m, and a width of 1 m. (2) The functions of Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti in Les Village consist of: religious function, educational function, togetherness function, ethical function, aesthetic function, function of preserving Hindu religion, function of giving a sense of closeness, and function of providing a sense of security. (3) The meaning of Sanggah Kamulan Dadap Sakti in Les Village consists of: The meaning of Hindu religious education, the meaning of purification, and the meaning of harmony.

Yogākṣara: Kalepasan road map

Yogākṣara is yoga of a specific nature, as it uses the medium of bhijākṣara [seed script] as a kalêpasan roadmap. In the Śiwa Tattwa it is stated that the Ākṣara relates to something magical, seen as the universal code for the true self [Ātman] as a link to the soul of the universe [Paramātman]. The yogākṣara system, as one of the religious systems of the Balinese Hindu community, has never been studied seriously based on academic rules, therefore this research is expected to explain yogākṣara scientifically. This type of research is qualitative by referring to Śiwa Tattwa text as primary data. Data collection in this research uses observation, interview, documentation, and literature study techniques. To dissect the problem formulation, semiotic theory and religious theory are used. This study found that Ākṣara is the rope that binds the Ātman to remain in the body. Kalêpasan is the process of how we release ākṣara so that the Ātman is released from its bonds. This is where yogis take the ultimate path of death [kalêpasan] by knowing and understanding the secret of ākṣara within and the secret of ākṣara in the universe through yogākṣara.

Negative Capabilities: Investigating Apophasis in AI Text-to-Image Models

Through a case study of images generated by Swedish artist Steph Maj Swanson using an AI text-to-image (T2I) model, this article explores the strategy of negative weight prompting in T2I models as a phenomenon of apophasis. Apophasis is a linguistic strategy commonly deployed in texts of mystical theology to express the ineffability of God through negative concepts. In this article, a comparison of apophatic strategies in mystical texts and T2I models is engaged to highlight the mutual benefit of theorising AI with the help of religious theory and concepts. With this, the article builds on previous work on the New Visibility of Religion, enchantment, and post-secularism—especially the research of Beth Singler on religious continuities in representations of AI. Recent work on AI prompt engineering, computational linguistics, and computational geometry is invoked to explain the linguistic processes of T2I models. Poststructuralist semiotics is then employed to theorise the search for the Transcendental Signified in apophatic theology. The article concludes that linguistic theology can help to elucidate technological use cases, subsequently arguing for further dialogue between scholars in artificial intelligence and religious studies, and for a revaluation of religion in the technological sphere.

REKONSTRUKSI TEORI AGAMA PRIMITIF DI ERA POSTMODERNISME

<em>Every soul in the human person have great curiosity about a substance that created them or a substance that is believed to have power which can also be interpreted as a ruling spirit. Therefore, various views arose regarding what is called primitive belief or religion. The history of the emergence of primitive religion is increasingly being discussed by thinkers in modern to postmodern times because the emergence of religion often becomes a science used as research material by academics. Various theories were put forward as material for finding factual data related to the early emergence of primitive religion. The method used in this study is the library study method, the data obtained through books, journals or research related to the reconstruction of primitive religious theory. This study uses an anthropological approach to religion which seeks to understand religion by examining forms of religious practice that grow and develop in the life of primitive society. The results of the research reveal the reconstruction of primitive religious theories, various forms of primitive religion, theories that gave rise to primitive religious beliefs, and the characteristics of primitive religious adherents to the reconstruction of views on primitive religion. The result of this discussion is that the theory regarding the emergence of primitive religion put forward by Eastern scientists often encounters many disputes with the ideas of Western Orientalists. Most western orientalists assume that primitive religion emerged at the very beginning of human civilization itself, although there are several western theories which say that what is meant by primitive humans is a society far from civilization. This proves the importance of studying the reconstruction of primitive religious theory in the postmodern era.</em>

Between Two Worlds: The “Israelite-AmeriIndian” Theory In 17th Century Abrahamic Thought

The discovery of the West Indies by Christopher Columbus in the fifteenth century disrupted traditional Abrahamic cosmology and millenarianism in Europe. As the existence of previously unidentified peoples contradicted the scriptural notion of monogenesis, conquest in the Americas required not only a physical colonization, but a spiritual appropriation. Religious theories were developed in response to explain indigenous communities’ isolation, absence, and independence from the known world. The Israelite-AmeriIndian theory —which hypothesized that the indigenous peoples were descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel— popularized in the mid-seventeenth century. Its two main proponents, Thomas Thorowgood and Menasseh ben Israel, a Presbyterian minister and a Marrano rabbi respectively, attempted to reconcile the reality of the Americas with their historical imagination of the Old World. In expressing opposing interpretations of the Israelite myth and the role of indigenous Americans in the exile and future eschaton, Thorowgood and ben Israel demonstrated divergent understandings of the consequence and purpose of colonialism in the biblical metanarrative.

Bentuk Integrasi Pemujaan Tri Murti Di Pura Dalem Taak Desa Batubulan Kecamatan Sukawati Kabupaten Gianyar

Pura Dalem Taak has its own uniqueness where there is the concept of Tri Murti in it. The concept of the Tri Murti is generally worshiped in certain temples, but in Dalem Taak Temple, the gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva become a worship unit that cannot be separated from one another. This happened because of an integration between Dalem Bantas Temple and Dalem Taak Temple. The purpose of this study was to analyze the existence of an integrated form of Tri Murti worship in the Dalem Taak Temple, Batubulan Village, Sukawati District, Gianyar Regency. The type of research used is qualitative using religious theory and structural-functional theory. The data sources in this research are primary data sources and secondary data sources. Primary data sources were obtained through observation and interviews while secondary data sources were obtained through document studies and literature studies. The results of this study are 1) The architecture of the Dalem Taak Temple building has the Tri Mandala, as a medium for developing harmony within the Tri Hita Karana territory. 2) The Pelinggih building ornament at Dalem Taak Temple has its aesthetic value and also has its own symbolic meaning. 3) Upakara or ceremonies are held at Dalem Taak Temple, which is on Kuningan day. The integration of Pura Dalem Taak was carried out thanks to community communication and the Bhujangga Waisnawa clan, previously at Pura Dalam Taak there was one shrine namely Padma Rong Lima, and there were no graves or other shrines yet, Pura Dalem Bantas was moved to Pura Dalem Taak so that it is now a single unit that intact.

Implikasi Religiusitas Pementasan Tari Sanghyang Jaran di Desa Bungkulan pada Masa Pandemi Covid 19

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the performance of the Sanghyang Jaran Dance in Bungkulan Village was delayed several times. The delay in the performance of this sacred dance ultimately has implications for the religious values ??of the adherents. This paper aims to identify the religious implications of the postponement of the Sanghyang Jaran dance performance. Kontjaraningrat and Robertson Smith's religious theory was used to interpret the data obtained. The results of the study indicate that there are at least three forms of religiosity implications experienced by the community during the postponement. First, the dancers are often visited by the spirit of Sanghyang Jaran in an unusual or angry condition. In addition, the dancer's family also experienced unusual illness and frequent household problems. Second, farmers experience anxiety due to declining yields and thefts that have occurred several times. Third, people experience discomfort with the surrounding conditions such as tense, many people are sick, so many people die in a row in the near future or grubug.

The Long View: Leadership at a Critical Juncture for “African Art” in America

The Long View: Leadership at a Critical Juncture for “African Art” in America