Religious Ethics Research Articles

India’s Vaccine Diplomacy and Global Health Governance: A Soft Power Approach in the Context of Public Policy and Religious Values

Research Problem: India's vaccine diplomacy during the Covid-19 pandemic has not only emerged as a significant tool of soft power but also involves moral and ethical dimensions closely tied to religious values and public policy. In the midst of a global crisis, the interaction between India’s vaccine diplomacy and the religious and public policy frameworks of recipient nations requires deeper exploration. Research purposes: This article aims to analyze the role of India’s vaccine diplomacy in relation to public policy and religious values in recipient countries, examining how India’s global health initiatives influence moral and ethical perceptions of vaccine distribution, fairness, and international solidarity. Research methods: The study employs policy analysis through a comprehensive literature review, focusing on the relationship between vaccine diplomacy, public policy, and responses from religious communities in the recipient countries. It also explores the ethical and spiritual dimensions of India’s health diplomacy approach and its impact on public health policies. Results and Discussion: The findings reveal that India’s vaccine diplomacy, through initiatives like "Vaccine Maitri," not only strengthens political ties with neighboring and global countries but also interacts with religious value systems, influencing public acceptance of vaccines. Moral values such as solidarity and justice, integral to many religious traditions, reinforce positive responses to the vaccine initiatives. Additionally, in some nations, religious communities have played a significant role in promoting vaccine acceptance by framing the health response in moral terms. Research Implications and Contributions: This research highlights the importance of integrating religious values into public health policy, particularly in global health contexts. Vaccine diplomacy rooted in moral solidarity and universal ethical principles, aligned with religious values, has the potential to enhance international cooperation and reduce vaccine hesitancy. Thus, this study contributes to understanding how religion and public policy can collaborate effectively in addressing global health challenges.

Religious monoglossia/heteroglossia and discourses of women leadership in Pakistani higher education

A growing body of literature reveals how women in higher education are either excluded from leadership roles or face challenges when they take such responsibilities. The role of religion in Muslim societies is vital to understand Muslim women's sense of “self” and their academic leadership roles and engagement in social and political activities. This study uses Bakhtin's writings as well as a feminist perspective in Islam to unpack how religious discourses shape and construe Muslim women's leadership roles in a public university in Pakistan. Data in this study was drawn from two sources: (a) semi-structured interviews with women academic leaders and academics and (b) focus group discussions with postgraduate students. Findings suggest that discourse around women's leadership in higher education in Pakistan is influenced by a male-centric religious monoglossia characterized by discourses on the hijab, masculinist religious epistemologies, and male-centric divine imagery. In addition, the study points to heteroglossic de-centering of the religious monoglossia by suggesting heteroglossic fluidity in Pakistani religious ethics that favors women's roles as leaders in higher education. A heteroglossic fluidity is characterized by how Islam is viewed as a national project, interpreted along sectarian and gendered lines, and often misused to discourage women from assuming leadership roles.

Discovering Islamic marketing potential in shaping blockchain-­based halal logistic services: a bibliometric analysis

Purpose This paper aims to examine the Islamic marketing literature to uncover potential customer adoption behaviours and enhance the effectiveness of blockchain-based halal logistics services in catering to customer demands. The findings of this paper provide substantial contributions to the realms of both halal logistics services and Islamic marketing literature, delineating future paths for research. By delving into halal logistics practices, integration procedures and service provider performance, this paper assists stakeholders in enhancing halal logistics services to meet the changing demands of customers effectively. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a systematic review incorporating bibliometric analysis to examine past and contemporary research topics, selecting and appraising contributions while analysing and consolidating data. A methodical approach has been used to identify, assess and incorporate pertinent studies on Islamic characteristics, traceability technology, blockchain integration and halal logistics practices. Findings After screening and analysing 139 selected documents with the VOS viewer, it is evident that among a 1,000 keywords, 15 stand out in terms of frequency and link strength. The research highlights the considerable academic interest in themes such as “blockchain”, “halal logistics” and “supply chain”, underscoring their importance. The findings of this paper help bridge the gap in Islamic marketing by linking technology with religious values. It suggests that the integration of blockchain technology in halal logistics enhances operational efficiency while aligning with both operational and Islamic marketing principles, promoting ethical conduct and transparency as key enablers. Practical implications The theoretical significance of this paper lies in establishing a correlation among three key research domains: technology, symbolised by blockchain; customer-centric operations, incorporating the halal supply chain and logistics within Islamic marketing. The outcomes reflect consumer behaviour and Shariah compliance. This integration has the potential to introduce innovative theoretical frameworks that encompass religious ethics in marketing, logistics and technological advancements. Originality/value This paper comprehensively analyses the intersection between blockchain technology, halal logistics, supply chain management and Islamic marketing. The paper has comprehensively analysed previous studies and outlined the future research path for blockchain technology in halal logistics and its application in Islamic marketing literature.

