Islamic Research Articles

Religious moderation values in al Islam and kemuhammadiyahan textbooks at high school level

After being launched by the Ministry of Religion in 2019, the concept of religious moderation continues to gain public attention. It can be seen from the large amount of research regarding religious moderation which is embedded in many objects. This research took the material and curriculum objects of Al Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) which are taught in Muhammadiyah schools at the high school level. This research aims to determine the value of religious moderation in AIK textbooks. This study was qualitative research with a content analysis approach. The first step of this study was collecting journals, reference books related to religious moderation, and textbooks used for the teaching and learning process in Muhammadiyah schools. Following the first step, analysis was conducted to describe the concept inside the source books. The conclusion was made then. The findings showed that there were several important points in AIK textbooks that align with the spirit of moderation. These points were ukhuwah (brotherhood), non-violence, tolerance, and commitment to nationality.

ИЗМЕЂУ ФЕСА И ШЕШИРА: ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКИ МУСЛИМАНИ И АТАТУРКОВЕ РЕФОРМЕ

The paper shows how Yugoslav Muslims and representatives of the Yugoslav authorities faced the reforms implemented in various social fields in the years after the First World War, under the leadership of the strong personality of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. The abolition of the Sultanate, Sharia and religious schools, the ban on wearing the traditional Muslim clothing such as the fez and ferace, the replacement of the Arabic script with Latin, and particularly the abolition of the caliphate, an institution headed by Ottoman sultans over the earlier four centuries, caused astonishment and disbelief among different Muslim peoples in the world. The Muslims of the South Slavic area, who from 1918 lived within the new state union – the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia – were no exception. Divided over visions of their own future and the status in the new Yugoslav state, they continued to be divided on the issue of reforms in Turkish society into proponents of modernisation, primarily in the fields of law, education, and the social position of women, and opponents of Kemalist reforms who considered them dangerous for the Islamic faith and tradition. The paper is based primarily on the reports of Yugoslav diplomats in Constantinople about events in Turkey, as well as reports from the field when it came to the Yugoslav Muslim public.

You’re not welcome! Violence and support for an open grazing ban policy in Kaduna, Nigeria

This study examines the effect of victimization and religious affiliation on support for a policy banning the open grazing of livestock in the northern Nigerian state of Kaduna. This policy, which aims to reduce the incidence of conflicts between nomadic herders and sedentary farmers, has been implemented to varying degrees in some states across Nigeria. Kaduna is a suitable case study for investigating these relationships because, despite having the third-highest incidence of farmer–herder conflicts out of Nigeria’s 36 states, the state government has not implemented an open grazing ban policy there. The regression results show that victimization by herders increases the likelihood of supporting the policy. On average, Muslims are more supportive of the policy than Christians. The higher support among Muslims is quite surprising because most of the respondents who have been victimized by herders are Christians. Muslims might be more supportive of an open grazing ban policy due to a contagion effect: the common religion of Islam that they share with nomadic herders could lead to the attribution of blame for farmer–herder conflicts to Muslims, making them more eager to see an end to the conflict. This eagerness might be what leads to increased support for an open grazing ban policy. JEL Codes: D74, N57, Z12

Imitating the Empire from Outside

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to show how the theoretical transformation of the Caliphate into an Islamic Empire took place in the context of a network of intra – and inter-religious conflicts. By focusing on a founding text of Islamic political thought, it argues for the paradigmatic role played by the pre-Islamic Persian Empire in the genesis of the idea of an Islamic Empire. On the other hand, it identifies the Persian Empire as playing the same paradigmatic role in the formation of monotheistic theology in late antiquity, one that Islam inherited. By reconsidering the theological and political genealogy of the idea of an Islamic empire, the point is to grasp how such an empire would distinguish itself as a monotheistic empire from a Christian empire. To achieve this goal, the paper analyses the way the Islamic Empire sought to give structure to Islamic conceptions of sovereignty, divine law, and messianism.

