Relief Texture Research Articles

Visual Art for People with Blind Disabilities: Return to Syncretism

The study is devoted to inclusion in art and design. Its aim is to identify certain forms and means that can significantly bring the experience of communicating with visual art to people with blind disabilities, as well as to find out the opportunities of creating unique inclusively oriented art. Research methods: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative, formal and phenomenological methods. Scientific novelty. As a result of comparative analysis of existing inclusive projects, as well as those forms of modern art that have actualised the experience of tactile perception at the time, approaches are identified that can correct the perception of art objects for people with visual impairments and use these tools to create a unique artistic product. Conclusions. The research identified three approaches to creating inclusive art projects for people with blind disabilities. The first one is a kind of “translation” of architectural forms into a language that is comprehensible for tactile reading of the model. The component of this language is size, which should be optimal for both touch perception and comprehension of the art work as a whole; therefore, the scale and preserved proportions of the elements, the texture of materials and forms, details that give uniqueness to a certain art work, are important. The second approach is a creation of adapted art objects that have a regulated relief texture applied using digital technologies. With the appropriate instruction or guidance, certain objects, line patterns and even colours can be identified. The alternation of textures of different densities and smooth surfaces allows to convey a message about colours, however, only a limited palette. In both cases, information is duplicated in Braille and equipped with a QR code with audio information. Nonetheless, both approaches are exactly adaptive products, which are certainly very valuable in terms of creating an understanding of visual art. Instead, the importance of another approach is highlighted. It is called a syncretic one in this research. To a greater extent, it corresponds to the essence of artistic experience, the deficiency of which, according to our belief, is also experienced by people with blind disabilities. Such an art work or trend claims to be not a model or a “translation” of some definite art object into the language of tactile sensations, but a unique work of art and design, universal for any person and, at the same time, marking the work with the presence of people with disabilities and being available for their perception.

Textile Painting by Cesare Tacchi

The work of the Italian artists of the Piazza del Popolo School is a unique period in the history of art of the 20th century. The activities of this association marked the birth of the Italian version of pop art. Despite the fact that the American and Italian pop movements existed in parallel and had similar external features, they were significantly different. These differences can be traced in the creativity of the members of the association. Cesare Tacchi was a member of this union. The path of this master represents an individual trajectory of artistic and conceptual development. One of the creative stages of Cesare Tacchi falls into the mid-sixties of the twentieth century. Experimental and innovative paintings of this time were created using industrially produced fabrics. Large-scale textile collages, in addition to being painted with enamel, pastels and felt-tip pens, also acquired a relief texture due to the furniture filler. Cesare Tacchi used a pick with nails or metal staples in accordance with the logic of the created image. That is why the artist ironically called himself “upholstery”, and called his textile collages “upholstery”. In them, we find images of artist’s friends, his own self-portraits or images made on the basis of photographs. The pattern, texture of the fabric and the softness of the emerging relief, together with the conceptual nature of the creative technique, made a great impression on the viewer and gave rise to new associations. Textiles simultaneously demonstrated the consumer culture of that time, turned from a subordinate material into a means of artistic expression, became an object of art and contributed to the emergence of a stream of new associative links, far from the consumer idea.

Оптико-микроскопические исследования сорбционной поверхности нанофильтрационных мембран ОПМН-П и ОФАМ-К