Accepting or criticizing religion in the process of globalization

Religion, a belief system closely linked to social life, is the subject of research analyzing religious tolerance and criticism in the struggle for human rights. The issue of religious tolerance and criticism will be clarified based on human rights and religious rights. In addition, the relationship between personal ethics and religious ethics is also different, in which the method of combining humanistic philosophy and social philosophy is used to clarify the complex relationships between religion, people, and society, especially the power and role of individuals in religious communities. Research shows that religion influences behavior and shapes people's value systems and rules of life. However, these value systems sometimes lead to discrimination and conflict. From there, the article concludes that religion is a product of human beings, and its existence can be both a positive and an opposing force in society, depending on specific historical conditions. Studying religious tolerance or criticism is essential to building a harmonious society. People must respect the diversity of beliefs and seek common values in reclaiming human rights in globalization.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik PAK dengan Model PBL pada Materi Yesus Mengajarkan Pengampunan Kelas V Fase C SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju

This study aims to improve learning outcomes in Catholic Religious Education and Budi Pekerti subjects by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model for class V SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju in the 2024/2025 school year. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles with 1 meeting in each cycle. Each cycle consists of several stages, namely planning, implementation, action, observation and reflection. The first and second cycles discussed the material Jesus Teaches Forgiveness. This study aims to determine whether there is an increase in student learning outcomes with the help of the PBL learning model on the material of Jesus Teaches Forgiveness in class V in the subject of Catholic Religious Education and ethics at SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju. This PTK also aims to determine how much the increase in learning achievement targets with the help of the PBL method on the material Jesus Teaches Forgiveness in class V in Catholic religious education and character education subjects at SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju. Based on the results of observations of student learning activities, teacher activities, and student learning outcomes tests that the Problem Based Learning learning model can improve the activities and learning outcomes of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics in class V Phase C students of SD Negeri 5 Cinta Maju, Sitiotio District, Samosir Regency.

Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 2 Tarabintang melalui Metode Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of eighth-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Tarabintang in the subjects of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics through the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model. This method was chosen as a solution to the low interest and learning outcomes of students, especially in understanding the material of the Church as a Sign and Means of Salvation. This study employs a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach conducted in two cycles. Each cycle involves the stages of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the PBL model successfully improved students' learning outcomes in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. In the first cycle, the average value of student test results reached 76, which increased to 85 in the second cycle. In addition, students' active participation in group discussions increased significantly, as seen from the observation results that showed an increase in students' ability to identify problems, provide alternative solutions, and appreciate the perspectives of others. In conclusion, the implementation of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model has proven effective in improving students' learning outcomes, both in terms of knowledge and social skills. The application of this model not only increases students' understanding of the material taught but also enhances students' active participation and motivation to learn. It is recommended that teachers continue to apply this method in teaching, especially in subjects that require active student involvement in problem-solving.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa SD Negeri 1 Parapat Melalui Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) pada Pendidikan Agama Katolik

of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics aims to shape students into individuals who have faith, piety, and noble character. This research focuses on increasing the spiritual potential of students through the introduction and cultivation of religious values. However, the lecture method that has been used has resulted in low motivation and student learning outcomes. This research was conducted at SD Negeri 1 Parapat with the application of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model to improve student independence and learning outcomes. The research method used is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is carried out in two cycles. The results of the pre-test showed that only 2 out of 6 students were complete. In the first cycle, there was an increase in the average score to 76.7 with classical completeness of 70%. In the second cycle, the average grade increases to 100%, with 100% of students achieving completion. This study concludes that the PBL method is effective in improving student learning outcomes, independence, and creativity. The advice for teachers is to apply the PBL method consistently, for students to actively seek learning resources, and for schools to recommend PBL methods in each subject. This research emphasizes the importance of further development in the application of PBL for religious education.