Urinary Ethics in the Perspective of Hadith

Backgound. The ethics of defecating in Islam are not only related to physical cleanliness, but also include the spiritual and social dimensions of Muslims. The hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad SAW provide clear guidance on the procedures and manners of defecating, which aim to maintain cleanliness, health, and social harmony. Although textually we often encounter contradictions between hadits mukhtalif the ethics of defecating. Aim. This article aims to analyze the ethics of defecating taught in the hadith, especially hadiths that textually appear to be mukhtalif. The author analyzes the main principles contained therein, and explores the relevance of these teachings in modern life. Methods. With a textual and contekstual analysis approach to relevant hadiths. This article will reveal how important it is to interpret hadith contextually, and how to understand the mukhtalif hadiths. Results. The hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW shows the Islamic religion's concern for cleanliness, politeness, and respect for certain places. After conducting in-depth research, it was found that there were no contradictions between the hadiths were found.

Islamic Education and Sustainable Development: Bridging Faith and Global Goals

This study explores the intersection of Islamic education and sustainable development, examining how Islamic principles and teachings can contribute to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using a qualitative approach and a literature review methodology, this research investigates key Islamic concepts that align with sustainability, such as justice (adl), stewardship (khalifah), and community welfare (maslahah). The study critically reviews the role of Islamic education in promoting environmental responsibility, social equity, and economic development, drawing on a range of scholarly sources and Islamic texts. It identifies how educational frameworks rooted in Islamic values can foster holistic approaches to sustainable development that emphasize ethical behavior, the preservation of natural resources, and the well-being of future generations. By bridging the gap between faith and global goals, the research highlights the potential of Islamic education to inspire moral and practical action toward achieving the SDGs. The findings suggest that Islamic educational institutions and curricula must evolve to integrate sustainability into their teaching, ensuring that future generations are equipped with the knowledge, values, and skills to address the pressing challenges of environmental degradation, poverty, and inequality. Ultimately, this study advocates for a more inclusive and value-driven approach to sustainable development, where faith-based perspectives play a vital role in shaping responsible citizens and global stewards.

THE CONCEPT OF AL-ISTIKHLAF AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN RECLAIMING THE ATTRIBUTES OF MAN AS KHALIFAH ON EARTH

This paper examines the significance of the notion of al-Istikhlaf and its basic place in the Islamic worldview. One fundamental principle in the Islamic philosophy of life is the role and purpose of man as khalifah on earth. In the Islamic worldview, al-istikhlaf or vicegerency refers to the honorable responsibility and purpose that mankind willingly undertook. Being the khalifah on earth entails assuming responsibility for governing and overseeing the life of man within civilizations, and his development on earth in accordance with God's guidance and commands. This paper seeks to elucidate the imperative nature of regaining the notion of al-istikhlaf and employing it as a conceptual framework for the restoration and reconstruction of our vicegerent roles and responsibilities on earth. The paper uses textual analysis to examine various viewpoints and theories related to constructing the al-Istikhlaf narrative and re-introducing it prominently. The paper concluded that Al Istikhlaf, an essential concept in Islam, has the potential to be expanded into an all-encompassing framework for analysing the challenges and problems encountered by man. It seeks to revisit the all-encompassing nature and attributes of man as khalifah and not a mere human animal. This paper proposes the ongoing research on the al-Istikhlaf framework and the promoting it among scholars and researchers. The framework of Istikhlaf helps understand and articulate issues and problems facing contemporary man in a more integrated and ethically driven way.

Pengaruh Pengetahuan dan Religiusitas Terhadap Keputusan dalam Berwakaf Uang di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat yang di Moderasi oleh Kesadaran Berwakaf Uang

Waqf is one of various aspects in the teachings of the Islamic religion which is based on the social and spiritual spheres. Where economic welfare and the welfare of the people are important and highly emphasized aspects, especially in cash waqf. Waqf cash is an asset intended for humanitarian donations and is intended for a long period of time. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the influence of people's knowledge and religiosity which is moderated by waqf awareness on decisions regarding cash waqf in West Nusa Tenggara Province. In this research, quantitative research was used using a associative approach, where non-probability sampling through a purposive sampling approach was used as a method for collecting research data. Meanwhile, it is known that the entire population of West Nusa Tenggara is not yet numerous, so this research sample was constructed using the Lemeshow formula where the research sample consisted of 100 respondents. This research uses primary data collected through questionnaires. Meanwhile, the data analysis tool uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results of this research show that knowledge and religion have a positive, although not significant, effect on the decision of the people of West Nusa Tenggara Province to give cash waqf, meanwhile knowledge and religion moderated by awareness have a positive and significant effect on the decision of the people of West Nusa Tenggara Province to give cash waqf.