В работе представлен анализ литературных данных по исследованию морфологии поверхности пористых полупроницаемых мембран. Сформулирована цель работы, заключающаяся в оптико-микроскопическом исследовании микроструктурных неоднородностей поверхности нанофильтрационных мембран. На основе литературного обзора изучаемой области и сформулированной цели проведен выбор исследуемых типов мембран ОПМН-П, ОФАМ-К, представлены их основные рабочие характеристики (давление, минимальная производительность, коэффициент задержания, рабочий диапазон рН, максимальная температура). Рассмотрена методика оптико-микроскопического исследования микроструктурных неоднородностей поверхности выбранных типов мембран, которая включала: оптическое исследование с фиксацией фотографий изображений, экспорт данных в САП AutoCad 2016 и выбор трех квадратных зон по 10000 мкм2 каждая, описание диаметральными размерами затемненных микроструктурных неоднородностей на активном слое мембран, извлечение данных при использовании стандартной функции AutoCad 2016 и осуществление трехтабличной выборки, расчет площадей затемненной и чистой поверхности, коэффициента засоренности, анализ полученных данных при использовании пакета Microsoft Excel 2010, построение гистограмм (определение размаха, разбиение полученного диапазона выборки на несколько интервалов, определение ширины интервала), определение основных параметров (в анализе данных) Excel (среднего диаметра, микроструктурных неоднородностей, стандартной ошибки расчетов, стандартного отклонения и асимметричности), построение функции нормального распределения диаметров микроструктурных неоднородностей мембран. Проведено обсуждение результатов по характеризации основных параметров микроструктурных неоднородностей мембран, опирающихся на обработку эксперимента методами математической статистики и литературные данные, выявлена следующая закономерность, что образец мембраны ОФАМ-К имеет более гладкую структуру по сравнению с более рельефной ОПМН-П, что, вероятно, сказывается на обрастании поверхности мембран. По работе в целом представлено обобщающее заключение, показывающее, что метод оптической микроскопии в совокупности с применением системы автоматизированного проектирования AutoCad 2016 и стандартных средств Microsoft Excel 2010, позволяет исследовать с хорошей точностью микроструктурную неоднородность исходных образцов нанофильтрационных мембран ОПМН-П и ОФАМ-К.

A comparative review of plausible hole filling strategies in the context of scene depth image completion

Despite significant research focus on 3D scene capture systems, numerous unresolved challenges remain in relation to achieving full coverage scene depth estimation which is the key part of any modern 3D sensing system. This has created an area of research where the goal is to complete the missing 3D information post capture via a secondary depth filling process. In many downstream applications, an incomplete depth scene is of limited value, requiring many special cases for subsequent utilization, and thus techniques are required to “fill the holes” that exist in terms of both missing depth and color scene information. An analogous problem exists within the scope of scene filling post object removal in the same context. Although considerable research has resulted in notable progress in the synthetic expansion or reconstruction of missing color scene information in both statistical (texture synthesis) and structural (image completion) forms, work on the plausible completion of missing scene depth is contrastingly limited. This survey aims to provide a state of the art overview within this growing field of depth synthesis work whilst noting related solutions in the space of traditional texture synthesis and color image completion for hole filling. To these ends, we concentrate on the plausible completion of both underlying depth structure and relief texture to provide both greater understanding and future development in the area. Our analyses are in part supported by illustrative experimental examples of the comparative use of a subset of representative approaches over common depth completion examples.

Subsidence and liquefaction analysis in Mexicali, Mexico, during the Cucapa earthquake (April 4, 2010) using Envisat/Asar and Spot images

An earthquake, 7.2° moment magnitude, occurred on April 4, 2010. Its epicenter was located in southern Cucapa Range, Northern Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, in the confluence of a set of active tectonic faults. Two additional hazards after the earthquake affected population: subsidence and liquefaction. Farmer communities and agriculture lands located in southern Mexicali City were flooded due to the liquefaction phenomenon. Great volumes of fine sediments and water sprouted in different points, flooding agricultural lands and some small communities. The fault displacement during the earthquake damaged roads and buildings. Land subsidence was observed in some areas. More than 35,000 inhabitants and 60,000 ha of agricultural lands were affected. To analyze the consequences of such an earthquake, two multi-spectral and two panchromatic Spot images (before and after the earthquake) were acquired by means of the National Commission of Water, the Mexican Government Water Agency. In addition to these optical images, three interferometric pairs from Envisat/Asar radar sensor were acquired on the grounds of the project C1P6926 with the European Space Agency (ESA). A red, green, blue (RGB) false color composite of the multi-spectral images, before and after the earthquake, shows the inundated areas caused by the liquefaction phenomenon. The two panchromatic images form a stereoscopic pair. These images were integrated into multi-spectral images to derive the texture relief caused by the liquefaction phenomenon. An interferometric analysis was applied to the three interferometric pairs. The coherence images and the digital elevation model (DEM) were calculated as well. The interferometry, the amplitude and the DEM were overlaid. This overlay shows subsidence occurrence in the area of study due to the earthquake. From results and field data, it was possible to identify subsidence-affected areas as well as flooded areas due to the liquefaction phenomenon.

Soil profile, relief features and their relation to structure and distribution of Brazilian Atlantic rain forest trees

In tropical forests, the environmental heterogeneity can provide niche partitioning at local scales and determine the diversity and plant species distribution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the variations of tree species structure and distribution in response to relief and soil profile features in a portion of the largest remnant of Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. All trees ³ 5 cm diameter at breast height were recorded in two 0.99 ha plots. Topographic survey and a soil characterization were accomplished in both plots. Topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from 88 quadrats and analyzed for chemical and particle size properties. Differences for both diversity and tree density were identified among three kinds of soils. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the specific abundance varied among the three kinds of soils mapped: a shallow Udept - Orthent / Aquent gradient, probably due to differences in soil drainage. Nutrient content was less likely to affect tree species composition and distribution than relief, pH, Al3+, and soil texture. Some species were randomly distributed and did not show restriction to relief and soil properties. However, preferences in niche occupation detected in this study, derived from the catenary environments found, rise up as an important explanation for the high tree species diversity in tropical forests.

Nonpinhole approximations for interactive rendering.

Researchers have used depth images to approximate scene geometry in a variety of interactive 3D graphics applications. Previous researchers constructed images using orthographic or perspective projection, which limits the approximation quality to what's visible along a single view direction or from a single viewpoint. Images constructed with nonpinhole cameras can improve approximation quality at little additional cost, if the camera offers fast projection. For such a camera, the fundamental operation of ray-and-depth-image intersection proceeds efficiently by searching along the 1D projection of the ray onto the image. A proposed method extends epipolar geometry constraints to nonpinhole cameras for two-camera configurations. Researchers have demonstrated nonpinhole depth images' advantages in the context of reflections, refractions, relief texture mapping, and ambient occlusion. The Web extra is a video that shows how nonpinhole depth images provide advantages regarding reflection, refraction, relief texture mapping, and ambient occlusion.

Using relief texture for interactive and tangible virtual environments

This paper first introduces a way to improve interactivity with high polygon count virtual objects through the “mixed” use of image-based representation within one object. That is, both 3D polygonal and image-based representations are maintained for an object, and switched for rendering depending on the functional requirement of the object. Furthermore, in order to reduce the popping effect and provide smooth and gradual transition during the object representation switch, the object is subdivided with the subdivided parts possibly represented differently, i.e., using 3D models or images. As for the image-based representation, the relief texture (RT) method is used. In particular, through the use of the mixed representation, a new way called TangibleScreen is proposed to provide object tangibility by associating the image-based representation with a physical prop (projecting the RTs) in a selective and flexible way. Overall, the proposed method provides a way to maintain an interactive frame rate with selective perceptual details in a large-scale virtual environment, while allowing the user to interact with virtual objects in a tangible way.

RELIEF TEXTURE MAPPING ON FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY

Relief texture mapping is an image-based rendering technique which can successfully support the representation of 3D surface details and view motion parallax. It has the potential to significantly increase visual realism of rendered geometry while keeping system load constant. In this paper, FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) chip technology is applied to this three-dimensional image warping method. A relief texture mapping system has been implemented on a reprogrammable and reconfigurable FPGA board. The algorithm is optimized for the specific architecture and the framework is customized for circuit resources, which can be flexibly changed for other structures. In our design, we take advantage of inherent parallelism of the algorithm by concatenating multiple warping engines and well organizing data in memory space. Experimental results show high image quality with improved rendering speed.

A Pilot Study in the Application of Texture Relief for Digitally Designed Facial Prostheses

This pilot research aims to identify and assess suitable technologies that may be used to capture, create, and produce fine textures and wrinkles that may be incorporated into computer aided prosthesis design and production techniques. A range of suitable technologies is identified and two methods that may be used in different prosthetic rehabilitation situations are assessed: the creation of three-dimensional relief in a computer aided design environment and the capture of facial anatomy and texture using fringe-projection surface scanning. Patterns were produced using the suitable rapid prototyping processes identified, and these were assessed by a qualified and experienced prosthetist. The suitability of the technologies is commented upon, limitations discussed, and future directions identified.

Relief texture from specularities

In vision and graphics, advanced object models require not only 3D shape, but also surface detail. While several scanning devices exist to capture the global shape of an object, few methods concentrate on capturing the fine-scale detail. Fine-scale surface geometry (relief texture), such as surface markings, roughness, and imprints, is essential in highly realistic rendering and accurate prediction. We present a novel approach for measuring the relief texture of specular or partially specular surfaces using a specialized imaging device with a concave parabolic mirror to view multiple angles in a single image. Laser scanning typically fails for specular surfaces because of light scattering, but our method is explicitly designed for specular surfaces. Also, the spatial resolution of the measured geometry is significantly higher than standard methods, so very small surface details are captured. Furthermore, spatially varying reflectance is measured simultaneously, i.e., both texture color and texture shape are retrieved.

FOTOINTERPRETAÇÃO GEOLÓGICA DE IMAGENS MULTIFONTES E SUA APLICAÇÃO NO GREENSTONE BELT RIO DAS VELHAS, QUADRILÁTERO FERRÍFERO, MG

This paper presents the results based on state of art of geologic interpretation techniques applied to airbomegeophysical data, remotes ensing and digital elevation model (DEM) from the Rio das Velhas Project, Quadrilatero Ferrifero and their data integration products. The best products resulting from the digital image processing of multisource data are: chromostereoscopy and IRS Fusion of airborne geophysical images with the first principal component of ETM+/Landsat7 or radar image; or ETM+/Landsat7 panchromatic bandor shaded digital elevation model as intensity channel. The geologic interpretation of this integrated images allows the individualization of 57 lithogeophysical units that presents different characteristics according to the analysis of the stream drainage patterns, characterization of landforms, analysis of textural properties of depth estimates of magnetic sources by Euler deconvolution-3D, airbone geophysical channels intensity and radar texture elements of relief and magnetic relief texture. These products allow the delineation of linear relief features and linear magnetic relief features named as directional, indifferent lineaments, magnetic relief lineament and structures associated with the Sao Vicente shearzone.

Força de tração necessária em função do número de linhas de semeadura utilizadas por uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da força de tração solicitada por uma semeadora-adubadora, variando o número de linhas de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola - NEEA, pertencente à UNIOESTE - Câmpus de Cascavel - PR, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférico com relevo plano e textura argilosa. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, composto por cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: semeadora equipada com uma, duas, três, quatro e cinco linhas de semeadura, deslocada à velocidade média de 5,5 km h-1. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de profundidade do sulco, área de solo mobilizada, força de tração média e força de tração máxima. Com o aumento do número de linhas de semeadura de uma para cinco, a força de tração média na barra aumentou de 3,7 para 8,6 kN, ou seja, houve acréscimo de 131,9%.

The role of texture in shape from shading: are humans biased towards seeing relief textures?

When a textured surface is modulated in depth and illuminated, the level of illumination varies across the surface, producing coarse-scale luminance modulations (LM) and amplitude modulation (AM) of the fine-scale texture. If the surface has an albedo texture (reflectance variation) then the LM and AM components are always in-phase, but if the surface has a relief texture the phase relation between LM and AM varies with the direction and nature of the illuminant. We showed observers sinusoidal luminance and amplitude modulations of a binary noise texture, in various phase relationships, in a paired-comparisons design. In the first experiment, the combinations under test were presented in different temporal intervals. Observers indicated which interval contained the more depthy stimulus. LM and AM in-phase were seen as more depthy than LM alone which was in turn more depthy than LM and AM in anti-phase, but the differences were weak. In the second experiment the combinations under test were presented in a single interval on opposite obliques of a plaid pattern. Observers were asked to indicate the more depthy oblique. Observers produced the same depth rankings as before, but now the effects were more robust and significant. Intermediate LM/AM phase relationships were also tested: phase differences less than 90 deg were seen as more depthy than LM-only, while those greater than 90 deg were seen as less depthy. We conjecture that the visual system construes phase offsets between LM and AM as indicating relief texture and thus perceives these combinations as depthy even when their phase relationship is other than zero. However, when different LM/AM pairs are combined in a plaid, the signals on the obliques are unlikely to indicate corrugations of the same texture, and in this case the out-of-phase pairing is seen as flat. [Supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)].

The effect of texture relief on perception of slant from texture.

Texture can be an effective source of information for perception of slant and curvature. A computational assumption required for some texture cues is that texture must be flat along a surface. There are many textures which violate this assumption, and have some sort of texture relief: variations perpendicular to the surface. Some examples include grass, which has vertical elements, or scattered rocks, which are volumetric elements with 3-D shapes. Previous studies of perception of slant from texture have not addressed the case of textures with relief. The experiments reported here test judgments of slant for textures with various types of relief, including textures composed of bumps, columns, and oriented elements. The presence of texture relief was found to affect judgments, indicating that perception of slant from texture is not robust to violations of the flat-texture assumption. For bumps and oriented elements, slant was underestimated relative to matching flat textures, while for columns textures, which had visible flat top faces, perceived slant was equal or greater than for flat textures. The differences can be explained by the way different types of texture relief affect the amount of optical compression in the projected image, which would be consistent with results from previous experiments using cue conflicts in flat textures. These results provide further evidence that compression contributes to perception of slant from texture.

Screening kimberlite magnetic anomalies in magnetically active areas

Airborne and ground magnetic surveys are a primary exploration tool in the search for kimberlites. Interpretation of magnetic data provides direct information on possible pipe magnetic signatures and indirect information about the structural setting of the area.Magnetic anomaly screening in an area of highly active magnetic relief and magnetic texture such as an Archean shield area or volcanic terrain is very difficult. Conventional techniques such as stacked profile interpretation and modelling/inversion are almost impossible, as there is so much interference and overlap between adjacent anomalies. There is also the additional problem of distinguishing possible kimberlite sources from other sources with very similar magnetic signatures. However, the magnetic signature of kimberlite pipes is band limited so enhancing wavelengths of interest plays an important part in interpretation.Semi-automatic interpretation, using a combination of specialised filters and analytical techniques can provide objective information on anomaly attributes. These can be used in conjunction with the geological setting of the area to prioritise anomalies for follow-up. The application of separation or layer filters allows deconvolution of the causative sources around a particular mean depth. Plotting of gradient maxima/strike symbols maps circular or elliptical anomalies as closed clusters. 3D Euler deconvolution provides first-pass depth estimates and an indication of the nature of the source. Finally, matched filtering using a cylinder model can identify roughly circular anomalies over a broad range of amplitudes and wavelengths.Anomalies selected in the first phase are refined by automatic profile analysis and the total anomaly attributes compiled into a database. Finally targets are assessed in their geological context, using available geology and the magneto-tectonic interpretation of the area.

Study of remote sensing image texture analysis and classification using wavelet

In the past one difficulty of texture analysis was the lack of adequate tools to characterize different scales of texture effectively. Recent developments in multiresolution analysis such as the Gabor and wavelet transforms, help to overcome this difficulty. This paper introduces a new approach to characterize texture at multiple scales. The performances of the wavelet transform are measured in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for the classification of 25 types of remote sensing texture relief images under the condition of different wavelet decomposition models, different filter lengths, different resolutions and different mother bodies. The reliability exhibited by texture signatures of wavelet transforms are beneficial for accomplishing segmentation, classification and subtle discrimination of texture.

Inverting an Illumination Model from Range and Intensity Maps

We propose a solution to the problem of determining surface material properties from range and intensity data using a simplified version of the Torrance-Sparrow illumination model. The solution uses the photometric stereo method and regularization to invert the model equations at each point on a surface. Assuming a convex surface, one range map, and four or more intensity maps obtained using point light sources, we classify the surface into nonhighlight regions, specular highlight regions, and rank-deficient regions. This classification allows the appropriate solution method to be applied to each region. In nonhighlighted regions we use linear least squares, in highlight regions, nonlinear separable least squares with regularization, and in rank-deficient regions, interpolation. The solution consists of the values of the three parameters of the illumination model at each point on the surface. We believe this technique to be a useful adjunct to recently reported noncontact modeling systems. These systems have been designed to build computer graphics models automatically from real objects by determining surface geometry, surface relief texture, and material properties. Our technique greatly enhances the modeling of material properties. The paper concludes with a number of examples of the method applied to synthetic and real images, and a discussion of possibilities for future systems.

Measurement of self-affinity on surfaces as a trial application of fractal geometry to landform analysis

Landforms, which are often referred to as good examples of fractal geometry, are considered to be self-affine, because they appear flatter as the viewing point is moved farther away. The line-scaling method, which can express the self-affinity of various curves (including self-similar curves as a limiting case) by separately scaling two coordinates, was expanded and applied to surfaces developing in three-dimensional space (area-scaling method), for the purpose of deriving a parameter which might be useful in landform analysis. The variance of height change Z 2, surface area, S, and basal area, A, measured in a number of scaling unit areas of various sizes, can be scaled as Z 2 ∼ S νz and A ∼ S νA , indicating the self-affinity of these surfaces. Z 2 and A then are scaled to each other as Z 2 ∼ A H′ , and H′ = ν z ν A . In the of land surfaces, H′ ⋟ v z, because ν A is always close to 1. This means that H′ is equivalent to the scaling (Hurst) exponent, H (0< H<1), of fractional Brownian motion records. Values of H′, measured by the area-scaling method, closely reproduced the initially introduced H values of computer-generated, fractional Brownian surfaces. Although vertical exaggeration can make a surface look very different from the original appearance, the measured values of H′ do not change significantly, owing to vertical exaggeration. The H′ value seems to express a “relief texture” essential for the surface. A surface with minor H′ has a greater local roughness relative to the total relief than surfaces with large H′. The area-scaling method then was applied to actual landforms in two areas of well-dissected, low mountains using equally scaled topographic maps, with the same grid spacing (25 m grid on 1/5000 maps). The obtained values of H′ are considered reasonable for the difference in “relief texture” shown by the block diagrams of these areas. H′ values, which were evaluated for four different landscapes on 1/25,000 topographic maps with a 125 m grid, moreover, also seem to indicate their relief texture expressed by the 125 m grid spacing. H′ values obtained by the area-scaling method may become a useful parameter to express the degree of self-affinity or “relief texture” of landform surfaces, although more research is necessary to establish the reliability of the H′ parameter for landform analysis.

Integration of synthetic surface relief in range images

A method is described for noncontact 3D object recording which includes surface relief texture. Two range images are used. One is a low resolution full field of view recording which contains enough samples to describe the general shape of the object. The other is a local high-resolution image which resolves the surface relief. From this surface relief measurement, a second-order model of this texture is computed. From this model and a B-spline representation of the general shape, it is possible to save the shape and relief of a real world object in a very compact manner. Experimental results are presented.