Meningkatan Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Katolik dan Budi Pekerti pada Materi Gereja sebagai Komunitas Umat Beriman menggunakan Model Problem Based and Learning Berbantuan Media Audio Visual di Fase D Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Tanah Pinem Tahun Pelajaran

Learning is not just about gaining knowledge; it's about growing, evolving, and making a difference. Teachers should design lessons that help students develop both skills and knowledge, leading to the development of strong moral character. Effective learning puts students at the center of the process, making learning active, creative, and engaging. However, at SMP Negeri 1 Tanah Pinem, especially in Catholic Religious Education and Ethics, teaching is still very teacher-centered, and only 61% of students are meeting the learning objectives. To address this, the school has implemented a student-centered approach, including Problem-Based Learning (PBL). After using PBL for two cycles, it was found that while only 16% of students showed improvement in the first cycle, all students met the objectives in the second cycle. This shows that PBL has significantly improved student learning outcomes.

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Katolik dan Budi Pekerti dengan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Berbantuan Video Animasi Materi Manusia sebagai Citra Allah Fase D Kelas VII di SMP Negeri 6 Sanggau

This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of grade VII students on Human material as the Image of Allah through the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model at SMP Negeri 6 Sanggau which is carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research subjects in this observation are 37 students in grade VII of SMP Negeri 6 Sanggau. Data collection techniques are carried out through tests (formative tests) and non-tests (observation). The results of the research on the affective aspect of students in cycle I showed an average percentage of 70% increased by 8% to 78% in cycle II. In the first cycle, the percentage of learning outcomes for students in the advanced category was 1%, capable 3%, feasible 24% and newly developed 9%. Meanwhile, in the second cycle, there was an increase in the advanced category of 8%, capable 12%, decent 17% and just developed 0%. So, it can be concluded that learning Catholic Religious Education and Ethics with the Problem Based Learning (PBL) method is proven to improve student learning outcomes. In addition, this learning model can also increase students' confidence, especially in developing communication skills in groups and with educators.

Meningkatkan Minat dan Capaian Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Melalui Penerapan Metode Pembelajaran Kooperatif KWL pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Katolik dan Budi Pekerti pada Siswa Kelas X-A SMA Negeri 1 Lahusa, Kabupaten Nias Selatan

This class action research (PTK) was carried out on students in grade X-A SMA Negeri 1 Lahusa South Nias for the 2024/2025 academic year, due to problems, namely the low learning outcomes of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics subjects due to low student learning motivation. Through the application of the KWL cooperative learning method, this problem is tried to be improved and improved The stages in this study are carried out as many as two cycles, the steps in each cycle consist of four stages, namely the planning stage, the implementation of action (acting), observation (observing) and reflection (reflecting). In the observation section, observers and researchers collect data by observing the activities of students and teachers in the learning process through the use of mass media in Catholic Religious Education and ethics lessons. The results of the study show that during the learning process in cycle I it is 56% while in cycle II it is 87%. The increase in the two cycles is 30%. The application of the KWL Cooperative learning method was 31% in the criteria in the initial condition of being quite good to 66% in the first cycle and to 87% in the l very good criterion in the second cycle. From cycles I and II, students' interest in learning has reached 16.85% and has reached the success criteria. Based on the results of the research mentioned above, the KWL cooperative method can be applied in the learning of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics at SMA Negeri 1 Lahusa because it is proven to increase the learning interest of students in class X-A, especially in the KWL cooperative discussion material.