TECHNO-JAHILIYYAH: EXAMINING TRANSHUMANISM THROUGH THE ISLAMIC LENS

This paper explores the philosophical underpinnings of Transhumanism through the lens of the Islamic concept of Jahiliyyah. By examining the metanarratives of modernity that shape the transhumanist worldview, particularly those of autonomy, progress, and techno-salvationism, the paper argues that Transhumanism represents a form of secular enchantment. The analysis posits that Transhumanism emerges as a reaction to the crisis of meaning and purpose in modernity. Transhumanism's secular enchantment arises from its attempt to address the nihilistic implications of modernity. Applying the Qutbian framework of Jahiliyyah, the paper posits that Transhumanism is a manifestation of techno-jahiliyyah—a state of existential ignorance marked by an unwavering faith in science and technology as the exclusive means of transcendence and salvation. In response, the paper presents an Islamic counternarrative that emphasizes divine guidance, the integration of faith and reason, and the role of humans as Khalifah on earth.

Supportive and palliative care needs among older adults in India: an estimation using a nationally representative survey

BackgroundOne in five people will be older than 60 by the year 2050 in India. This demographic transition demands integration of geriatric and palliative care. The national level burden of palliative and supportive care needs of the older population is largely unknown in India. This study estimates the burden of palliative care needs among the older population in India from a nationally representative survey - Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI).MethodsThe general indicators of poor or deteriorating health from the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicator Tool for Low Income Setting were used to identify older adults with palliative care needs. These indicators were compared with the LASI data and matched with the appropriate variables. Descriptive statistical analysis, chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were done to estimate palliative care needs and its association with other characteristics.Results12.2% of Indian older adults have supportive and palliative care needs. Among Indian states, highest for West Bengal (17%), Madhya Pradesh (16.9%), and Bihar (16.3%) while lowest in Arunachal Pradesh (2.2%), Nagaland (2.4%), and Mizoram (3%). High needs were found among those aged 70 years and above (AOR-1.86), females (AOR-1.33), Muslim religion (AOR-1.24), rural residents (AOR-1.72), those who experienced ill-treatment (OR-1.75), with cancer (AOR-2.84), respiratory disease (AOR-3.14), and stroke (AOR-2.58). Lower needs were observed with higher education (AOR-0.43) and health insurance (AOR-0.83).ConclusionThis is the first study in India that estimates the need for supportive and palliative care using a nationally representative sample. One among eight older adults in India has supportive and palliative care needs. The needs are higher among female older adults, rural residents, older adults with chronic diseases, and in poorer States. Screening and early integration of palliative care with routine healthcare care is essential to meet these needs.

Integration of Islam in the Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah in Minangkabau Society

Islam has undergone a long process of regeneration in Minangkabau, the integration between customs and Islam in Minangkabau is reflected in their philosophy of life, "adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi kitabullah." This philosophy shows that Minangkabau customs are based on Islamic law, and Islamic law is based on the Qur'an. Traditional values and norms as well as the Islamic religion serve as the basis and guideline for people's lives, ensuring that religious traditions and beliefs support each other. This study uses a literature review method. By collecting, evaluating, and synthesizing scientific literature relevant to the topic discussed. Through this research, it is hoped that it can be explored more deeply how the integration of Islam in the tradition of basandi syarak, syarak basandi kitabullah in the Minangkabau community, as well as its impact on their social, cultural, and religious life. The results of the study show that the integration of Islam in the Basandi Syarak Custom, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah in the Minangkabau community combines Islamic values with local customs and traditions, reflecting the close harmony between the two. Ian G. Barbour's integrative approach provides a relevant framework, assisting communities in facing the challenges of globalization and modernity preserving their cultural heritage while strengthening social harmony. The social, cultural, and religious implications of ABS-SBK integration underscore the importance of this strategy as a foundation for strengthening social identity and maintaining cultural diversity and social sustainability in Minangkabau.

