Religious Scale Research Articles

KEBAHAGIAAN SISWA BOARDING SCHOOL: MENELAAH PERAN PENTING ORIENTASI RELIGIUS DAN KUALITAS PERTEMANAN

This study aims to examine the extent to which religious orientation and friendship quality can influence student happiness at SMP Muhammadiyah Boarding School ‘X’ in Banyumas Regency, Central Java. This study used a quantitative approach to analyse the relationship between variables. Data were collected using the Orientation to Happiness (OTH) scale, Religious Orientation Scale (ROS), and Friendship Qualities Scale (FQS). By applying the Partial Least Square (PLS)-SEM method, the results showed that religious orientation and friendship qualities play a significant role in achieving students' happiness in boarding schools. The findings of this study provide a stronger basis for the development of interventions or programmes aimed at increasing students' happiness in boarding schools. For future researchers, it is recommended to conduct a broader and more comprehensive study involving mediator and moderator variables.

When income meets faith: the development and application of the Chinese generation Z unconventional religious orientation scale

This study seeks to analyze the psychological construction of Unconventional Religious Orientations and their association with individual income level satisfaction within Generation Z. Generation Z, individuals born between 1995 and 2010, grew up in a socio-cultural context marked by digitization and globalization. This study identifies three key dimensions of Unconventional Religious Orientations: religious spiritual dependence, religious instrumental tendencies, and religious uniqueness identity. By combining rootedness theory, semi-structured interviews, and literature review, we constructed and refined a set of relevant scales. Using exploratory and validation factor analyses (EFA and CFA), we verified the structural validity of the scale. The results of the analyses revealed significant negative correlations between satisfaction with income level and all dimensions of Unconventional Religious Orientation for Generation Z, suggesting that Unconventional Religious Orientation tends to diminish as income satisfaction increases. In addition, the significant positive correlations between these dimensions of religious inclination imply that they may share certain underlying factors in their psychological structure. This study not only successfully developed a set of psychometric instruments for Unconventional Religious Orientations, but also provided a new psychological perspective for understanding the dynamic interaction between economic satisfaction and religious psychological attitudes in Generation Z.

The stability of life script and life story events of Nigerian young adults across religion and gender

ABSTRACT The cultural life scripts are shared semantic knowledge of the expected life course in a given culture characterised by a bump for positive events in the second and third life decades, but none for negative events [Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2004). Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory. Memory & Cognition, 32, 427-442. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195836]. We investigated the stability of Nigerian young adults' life scripts and life stories across religion and gender. One-hundred-and-seventy-four participants completed the life script and life story tasks, and the revised religious orientation scale. We found that the life scripts and life stories consisted of mainly positive events with a reminiscence bump located in the 10s and 20s; however, we also found a small bump for negative events. There was a high mention rate of religion-specific events in both the life scripts and life stories of participants across religion and gender. The level of religiosity had effects on the importance ratings of the life scripts and life stories. In sum, despite minor variations, the life scripts and life stories were consistent across religion and gender.

The Structural Pattern of Family Functioning Based on Religious Orientation in Working Men and Women of Hamedan City with the Role of Resilience as a Mediator

Introduction: Family functioning refers to the effectiveness of family members in emotional communication, family rules, family communication and coping with external events. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural pattern of family functioning based on religious orientation in working men and women of Hamedan city with the role of mediator of resilience. Method: The current research was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. The research population included all married men and women working in government organizations in Hamadan city in 1400-1401. The sample size was 335 working men and women available by non-random sampling method. Family functioning questionnaire (FAD), religious orientation scale (ROS) and resilience scale (RISC) were used. Data analysis software was SPSS-21 and AMOS-24. Results: The results showed that religious orientation (β = -0.518 and p = 0.001) and resilience (β = -0.236 and p = 0.001) have a direct effect on family functioning and religious orientation mediates resilience on Family performance was also significant at 0.1 level. In the following, the indirect relationship of the proposed model was investigated, and a significant value was obtained for the approximation index of goodness of fit (PCLOSE) of 0.001 and the RMSEA index equal to 0.073, which indicated the fit of the model. Conclusion: The results showed that religious orientation can explain the functioning of the family with regard to the role of resilience, so psychologists are recommended to strengthen the functioning of the family and strengthen the foundations of families by holding psychological workshops centered on religion and spirituality. With the help of resilience training to administrative staff. These people help.

The relationship between earthquake risk perceptions, religious orientation, spiritual well-being in individuals with and without earthquake experience: a cross-sectional study

The physical and psychological effects of earthquakes on individuals with their experience dimension are important. This study aimed to examine the relationship between earthquake risk perception, religious orientation, and spiritual well-being among individuals with and without earthquake experience. The data collection instruments included a socio-demographic information questionnaire, earthquake risk perception scale, religious orientation scale, and three-factor spiritual well-being scale. Statistical evaluations were performed using independent samples t test, one-way ANOVA test, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test (Levene), Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression analyses. About 59.9% of the participants had experienced an earthquake. Individuals with earthquake experience scored 33.04 ± 7.80 on the earthquake risk perception scale, 100.65 ± 20.80 on the religious orientation scale, and 119.66 ± 18.87 on the three-factor spiritual well-being scale. Those without earthquake experience scored 31.57 ± 7.74, 96.70 ± 18.46, and 114.09 ± 18.04 on the respective scales. The average scores on the earthquake risk perception scale were found to be statistically significant with respect to gender, while the average scores on the religious orientation scale and the three-factor spiritual well-being scale were found to be statistically significant with respect to both gender and substance use. The regression analysis revealed that religious orientation and three-factor spiritual well-being significantly predicted 13.5% of the variance in earthquake risk perception. Studies to increase individuals’ risk perception are important in minimizing the destructive effects of earthquakes in countries in the earthquake zone.

Adapting Religious Orientation Scales for Muslim Contexts: theoretical review

Even though the scale of religious orientation has a long history of development, it has not yet entered scientific circulation on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. In particular, no special research tests on the Intrinsic and Extrinsic and, Quest scale were carried out on the territory of the country. After all, the scale of religious orientation is not adapted to the Society of Kazakhstan. Therefore, for the development of the Kazakhstan model of the scale of religious orientation, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the religious and cultural space of the country. Considering that Kazakhstan, being a secular country, is dominated by Muslims, it is important to study the scope of application of the scale of religious orientation in Muslim society. The study aims to analyze the theoretical aspects of adaptation of the scale of religious orientation in the Kazakhstan space and to scientifically substantiate the possibility of its use in future research. In the course of the study, the main works of Khan and Waston and Ji and Ibrahim were taken into account. To achieve the goal of the study, a critical analysis of the main works and a comparative approach were used. As a result of the study, it became clear that both works had a scientific contribution. However, since the Khan and Waston studies were conducted primarily in Islamic countries such as Pakistan, there is an adaptation to the culture of these Islamic countries. It was concluded that the Intrinsic and Extrinsic scales used in the Ji and Ibrahim studies have the potential to adapt to the Society of Kazakhstan.

Guilt, Shame, and Religious Ingratiation: The Mediating Role of Prayer and the Moderating Role of Intrinsic Religious Orientation

Emotions are essential in many areas of human life, including religion. Religion can arouse emotions, for example, God’s closeness can be a source of joy and gratitude, while God’s silence can cause anger or disappointment. Furthermore, and vice versa, emotions can affect how people experience or refer to God. This study investigated guilt and shame in relation to prayer and ingratiatory behavior toward God. A moderated mediation model was tested in two samples of Polish adults (Sample 1: n = 321; 53.9% female, mean age = 37.07, and Sample 2: n = 344; 57.0% female, mean age = 37.07) to examine the mediating role of prayer and moderating role of religious orientation in the relationship between guilt and shame with religious ingratiation. The Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale, Religious Ingratiation Scale, Multidimensional Prayer Inventory, and Religious Orientation Scale were used in the study. Guilt and shame positively correlated with religious ingratiation. In both samples, the guilt and shame–religious ingratiation link was mediated through adoration, confession, thanksgiving, supplication, and reception prayer among those low in intrinsic religious orientation.

Lived Experiences of Adults about Religious Orientation and Spirituality

The current research aimed to explore the experiences of young and middle-aged adults having internal religious orientation and high spirituality. The purposive sample consists of 8 participants with a distribution of 4 young and 4 middle-aged adults. These 8 participants were drawn from a total sample of 20 participants, based on their high scores on a religious orientation scale, the spirituality wellness test. A semi-structured interview was designed, consisting of 23 questions based on previous literature. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyze the data. The results of the study indicated that young adults who have internal religiousness and a high level of spirituality reported that humans suffer for their deeds. This research has wide implications in the field of positive psychology and the psychology of religion.

Mediating role of tawakkul between religious orientation and stress among Muslim adults

ABSTRACT Being an important Islamic concept, tawakkul is a fundamental and core value in the Islamic belief system. The present research intended to investigate the role of tawakkul between religious orientation and stress. A purposive sample of (N = 350) Muslim adults aged 25 years and above (M = 31.92, SD = 8.72) was recruited for the study. Tawakkul Scale, the Urdu version of the Stress Subscale of DASS-21, and the Urdu version of the Religious Orientation Scale were used for measuring the focal constructs. Results indicated that tawakkul had a negative relationship with stress and extrinsic social religious orientation and a positive relationship with intrinsic religious orientation and extrinsic personal religious orientation. Tawakkul also mediated the relationships of intrinsic and extrinsic personal religious orientations with stress. Implications of the study and suggestions for future investigations have been discussed.

Impact of Religious Orientation on Prosocial Behavior of Undergraduate University Students: Emotional Expressivity as Moderator

The purpose of the current study is to find out the impact of religious orientation on the prosocial behavior of undergraduate university students. The sample consisted of 528 undergraduate students (279 female, 249 male), who were purposefully selected with an age range of 17 to 24 years. Three scales were employed: the Religious Orientation Scale (Urdu) developed by Khan, Ghous, and Malik (2016), the Prosocial Tendency Measure (PTM-R) by Carlo and Randall (2002), and the emotional expressivity scale (Urdu) developed by Fahd and Hanif (2019). SPSS (22.0) is used to draw the results. This study provides important insights into the relationship between religious orientation and prosocial behavior and highlights the role of emotional expressivity as a moderator in this relationship. The results suggest that individuals who are more religious and also score highly on emotional expressivity may be more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors. This has implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying the relationship between religious orientation and prosocial behavior and may inform interventions aimed at promoting prosocial behavior.

Dinî Yönelimler Ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerine Yönelik Tutumlar: Sivas Örneği

Dinî yönelimlerin toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığına etkisini Sivas örneği üzerinden ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, bir alan araştırmasına dayanmaktadır. Araştırmaya Sivas ilinin merkez ve dört ilçesinden 600 hane halkı katılmıştır. Ölçme araçları “Dinî Yönelim Ölçeği”, “Dinsel Fundamentalizm Ölçeği” ve “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği”nden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma hipotezleri, karmaşık araştırma problemini sistematik ve kapsamlı bir şekilde, tek bir süreçte ele almayı mümkün kılan “Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi” kurularak test edilmiş ve iki temel sonuca ulaşılmıştır: İlk sonuca göre içsel dinî yönelim, dinsel fundamentalizmi pozitif ve anlamlı şekilde yordamaktadır. İkinci sonuca göre dinsel fundamentalizm, toplumsal cinsiyet rolleriyle ilgili eşitlikçi tutumları negatif ve anlamlı biçimde yordamaktadır.

Investigation of relationship between melatonin level and religious orientation, depression level and sleep quality of students in nursing and different department

Background. With insufficient information about the importance of melatonin in human physiology, this hormone is known to be associated with sleep, mood, reproduction, tumor development, and aging. Chronic sleep problems, stress, fatigue, irritability, confusion, tension, and depressive symptoms can be observed in melatonin deficiency. There is no such study in the literature and it is thought to shed light on the literature. The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between melatonin level and religious orientation, depression level, and sleep quality of students in nursing and different department. Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2019 and April 2020. The target population of the study consisted of 1200 students who studying in 2nd grade to ensure harmony and homogeneity in stress, sleep, and melatonin parameters. The sample of the study consisted of 145 individuals who accepted to participate in the study among the 2nd-grade students. Descriptive Information Form, Religious Orientation Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale were used to collect research data. Results. According to the findings obtained from the study, it was determined that the melatonin level of the students was 0.79±0.52 pg/ml, the total score mean of the Sleep Quality Scale was 7.24±3.35, the Beck Depression Inventory was 16.40±10.84 and the Religious Orientation Scale was 47.41±6.05. It was determined that their sleep quality was “bad”; moderately depressed and religious orientation and the melatonin level was below normal. Conclusions. Since the sleep quality total score of the students was above 5, it was determined that their sleep quality was “bad”. It was found that the group was moderately depressed and had a moderate religious orientation. In the study where the standard was accepted as 0.90, it was found that the melatonin level was below normal. It is recommended that the study be conducted in larger groups.

기독교신앙생활척도 개발 및 타당화

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the Christian Faith life scales based ontheology. The scale consists of a relationship with God, religious beliefs, and assessment of life. In this study, preliminary questions were selected through previous studies. As a result of theexploratory factor analysis, 18 items of three factors that satisfy factor loading (>.5), crossloading (<.32), commonality (>.4), and reliability (>.8) were extracted. As a result of theconfirmatory factor analysis, CMIN/DF (2.572), RMSEA (.073), TLI (.938), and CFI (.947) met thecriteria to confirm model fit, and convergent validity and discriminant validity were alsoconfirmed. In addition, criterion-related validity was confirmed through the ReligiousCommitment Inventory scale, the Religious Orientation Scale, and the Biblical Heart Inventory. The significance of this study is that it developed a Christian Faith Life scales based on theologyfor Koreans. This study has limitations in that the Christian faith life was defined according tothe view of a theologian, and that it was difficult for the sample to represent the population. As a follow-up study, the Christian Faith Life scales can be developed through the views ofother theologians, and scales that can represent the population through a richer and morediverse sample can be developed.

Tawakkul Mediates between Religious Orientation and Depression among Muslims

Being an important Islamic concept, tawakkul is a fundamental and core value in the Islamic belief system. The present research intended to investigate the mediating role of tawakkul between religious orientation and depression. A purposive sample of (N = 350) Muslim adults with the age of 25 years and above (M = 31.92, SD = 8.72) was recruited in the study. A cross-sectional survey research design was used. Tawakkul Scale (Gondal et al., 2021), Urdu version of depression subscale of DASS-21 (Aslam, 2018), and Urdu version of Religious Orientation Scale (Khan, et al., 2016) were used in the present study. Results indicated that tawakkul had a negative relationship with depression and extrinsic social religious orientation. On the other hand, it had a positive relationship with intrinsic religious orientation and extrinsic personal religious orientation. The findings of the path model indicated that tawakkul mediated the relationships of intrinsic and extrinsic personal religious orientations with depression. Limitations, implications of the findings of the present study, and suggestions for future investigations have been reflected upon.

Examining the moderating role of religiosity in the relationship between death anxiety and depression in Iranian community-dwelling older adults

ABSTRACT The present study examines the moderating role of religiosity in the association between death anxiety and depression among Iranian community-dwelling older adults. This study recruited 340 participants using a cluster sampling method. The data were collected using the Templer Death Anxiety Scale, Goldberg Depression Questionnaire, and Allport-Ross Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale. The moderating role of intrinsic (death anxiety × intrinsic: β = -.048, p = .388) and extrinsic (death anxiety × extrinsic: β = -.011, p = .831) religiosity in the relationship between death anxiety and depression was not confirmed. The findings did not support the moderating role of religiosity in the relationship between death anxiety and depression. Further studies are recommended to confirm these results.

Examining the relationship between religious perception and psychological well-being levels of university football players

Background and Study Aim. The relationship between sport and religion is one of the most important research topics of sport psychology recently. In the relevant literature, this relationship mostly focused on sports and Christianity. The present study examines the psychological well-being levels of athletes of the Islamic religion. This study aims to examine the relationship between the religious perception of university football players and their psychological well-being levels.
 Material and Methods. For this purpose, 288 university students attending different universities in Turkey, completed the Religious Orientation Scale and Psychological Well-Being Scale. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation between variables. Path analysis was applied to test the hypotheses developed in the study. The hypotheses created were tested by the path analysis method using Amos software. Moderator regression analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23 program (SPSS Inc. Chicago. II. USA). P-value was set at p<0.05.
 
 Results. According to the findings obtained from the study data, positive and significant relationships were determined between the religious perceptions of the university football players and their psychological well-being (p<0,01).
 Conclusions. In conclusion, it was concluded that the religious perception of the university football players was a significant predictor of their psychological well-being (p<0.01). It can be stated that in Turkish-Islamic culture, similar results to the relationship between Sports and Christianity have been achieved. Since religion is a universal phenomenon, it can be stated that the institution of religion has a special meaning for football players.

Social Justice Based on Religious Forms of Prosociality in Russia

This article shows the social and psychological aspects of the prosociality in Russia which help to see the ways to social justice forming. In Russia, under the influence of Christianity forms an approach to prosocial behavior as a mandatory element of public life. Objective of study is an identification of the peculiarities of prosocial manifestation in Russian people with different levels of religiosity in modern social and cultural conditions. This study is conducted on the base of the complex of methods, namely, The Scale of Altruism (SRA); Social Norms of Prosocial Behavior (SNPB); Index of Core Spiritual Experiences (INSPIRIT); Religious Orientation Scale (RSO). The sample consists of 221 people living in various Russian cities (38% of men, 62% of women) aged 20 to 66 years (M-39.8). As a result, the collected data and their evaluation and discussion help to support the idea that spirituality and citizenship have a regulatory influence on the prosocial motives of mercy, tolerance, and altruism.

INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION OF ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR ATTITUDE TO COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the religious orientation of elderly people and their attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine. Material and Methods: This study, which adopted a descriptive and relational screening model, was conducted with the participation of 271 individuals aged 65 and over who were registered in Family Health Centers in the eastern part of Turkey between October - December 2019. Results: The mean score of Holistic Complementary and Alternative Medicine Attitude Scale scores of the elderly individuals participating in the study was 28.23 ± 7.2; The total mean score of the Religious Orientation Scale was 62.10 ± 5.72. A significant difference was found between the elderly individuals' attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine and their educational status. In addition, a statistically significant negative correlation was found between the religious orientation of the elderly and their attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine (p <0.05). Conclusion: It was found that elderly individuals with higher education have lower attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine. The high religious orientation of the elderly increases their positive attitude towards complementary and alternative medicine. In line with these results, awareness on the subject can be increased by educating elderly individuals in primary health care by public health nurses. In addition, it is recommended to conduct the study in different regions and in larger groups.

Self-esteem, locus of control and religiosity in predicting death anxiety among students in a Nigerian tertiary institution

Background: Anxiety usually accompanies the thought of death, and certain variables have been repeatedly linked to it. However, the link has not been thoroughly investigated in Nigeria. Self-esteem, religiosity and locus of control (LOC), which have been linked to death anxiety in Western countries, were investigated among students in a higher institution in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, convenience sampling was used in selecting participants from the tertiary institution. A questionnaire consisting of Templer Death Anxiety Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Revised Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale and Multi-dimensional LOC Scales was used to obtain the data on death anxiety, self-esteem, religious orientation and LOC, respectively.Results: A total of 317 students (mean age 23.8 ± 3.25 years; 131 male) participated in the study. The findings showed that only 'powerful others' LOC (P < 0.01) made a unique and statistically significant contribution to death anxiety among the students.Conclusions: While effort on intervention by health professionals can be directed at the external LOC to lessen death anxiety, other variables require further probe.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКУ СПОЖИВЧОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ ТА РЕЛІГІЙНОЇ ОРІЄНТАЦІЇ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

The article briefly analyzes the concept of «consumer behavior» theoretically and characterizes it’s main types: «individualists», «innovators», «fashionistas», «traditionalists», «conservatives», «situativists», «indifferents». A number of factors through which religion affects consumer behavior are substantiated. The peculiarities of the external (extrinsic) and internal (intrinsic) religious orientations are revealed. The purpose of the research is formulated – to investigate empirically and interpret theoretically the predicted relationships between types of consumer behavior and features of personal religiosity (external and internal). Based on the results of the research, it was established that indicators of both extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity of the respondents are to the greatest extent interconnected with the tendency to demonstrate psychological features of the «Innovator» type. It was found that extrinsic religious orientation is more unambiguous in terms of explained correlations with various types of consumer behavior. As it was empirically proved, in this context extrinsic religiosity is completely «individualistic» and «situational», as well as mostly «innovative» and «fashion-oriented»; instead, intrinsic religiosity has a contradictory system of correlations with manifestations of major types of consumer behavior. In connection with the obtained results, the prospects for further research are determined, related, in particular, to the additional study of the internal homogeneity of the intrinsic items of the «Religious Orientation Scale» by G. Allport and J. Ross.