Meningkatkan Sikap Berfikir Kritis Peserta Didik Melalui Model Problem Based Learning Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Katolik dan Budi Pekerti Kelas VI Materi “Aku Memiliki Kemampuan dan Keterbatasan” Di SMP Negeri 1 Temanggung

Education is one of the basic needs required by every human being and an obligation that must be obtained by every citizen. The development of human life from time to time is certain to be more complex, especially in the development of science and technology. This requires humans to always be able to compete in keeping up with developments and be able to survive by being able to solve all the problems they face.Therefore, a student's ability to think critically is an important and primary thing. Critical thinking skills will be very beneficial for students because they will understand a problem in detail, so it is expected that students will find it easier to solve the problem. For this reason, learning that emphasizes critical thinking skills must be implemented in schools, especially at the junior high school level, which is the middle level of education and is a stepping stone to a wider social interaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of applying the Problem-Based Learning model in improving critical thinking attitudes in Catholic Religious Education and Ethics learning for seventh-grade students with the theme "I Have Abilities and Limitations" at SMP Negeri 1 Temanggung. The type of research used is quantitative. This method is called the traditional method because it has been used for quite some time so it has become a tradition as a method for research. Quantitative research is research in which the data is presented in the form of numbers and uses statistical analysis, usually aimed at showing the relationship between variables, testing theories, and finding generalizations that have predictive value. The researcher uses a quantitative method because it is necessary to measure data in research related to Fostering Critical Thinking Attitudes of Students Through the Problem-Based Learning Model in Catholic Religious Education and Ethics Subjects for Grade VII students at SMP Negeri 1 Temanggung. The type of research often used by a researcher in the field of education is experimental. This type of research is used to find out the influence of certain treatments on a variable under controlled conditions. This is applied to find out the effect if the problem-based learning (PBL) learning model treatment is given to the critical thinking abilities of seventh-grade students in Catholic Religious Education and Ethics.

Meningkatkan Kreatifitas Peserta Didik Pada Pembelajaran Pak Dan Bp Dengan Metode Pbl Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Siempatnempu

Education is one of the basic needs required by every human being and an obligation that must be obtained by every citizen. The development of human life from time to time is certain to be more complex, especially in the development of science and technology. This requires humans to always be able to compete in keeping up with developments and be able to survive by being able to solve all the problems they face. Therefore, a student's ability to think critically is an important and primary thing. Critical thinking skills will be very beneficial for students because they will understand a problem in detail, so it is expected that students will find it easier to solve the problem. For this reason, learning that emphasizes critical thinking skills must be implemented in schools, especially at the junior high school level, which is the middle level of education and is a stepping stone to a wider social interaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of applying the Problem-Based Learning model in improving critical thinking attitudes in Catholic Religious Education and Ethics learning for seventh-grade students with the theme "I Have Abilities and Limitations" at SMP Negeri 1 Temanggung. The type of research used is quantitative. This method is called the traditional method because it has been used for quite some time so it has become a tradition as a method for research. Quantitative research is research in which the data is presented in the form of numbers and uses statistical analysis, usually aimed at showing the relationship between variables, testing theories, and finding generalizations that have predictive value. The researcher uses a quantitative method because it is necessary to measure data in research related to Fostering Critical Thinking Attitudes of Students Through the Problem-Based Learning Model in Catholic Religious Education and Ethics Subjects for Grade VII students at SMP Negeri 1 Temanggung. The type of research often used by a researcher in the field of education is experimental. This type of research is used to find out the influence of certain treatments on a variable under controlled conditions. This is applied to find out the effect if the problem-based learning (PBL) learning model treatment is given to the critical thinking abilities of seventh-grade students in Catholic Religious Education and Ethics.

Meningkatkan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Katolik dengan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) Berbantuan Media Video Meteri Suara Hati Kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Bandar Khalipah

Something that should be thanked to the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit) God Almighty, with the policy of the Government, especially the Minister of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) to publish the lesson books, including the lesson books for Catholic Religious Education and character. Apart from the researcher's gratitude for the publication of Catholic Religious Education and Books, the researcher also as one of the Teachers of Catholic Religious Education and character for the High School Level, that education plays an important role for the development of human for the better life , in terms of critical thinking. However, in realizing Catholic Religious Education and ethics to students, there are still many problems, one of the weakness is, the students' critical thinking skills which has an impact on decreasing their learning outcomes in class. Researcher as the teacher try to solve the problem which is faced in the classroom with a variety of learning models, one of the learning model which is used by the researcher is PBL (Problem Based Learning) .This learning model is implemented by two cycles ,that starting on Friday, September 13, 2024. Hopefully by applying this PBL model which is assisted by the video, can improve the Critical thinking of grade X Catholic students at SMA Negeri 1 Bandar Khalipah , in accordance with the vision and mission of the school and one of the objectives of National education, namely the formation of the Pancasila Student Profile (P3) character contained in the independent curriculum that is being promoted by the current government through the education minister of the Republic of Indonesia, namely Nadiem Anwar Makarim, B.A., M.B.A.

Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa dalam Pembelajaran PAKBP dengan Metode Problem Based Learning (PBL) dengan Bantuan Media Audio Visual pada Kelas IV Fase B di SD Negeri 101808 Candirejo Tahun Pembelajaran 2024/2025

This Class Action Research aims to improve student learning outcomes in the subject of Catholic Religious Education and Ethics (PAKBP) through the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method with audio-visual media on the material "I Am a Unique Person." The subjects of the study were five fourth grade students of SD Negeri 101808 Candirejo, which showed low learning outcomes in this material. The research was carried out in two cycles, each through the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. In Cycle I, the average grade of the class increased from 65.4 to 71.8, but did not meet the success criteria. After improvements in Cycle II, including improvements in the quality of media and facilitation, learning outcomes improved with an average class score of 82.8 and 100% learning completion. PBL and audio-visual media have proven to be effective in strengthening the understanding and internalization of the value of self-uniqueness. Recommendations include expanding PBL implementation, media development, teacher training, follow-up research, and collaboration with parents and the church community.

Meningkatkan Dimensi Bergotong Royong dalam Belajar PAK-BP dengan Model PBL Materi Pribadi Yang Tumbuh dan Berkembang Fase B Kelas IV SDN 16 Panoalatn

The changes of the times may result in a shift in the values of life for individuals or even groups of people. However, most members of society who are not significantly affected by these changes continue to use "old ways." Good values from these traditional ways should indeed be preserved and developed by being passed down through generations, whether by communities that are far from modernization or those following contemporary progress. One long-standing tradition is the concept of mutual cooperation or "gotong royong." The dimension of mutual cooperation, as deepened in the Kurikulum Merdeka (Independent Curriculum), must be echoed both in schools and within society. In today's era, the spirit and values of mutual cooperation have diminished in some areas. Therefore, efforts are needed to further enhance this dimension. One way to deepen the Dimension of Mutual Cooperation is through Catholic Religious Education and Moral Education using the Problem-Based Learning model with five students at SDN 16 Panoalatn, aiming to improve the Dimension of Mutual Cooperation. In Cycle 1, the students’ development results showed 40% in the "Still Developing" category, 40% in the "Adequate" category, and 20% in the "Proficient" category, with none reaching the "Mastery" level (0%). Improvements were made in Cycle 2, with results showing 0% in the "Still Developing" and "Adequate" categories, 40% in the "Proficient" category, and 60% in the "Mastery" category for the Dimension of Mutual Cooperation.

Getting to Know ChatGPT: How Business Students Feel, What They Think About Personal Morality, and How Their Academic Outcomes Affect Oman's Higher Education

The present study develops an integrative framework that investigates the relationship between the acceptability of ChatGPT among business students and their attitude, intention to adopt, and performance. This is achieved by examining the moderating role of business students' moral values and religious ethics. Using data collected from 312 university business students in Oman, we show that perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), and perceived convenience (PC) have a positive effect on their attitudes toward ChatGPT. Business students’ attitudes toward ChatGPT have a strong positive influence on their adoption intentions. Notably, university business students’ ChatGPT adoption intentions increased their academic performance. Remarkably, business students' Personal Morality and religion-related ethics trigger them to experience regret or a sense of responsibility for their actions that violate academic integrity or ethical standards in their studies. Establishing explicit ethical standards and procedures for the usage of artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT in educational settings is vital for higher educational institutions (HEIs). This research adds to the theoretical intervention of investigating how personal morality and religion-related ethics interact with AI tools such as ChatGPT, which can add to ethical decision-making theories. The current study has significant implications for theory as well as for practice.

Metaethics: A neuro-geometric proposal

Metaethics explores the relationship between types of ethics. The field of moral psychology has increasingly attempted to explain types of ethical thinking based on brain processes. This paper proposes a metaethical typology of seven distinct types of natural thinking processes rooted in how visual images are translated into abstract thinking. These seven ethical thinking types are Transcendent, Unitary, Hierarchical, Equitable, Vectoral, Analogic, and Topographical. Human beings then ladder concepts upon these processes using the construction of increasingly abstract metaphors. As proposed, these seven thinking processes appear to effectively form the foundation for current ethical theories such as Utilitarianism and Kantian Deontology, or other forms of moral reasoning. They may also be combined to explain the operations of more complex forms of moral reasoning such as religious ethics. Finally, they reveal that the possibility of natural thinking types has normative implications for ethics.

Shaping Ethical Digital Citizens through Islamic Education

General Background: Education in Indonesia faces complex challenges related to concepts, regulations, and implementation across various educational systems. A critical issue is the development of student character, particularly in the digital era where graduates struggle to remain competitive globally. Specific Background: Islamic education plays a vital role in shaping students' characters, imparting religious values, ethics, and morality. In the digital era, this education extends beyond traditional religious teaching to address ethical and moral use of technology. Knowledge Gap: Despite significant research on Islamic education, little attention has been given to its role in teaching digital ethics and responsible technology use in the context of student character development. Aims: This study aims to investigate how Islamic education can shape students' character in the digital era by promoting moral values, digital ethics, and spiritual awareness. Results: The research shows that Islamic education has a positive impact on the moral and ethical development of students. It integrates religious teachings with digital ethics, fostering responsible behavior and spiritual growth in the use of technology. Novelty: This study highlights the novel role of Islamic education in bridging religious values and digital ethics, providing a holistic approach to student character development in a digitalized world. Implications: The findings suggest a need for curriculum development focused on integrating digital ethics and Islamic values, teacher training in ethical technology use, and collaboration with parents to support character formation in students. This research offers crucial insights for educational institutions aiming to adapt to the challenges of the digital era. Highlights: Islamic education blends moral values and digital ethics for character growth. Teachers need training to teach responsible technology use effectively. Parent collaboration boosts student character in the digital age. Keywords: Islamic education, character development, digital ethics, student behavior, moral values

Orientasi Desain Pembelajaran PAI dan Budi Pekerti pada Kurikulum Merdeka

This study aims to analyze the design of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) and Ethics learning and its supporting programs at SMAN 01 Garut, within the framework of the Independent Curriculum implementation. The research approach used is descriptive analysis, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman method. The main findings show that PAI and Ethics teachers actively participate in the preparation of various important documents such as syllabi, educational calendars, annual programs, and semester programs, involving all school elements, including committees and parent representatives. This involvement aims to enhance the quality of learning through close collaboration among related parties. This research makes a significant contribution to the literature on the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in senior high schools, particularly in the context of religious and ethical education. However, this study has limitations in terms of the number of respondents and the limited duration of the research. The prospects for developing the results of this study include increasing the use of technology in learning and applying broader collaborative strategies in various school contexts. Further implications indicate the need for ongoing teacher training to optimize the quality of learning and adapt the curriculum to local needs.

Strengthening The Entrepreneurial Mentality Of Students Through Islamic Religious Education And Ethics At SMK Negeri 4 Malang And SMK PGRI 3 Malang

This research aims to strengthen students' entrepreneurial mentality through Islamic Religious Education and Ethics (PAI-BP) at SMK Negeri 4 Malang and SMK PGRI 3 Malang. Strengthening the entrepreneurial mentality is very important considering the competency demands of vocational school graduates who must be able to compete in the era of digital technology and global competition. This study uses a qualitative approach with a multi-site case study design. Data collection is carried out through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The study results show that strengthening the entrepreneurial mentality is carried out by preparing PAI-BP learning tools based on vision, mission, and collaborative projects and developing religious culture and Islamic extracurricular activities. Implementing the entrepreneurship mentality strengthening program includes innovative learning of PAI-BP inside and outside the classroom, spiritual and cultural activities, and collaboration with Islamic extracurricular activities. The conclusion of this study shows that strengthening students' entrepreneurial mentality through PAI-BP positively impacts students' attitudes, skills, and entrepreneurial mentality, including creativity, cooperation, confidence, and independence.