Kafaah and Marriage in Jahily and Early Islam (Studies in the History of Islamic Law)

Knowing the background to the emergence of a law, the reasons for establishing a sharia law and the history of the formation of the law is an important thing to study.The purpose of this study is to provide readers with an understanding that the application of kafaah in marriage has a long history starting from the Arab Jahiliyah era to the era of the madzhab scholars.This research is in the form of library research, where the tasyri` date books and Islamic history books are the main materials for data exploration. The results of this study indicate thatLineage played a central role in marriage in pre-Islamic Jahiliyya Arab society. In the highly tribal and family-oriented society of Jahiliyya Arab society, lineage was a determinant of social status, protection, political alliances, and inheritance rights.The arrival of the Prophet Muhammad with the religion of Islam brought significant changes in the views of Arab society towards kafaah nasab. Islamic teachings emphasize equality among all human beings before God, thus shifting the focus from nasab as the main factor in marriage to be more inclusive, emphasizing other aspects such as religion and morality. The arrival of the Prophet Muhammad with the religion of Islam brought significant changes in the Arab community's view of kafaah nasab. Islam still maintains kafaah, but with more humane criteria. Kafaah is a tradition that existed before Islam and was continued by Islam. Islamic teachings emphasize equality among all human beings before God, thus shifting the focus from nasab as the main factor in marriage to be more inclusive, emphasizing other aspects such as religion and morality. Subsequent developments during the time of the ulama' madzhab kafaah emerged as a logical necessity of the existing legal rules of marriage, balancing the arguments for the benefit of marriage and the principle of egalitarianism in response to the social conditions in each region and the evolving legal logic.

Wahbah Zuhaily on Riqāb: Reshaping its Implementation in South Sulawesi

This article examines the contemporary interpretation of riqāb (emancipation of slaves) as a category for zakat recipients, as articulated by Wahbah al-Zuḥaylī, a prominent Islamic jurist. While slavery is no longer a widespread institution, al-Zuḥaylī's reinterpretation of riqāb holds significant implications for addressing modern social issues, particularly those related to poverty and marginalization in South Sulawesi. The study explores potential avenues for zakat distribution to support initiatives that align with the essence of riqāb, such as education, skill development, and debt relief. By applying al-Zuḥaylī's perspective, this research contributes to a broader understanding of zakat's role in social upliftment in the region. This research adopts a qualitative approach, relying primarily on textual analysis and interpretation of al-Zuḥaylī's jurisprudence regarding zakat and riqāb. Secondary sources, including academic articles, reports, and policy documents, are also employed to contextualize the findings within the socioeconomic landscape of South Sulawesi. Reinterpreting the Islamic concept of riqāb in the modern context offers profound implications for both Islamic thought and contemporary society, facilitating a more inclusive and dynamic understanding of zakat’s potential to address pressing social challenges.

Exploring the Concepts of Halal and Haram in Islam and Their Scientific Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review

Islam is a divine religion with its own concepts, principles, and theories. Major Islamic faiths include believing in the one and only Allah Almighty, the holy books, the prophets, the angels, etc. Besides these basic beliefs, Islam has comprehensive rules that deal with modern-day problems. Thus, the number of followers of Islam is increasing rapidly, and have currently become the world's second-largest religion with more than 1.8 billion followers. Halal and haram are criteria determined by Allah and His last prophet, Muhammad S.A.W., while interpreted by Islamic scholars every time. Halal substances are those that are permissible and allowed for and are free from all the attributes that lead to prohibition. While haram things are those that are not lawful and not allowed as it is the order of Allah that requires you to stop doing them. Islam, being the final and universal religion, has rules and guidelines for things to be described as halal or haram. In the modern scientific period, every individual is looking for research-based arguments and product development. Thus, there is a need to explore how scientific methods are used to explain the halal and haram nature of substances. Currently, various analytical, molecular, and instrumental approaches are being used for the halal certification of items. Hence, this article aimed to provide recent and updated literature about the concepts of halal and haram and how the scientific methods are helpful in their explanation.

The Tradition of The Emirate Over The Country

As the Islamic religion has been perfected by Allah SWT, Islam does not only regulate matters of worship and morals and the afterlife but also regulates worldly affairs including how to live socially and as a state. The Republic of Indonesia adopts a presidential system, namely the President as head of state and also as head of government, contained in the 1945 Constitution article 4 paragraph (1). The purpose of this study is to find out and compare how the leader election system in Indonesia is in accordance with Islam which is represented here by the thoughts of Imam Mawardi. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library method. The results show that the election and appointment of the Head are regulated in laws and regulations, both regarding administrative requirements and technical requirements. In a situation of political dynamics, it affects the substance of every change in laws and regulations that occur, so that the assumption that states that law is a political product is undeniable. This situation occurs in the legislation that regulates the election of Regional Heads which also experiences changes according to the political interests of the ruler. While the election in Islam in al-Mawardi's perception is by two methods, namely, the election of the head of state by the Ahlu al-hal wa al-aqdi institution or the people's representative council. Then the direct appointment of the head of state first. Then the comparison between the system of electing the head of state between the law and the figure of al-Mawardi is if we look at the times of Indonesia during the old order and the new order, there is relevance to al-Mawardi's view, namely the election of the head of state through representatives and direct appointment by the head of state first.

Kiai Nur Iman’s Heritage: Reading the Sunny Muthalib on The Soul Purification

Kyai Nur Iman was one of the great scholars who was influential in the spread of Islam in Java in the 18th-19th century AD. As the son of King Amangkurat IV, Kyai Nur Iman prefers to dedicate his life to teaching the Islamic religion and teaching the concepts of soul purification to society. One of his works examines the purification of the soul entitled the book al-Sunni al-Muthalib. This book is still in the form of a manuscript stored in Pesantren Salimiyah Mlangi in Yogyakarta. This manuscript needs to be scholarly examined because it was written by a 19th century AD scholar who tried to combine two sciences, namely the science of Arabic (nahwu); arabic grammar, and the science of tasawwuf; moral sciene. This study aims to reveal the concept of soul purification explained by Kyai Nur Iman in the manuscriptal-Sunni al-Muttalib. This research method is qualitative research using literature review with historical analysis to explain the concept of soul purification according to Kyai Nur Iman then explains the biography of Kyai Nur Iman. The results of this research explain that the concept of tazkiyah nafs according to Kyai Nur Iman in the book Asna al-mathalib starts with knowing Allah, knowing Rasulullah SAW, and getting to know things that can purify the soul such us repentance, inabah, asceticism, tawakkal, tafwidl, happy and sincere and defile it such us namimah, ghibah, greed, riya', sum'ah, arrogant, ujub, wicked, exposing others' shame, immorality, blasphemy, and wishful thinking.

PjBL and PjBL-STEM: Which model best enhances students’ creative thinking?

In this century, humans are required to be able to adapt to the development of the times and are required to be able to answering and solving all problems that arise. One of the abilities that must be developed to face these challenges, namely the ability in the field of creativity. The research’s purpose is (1) to determine the differences in students' creative thinking abilities using the PjBL learning model and the PjBL-STEM learning model on class X environmental change material, (2) to determine students' responses to the PjBL-STEM learning model. This research used a posttest only control group design. The population used is class X1-X10 SMA Al Islam 1 Surakarta for the 2023/2024 academic year, a total of 384 students. The sampling technique used cluster random sampling, class X7 with 38 students as the control class using the project-based learning (PjBL) learning model and class X3 with 40 students as an experimental class using an integrated STEM with project-based learning (PjBL) learning model. Data collection was carried out using documentation, tests regarding creative thinking abilities, and student response questionnaires. The data analysis technique was carried out using a one-way t test. The research instruments are teaching modules, LKPD, creative thinking skills questions, and student response questionnaires. The instrument validation technique is carried out using validity tests and reliability tests. The results of the research show that (1) there is a significant difference in students' creative thinking abilities on environmental change material using the PjBL-STEM learning model, (2) students' responses to the PjBL-STEM learning model are included in the positive category.

The Dynamics of the Progressive Islamic Movement in South Sulawesi

This study outlines the concept of Progressive Islam—a term for Muhammadiyah’s religious perspective—both historically and based on the ideological foundations of the Muhammadiyah Organization. After a conceptual explanation, this study analyzes the struggles of Progressive Islam in South Sulawesi through historical aspects and direct observations as a Muhammadiyah activist. The study reveals that the early generations of Muhammadiyah in South Sulawesi implemented the ethos of Progressive Islam through the development of educational and da’wah enterprises. However, the emergence of cadres who established different organizations, such as Hidayatullah and Wahdah Islamiyah, highlights ideological challenges and weaknesses in consistent cadre formation. Furthermore, conservatism among Muhammadiyah members in South Sulawesi poses obstacles to actualizing Progressive Islamic thought, despite efforts to address this through Muhammadiyah’s Tarjih Ulama Education program. This study offers practical benefits by providing recommendations to strengthen cadre formation and organizational consolidation to ensure Progressive Islam remains relevant in addressing contemporary challenges. These dynamics serve as an important foundation for sustaining the progressiveness of Progressive Islam in South Sulawesi.

A Study of Dimensions of Islamophobia in Nigeria: Causes and Solutions

Islamophobia is an unfounded fear of Islam and, more accurately, of his adherents i.e. Muslims. This phenomenon has found a fertile terrain in Nigeria given her status as a multi-religious society where Muslims and Christians live together as citizens. Over the years, Islamophobia has taken constitutional, diplomatic, educational, financial, and political dimensions in the country. Any Attempt by Muslims to live in line with their religious codes of conduct and without violating the constitutional provisions is often misconstrued by Christians - their religious counterparts- as a systematic way of Islamizing the country. However, the imaginary fear of Islam/Muslims by Christians is belied by the realities on ground. Against this backdrop, this paper will cast a look at Islamophobia as a concept with a view to highlight its various dimensions in Nigeria. After identifying possible causes of Islamophobia, practicable solutions shall be proffered accordingly. To achieve the objective, both historical and analytical methods shall be employed. Available resources as well as events in the recent past reveal that Islamophobia is not unconnected with misinformation about Islam at the instance of some orientalists. It is also a possible consequence of violent activities of insurgent groups like Boko Haram which proclaim the Islamization agenda to terrorize the entire nation. The paper shall show that this insurgent group is ignorance based and stands condemned by the Muslim authority in the country. As such, the paper suggests adequate knowledge and tolerance as critical tools to curtail the menace of Islamophobia. This will go a long way in achieving mutual tolerance and peaceful co-existence among the adherents of Christianity, Islam, and other religions in Nigeria.

Exploring the Foundations of Peace: An Analytical Study of the Concept of Peace in Islam with Emphasis on the Qurʼān and the Sīrah of Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

Examining the Qurʼān and Prophet Muhammad’s (SAW) Sīrah, this study explores the core of peace in Islam. It explains how Islamic teachings on peace are complex through a careful examination of important scriptures and historical settings. In Islam, peace extends beyond the mere absence of violence and includes justice, balance, and spiritual tranquility. The idea of peace is emphasized throughout the Qurʼān as a vital guide for people, societies, and countries to coexist together. The life of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) is an example of compassion, tolerance, and moral behavior in a variety of settings, making it a beacon of peace. In order to promote and maintain peace, harmony, and brotherhood, the study will examine Islamic concepts in this respect. In order to emphasize the importance of peace in Islam, it will analyze the main sources of Islamic knowledge, including the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and the Sīrah of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW).