Reliable Psychometric Tool Research Articles

The Psychometric Properties of the Arabic Version of the Anxiety and Preoccupation About Sleep Questionnaire (APSQ).

Insomnia disorder is a common health condition; it has a role in increasing the possibility of developing other psychological disorders, including anxiety and depression. Anxiety and preoccupation with sleep are two examples of common cognitive factors that contribute to the development of chronic insomnia; thus, it is important to have a tool that assesses worry in insomnia. There is no comprehensive psychiatric measure to assess anxiety and preoccupation with sleep in Arabic. We conducted this study to translate, adapt, and validate the Arabic version of the Anxiety and Preoccupation about Sleep Questionnaire (APSQ), providing a reliable psychometric tool to assess concerns regarding sleep within Arabic-speaking communities. The translation process of the scale involved several steps, including forward and backward translation. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey completed by 523 participants from various Arabic-speaking countries. Psychometric analysis was performed utilizing the R software, including internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, convergent and divergent against the Athens insomnia scale (AIS) and general anxiety disorder (GAD) were conducted. The Arabic-translated form of the APSQ expresses excellent internal consistency with a value of 0.91 for both Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. The test-retest reliability of a subsample showed an excellent coefficient of 0.93 (p<0.01). A good fit of the APSQ was observed by CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, SRMR = 0.05, and RMSEA = 0.1. Convergent and divergent against AIS and GAD showed statistically significant correlations of 0.85 (p<0.01) and 0.69 (p<0.01), respectively. Our sample showed a mean APSQ score of 31.28 ± 8.31, and the mean age was 23.62 ± 7.5. The Arabic APSQ is reliable and valid for measuring anxiety and preoccupation with sleep in Arabic countries. Using translated APSQ for clinical diagnosis and research is currently trustworthy.

The application of the Psychoacoustics Perception Scale (PPS) in the measurement of soundscape with low-frequency traffic noise

In urban environments, road traffic noise is a significant source of low-frequency sounds. Recent research has revealed that the way humans perceive sounds is mainly determined by three perceptual dimensions, namely Evaluation (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A). The Psychoacoustics Perception Scale (PPS) is a valid and reliable psychometric tool that can be used to quantitatively evaluate the human general judgment (E), sensitivity to the magnitude (P), and sensation of the temporal and spectral compositions of sounds (A), respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the help of the PPS in assessing the urban environments with low-frequency road traffic noise. The assessments of the urban environments are in consist of the objective measurement of acoustic and psychoacoustic metrics and the subjective measurement of using the PPS. The statistical analysis results showed that the scores of PPS were the significant predictors of the soundscape gradings of the road traffic noise. The application of the PPS will be a holistic approach to improve the measurement, analysis, and evaluation of soundscape with low-frequency traffic noise to the current standards.

Development of the Emirati Child Adaptation Scale (ECAS) for Assessing the Behavioral Adaptation Skills of Children with and without Disabilities in the UAE

Behavioral problems cause limitations in the social skills of children without disabilities and affect the functionality of children with disabilities. The Emirati child adaptation scale (ECAS) was developed in the UAE to provide reliable and valid information on the behavioral adaptation skills in children with and without intellectual disability (ID). The scale’s item pool consists of 651 items that identify behavioral adaptation deficits across the 10 domain–skill areas of communication, pre-academic, listening, social, self-care, self-orientation, motor skills, operational society, life, and health and safety. The scale was administered to 1542 children with disabilities and 920 children without disabilities. The scale is deemed essential, as it enables psychologists, special education teachers, health professionals, and researchers to implement a reliable psychometric tool of adaptive and behavioral functioning of 1–18-year-old individuals. The development and structure of the Emirati child adaptation scale is described and discussed.

The Fears of Compassion in Sport Scale: a short, context-specific measure of fear of self-compassion and receiving compassion from others validated in UK athletes

ABSTRACT Objective Despite the many benefits of compassion, athletes fear being compassionate. To provide a valid and reliable psychometric tool for sport researchers and practitioners, we developed and validated a Fears of Compassion in Sport Scale (FCSS), based on an existing measure of fears of compassion in general life domains. Method We generated FCSS items measuring sport-specific fear of self-compassion (FSC) and receiving compassion from others (FCO). Following a content evaluation of FCSS items, we assessed psychometric properties of the new instrument in three samples of UK athletes (total N = 792). Results The FCSS demonstrated very good factorial, concurrent, discriminant, predictive validity, measurement invariance (especially across sport types and competitive levels), internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Both FSC and FCO in sport were negatively associated with self-compassion and associated positively with narcissistic vulnerability and psychological distress. Athletes were more fearful of self-compassion but less fearful of receiving compassion in sport compared to in general life. However, it was FCO, not FSC, that predicted psychological distress at three months follow-up. Conclusion The new instrument offers a way to assess fears of compassion in sport. The present research provided new knowledge regarding different manifestations of fears of compassion in sport.

Saving Cognitions Inventory: Turkish Form, Validity and Reliability Study

Saving Cognitions Inventory (SCI) was developed by Steketee and her colleagues (2003) to evaluate cognitive processes of Hoarding Disorder. These cognitive processes are emphasized as major contributors to the etiology of the Hoarding Disorder. The aim of the study was to adapt Turkish version of SCI and evaluate its validity and reliability. The study consisted of two separate adult sample groups including a total of 719 people whose age ranged 18-59. The first sample consisted of 252 participants with a mean age of 21.60 (SD = 4.07) and the second sample consisted of 467 participants with a mean age of 24.31 (SD = 6.51) Participants were asked to fill a battery of questionnaires including Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, The Obsessive Belief Questionnaire – 44, Saving Inventory – Revised and The Object Attachment Questionnaire. The factor structure was examined by exploratory factor analysis and the results supported the four-factor structure including emotional attachment, memory, control and responsibility domains. Four items were distributed in a different factor structure than the original form. These items were remained under the new factor loadings and the model was tested with a confirmatory factor analysis. As a result, the validity indices of the Turkish form were found to be sufficient levels. The internal consistency coefficient Cronbach’s Alpha was calculated as .91 and split-half reliability was calculated as .84. Test-retest correlation coefficient was found to be .77. The reliability coefficients of the inventory demonstrated comparable values to its original form. Furthermore, promoting concurrent validity total and sub-total scores of saving cognitions inventory were positively correlated with obsessive beliefs, object attachment and saving behavior. In the current study, SCI Turkish form, was evaluated to be a valid and reliable psychometric tool.

Refinement of the Lakaev Academic Stress Response Scale (LASRS-2) for Research, Clinical, and Educational Settings Using Rasch Modeling

Rasch Analysis suggested the Lakaev Academic Stress Response Scale-1 (LASRS-1) would benefit from refinement by the addition of items and changes to the wording of other items. It was named the LASRS-2 and contained Four Domains (Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Physiological). Rasch Model Analysis tested construct validity and internal reliability on a population of tertiary (university or college) level students ( n = 2,000). Good person separation and item reliability estimates provided evidence that this tool was a reliable measure of academic stress. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of Rasch residuals showed the scale to be unidimensional. The results confirmed confidence in the replicability of scores due to sufficient item separation, agreeability, and that scores formed a continuum. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used as a secondary check to support findings of Rasch Modeling outcomes. The LASRS-2 was shown to be a valid and reliable psychometric tool that measured academic stress.

The psychometric properties of the Bangla Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): preliminary reports from a large-scale validation study

BackgroundThe Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) is the most widely used screening tool in assessing posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (DSM-5) criteria. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly translated Bangla PCL-5.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out among 10,605 individuals (61.0% male; mean age: 23.6 ± 5.5 [13–71 years]) during May and June 2020, several months after the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. The survey included the Bangla PCL-5 and the PHQ-9 depression scale. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test the four-factor DSM-5 model, the six-factor Anhedonia model, and the seven-factor hybrid model.ResultsThe Bangla PCL-5 displayed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90). The Bangla PCL-5 score was significantly correlated with scores of the PHQ-9 depression scale, confirming strong convergent validity. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated the models had a good fit to the data, including the four-factor DSM-5 model, the six-factor Anhedonia model, and the seven-factor hybrid model. Overall, the seven-factor hybrid model exhibited the best fit to the data.ConclusionsThe Bangla PCL-5 appears to be a valid and reliable psychometric screening tool that may be employed in the prospective evaluation of posttraumatic stress disorder in Bangladesh.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Gender Identity Scale for Transgender Women in China.

Transgender women are an important subgroup of the transgender umbrella and have their own unique gender identity. This article aimed to understand and measure the latent concept of gender identity among Chinese transgender women from a multi-dimensional perspective. Through a two-phase, iterative scale development process, we developed the Gender Identity Scale for Transgender Women (GIS-TW) in Chinese. Literature reviews, expert consultations, and focus groups constitute phrase 1 of the study, which resulted in the first version of GIS-TW with 30 items. In phrase 2, exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 244 Chinese transgender women revealed a six-factor solution across the 22 items. The Bem Sex Role Inventory was included to test for convergent validity, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to test discriminant validity. Then we conducted the confirmatory factor analysis with an independent sample of 420 Chinese transgender women, which produced the final version of GIS-TW with 21 items. The internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.71–0.87) and test-retest stability (r = 0.73–0.87) of each factor was good. In conclusion, the GIS-TW is a reliable and valid psychometric tool for the assessment of Chinese transgender women’s gender identity. Future application of the scale will help transgender women obtain better gender confirmative interventions.

Validity and Reliability of the Solidarity in Pandemics Scale

This study developed a measure of solidarity levels during pandemics, the Solidarity in Pandemics Scale (SPS). This was achieved using a study group of 842 individuals aged between 18 and 65 from different segments of society who had experienced the COVID-19 pandemic and differed in age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Exploratory factor analysis was used to establish the construct validity of the scale, producing a 15-item scale with a one-dimensional structure that explained 34.36% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis using a different study group revealed that all items have significant t-values, and the model established according to model fit indexes has meaningful and acceptable fit values. The internal consistency of the scale results was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha coefficient, and a reliability of .85 in terms of internal consistency was obtained. Test-retest reliability results as another indicator of reliability were found to be .85. Scores on the Altruism Scale were compared with those on the SPS to evaluate the scale’s criterion validity, and a significant relationship was found between the two scale scores. This analysis indicates that the Solidarity in Pandemics Scale is a valid and reliable psychometric tool.

The Conceptualization of Risk Tolerance and Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Tolerance of Individual Health Risks

Risk tolerance, identified by scholars over two decades ago as an essential concept in risk communication, has remained understudied without clear conceptual and operational definitions. As the first study developing a multiple-item scale for measuring at-risk publics’ tolerance of different risk types, this study refines the conceptualization of risk tolerance and advances its operationalization in the setting of individual health risks. Qualitative research (in-depth interviews: n = 28; focus group: n = 30) and two survey datasets (sample 1: n = 500; sample 2: n = 500) were employed for scale development and testing. Results identify that two types of individual health risk tolerance exhibited by at-risk publics: (1) Compulsive tendency toward risk taking (CTRT), as evidenced in their unwillingness to refrain from risky behaviors even if they know the negative consequences and (2) inertial resistance to risk prevention (IRRP), as indicated by their indifference toward or intentionally ignoring health messages advocating for behavioral changes. The two-factor 13-item scale’s reliability, factorial structure, and validity are further assessed. This risk tolerance scale provides a valid and reliable psychometric tool for risk communication scholars and practitioners to measure publics’ tolerance of different individual health risks in order to design effective messages to overcome it as a barrier.

Medical artificial intelligence readiness scale for medical students (MAIRS-MS) \u2013 development, validity and reliability study

BackgroundIt is unlikely that applications of artificial intelligence (AI) will completely replace physicians. However, it is very likely that AI applications will acquire many of their roles and generate new tasks in medical care. To be ready for new roles and tasks, medical students and physicians will need to understand the fundamentals of AI and data science, mathematical concepts, and related ethical and medico-legal issues in addition with the standard medical principles. Nevertheless, there is no valid and reliable instrument available in the literature to measure medical AI readiness. In this study, we have described the development of a valid and reliable psychometric measurement tool for the assessment of the perceived readiness of medical students on AI technologies and its applications in medicine.MethodsTo define medical students’ required competencies on AI, a diverse set of experts’ opinions were obtained by a qualitative method and were used as a theoretical framework, while creating the item pool of the scale. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied.ResultsA total of 568 medical students during the EFA phase and 329 medical students during the CFA phase, enrolled in two different public universities in Turkey participated in this study. The initial 27-items finalized with a 22-items scale in a four-factor structure (cognition, ability, vision, and ethics), which explains 50.9% cumulative variance that resulted from the EFA. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was 0.87. CFA indicated appropriate fit of the four-factor model (χ2/df = 3.81, RMSEA = 0.094, SRMR = 0.057, CFI = 0.938, and NNFI (TLI) = 0.928). These values showed that the four-factor model has construct validity.ConclusionsThe newly developed Medical Artificial Intelligence Readiness Scale for Medical Students (MAIRS-MS) was found to be valid and reliable tool for evaluation and monitoring of perceived readiness levels of medical students on AI technologies and applications.Medical schools may follow ‘a physician training perspective that is compatible with AI in medicine’ to their curricula by using MAIRS-MS. This scale could be benefitted by medical and health science education institutions as a valuable curriculum development tool with its learner needs assessment and participants’ end-course perceived readiness opportunities.

Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale: Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Form.

The aim of this study is to analyze the validity and reliability of the Turkish form of Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale (MGH-HPS), which is used to measure the severity of Trichotillomania (TTM). Fifty patients diagnosed with TTM according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and fifty healthy controls participated in the study. The participants were asked to complete a sociodemographic questionnaire, the MGH-HPS-TR, the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). The construct validity and the criterion validity of the MGH-HPS-TR were determined by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. The reliability analysis of the MGH-HPS-TR was assessed by calculating the Cronbach's α coefficient and the item total correlation coefficient. The values for the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity were based on the ROC analysis. AFA and CFA results indicated a single factor structure with 7 items explaining 82.5% of the variance. The item/factor loadings were satisfactory with the best fit indeces. Correlations were found between the scores on the MGH-HPS-TR and the other scales used for criterion validity analyses. The internal consistency and the item-total correlation coefficients of the scale were found to be satisfactory. Based on a cut of point of ≥ 9, the scale had high power for discriminating between the patient and the control groups and high sensitivity and specificity. This study showed that the MGH-HPS-TR can be used as a valid and reliable psychometric tool in Turkey.

Psychological Comorbidities of Tinnitus.

In this chapter, I address the topic of tinnitus in the context of the patient's trajectory of care, with special attention to psychological comorbidities. Although most patients will cope with tinnitus and need no more than information and reassurance from professionals, a proportion of patients will need more supportive management. Assessment of psychological comorbidities is important to determine how urgent they should be seen in the clinic and their specific needs. The most frequent complaints are stress, depression, and anxiety. Although the direction of this relationship is still unclear (are comorbidities at the origin of tinnitus or are they a consequence of it), it is evident that the more serious comorbidities are at the onset of tinnitus, the worse the prognosis. Therefore, an assessment at the initial visit in the clinic is of utmost importance. There are valid and reliable psychometric tools to quickly draw a portrait of the psychological state of patients that can be used by audiologists, psychologists, or doctors. Therapeutic avenues can then be discussed with the patients to ensure them the best support possible.

Scores of short and free scale for Big Five explain perceived stress at different stages of life: validity, reliability and measurement invariance of the Polish adaptation of Mini-IPIP

BackgroundBig-Five personality traits are related to a variety of quality of life outcomes; therefore, they should arguably be controlled for whenever health and well-being are investigated. Valid and reliable short measures of these constructs may enable large scale epidemiological studies. Stress is a well-recognized risk factor for a host of health-related outcomes and its relationship with Big-Five personality is well-evidenced. The aim of this re-search was to investigate psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Mini-IPIP scale measuring Big Five personality factors. This included measurement invariance between genders and between two samples representing different stages of life – an employee sample and an adolescent sample – and investigating the relationships of Big Five personality traits with perceived stress.Participants and procedureSample 1 comprised 723 employees from a wide range of professions and sample 2 comprised 765 high school students. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) was used in each sample.ResultsThe Mini-IPIP had an acceptable fit and reliability in both samples and showed measurement invariance be-tween samples and between genders within the samples. Big Five personality traits explained the variance in perceived stress similarly in both samples, and analogously to previous studies.ConclusionsThe present study shows that the Polish version is a valid and reliable psychometric tool and provides evidence that the relationship between personality and stress is relatively stable at different life stages, and can be effec-tively investigated with short measures.

Relationship between dimensions of grandiose narcissism and Facebook addiction among university students

BackgroundThe present study aimed to examine the relationship between different dimensions of grandiose narcissism and Facebook addiction among undergraduate students. In the Polish population, grandiose narcissism has been shown to have a four-factor structure: Self-sufficiency, Vanity, Leadership and Admiration demand. Stud-ies consistently show that grandiose narcissism is related to Facebook addiction. However, it is still not clear which dimensions of grandiose narcissism are particularly related to this addiction.Participants and procedureThe sample consisted of 486 students (313 women, 173 men). The mean age in the sample was M = 21.56 (SD = 4.50). Students were invited to participate anonymously in the study during lectures or classes. Part of the sample completed the questionnaire featured on Facebook. Valid and reliable psychometric tools were applied to assess grandiose narcissism, the Big Five personality traits and Facebook addiction.ResultsThe results showed that Facebook addiction was positively related to Admiration demand and negatively relat-ed to Self-sufficiency after controlling for age, gender, and the Big Five personality traits. However, there was no relationship between Vanity or Leadership and Facebook addiction above and beyond other study variables.ConclusionsThe results showed that a particular dimension of grandiose narcissism (i.e. passive and dependent on others) could be viewed as a risk factor of Facebook addiction. On the other hand, the active and independent dimen-sion of grandiose narcissism could be viewed as a protective factor in the context of Facebook addiction.

Development and psychometric properties of the Polish basic version of the SDM questionnaire for measuring bullying

Aim. This article presents the construction, validation and psychometric properties of the Polish basic version of a workplace bullying questionnaire (called the SDM questionnaire). Method. The tool was developed in phases, with reference to the international bullying literature and Polish socio-organizational background. The study from 2005/2006 (N = 347) established the structure of the scales’ reliability, while the questionnaire’s convergent validity was tested in 2018 (N = 500). Among the main statistical methods used were exploratory factor analyses, estimation of internal consistency with Cronbach’s α and correlations analyses. Results. The main version of the SDM questionnaire comprises two consistent, correlating scales: the main behavioural scale (SDM-IDM scale, 43 items; Cronbach’s α = 0.96) used for diagnosing exposure to bullying behaviours; and an auxiliary emotional-cognitive scale (SDM-ODC scale, 21 items; Cronbach’s α = 0.97), which completes the psychological picture of bullying interaction. Each of these scales may be divided into three, more specific, subscales. All of the SDM questionnaire scales positively correlate with the negative acts questionnaire – revised and with three self-report measures of job stressors. Conclusion. The SDM questionnaire is an accurate and reliable psychometric tool for measuring workplace bullying in Polish conditions.

Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Transgender Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs (T-KAB) Scale

There remains a limited understanding of current levels of transgender-related knowledge and acceptance among members of the general public. This study sought to develop and psychometrically evaluate a transgender knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (T-KAB) scale in the general US population. We developed and evaluated the reliability and validity of the T-KAB scale in two phases. In phase one, we developed the T-KAB scale through a robust, iterative process that included a literature review; expert feedback from cisgender and transgender professionals engaged in psychometrics and transgender health; review of prior qualitative interviews with transgender individuals, healthcare providers with a range of experience caring for transgender patients, and members of the general population; and pilot testing. In phase two, a geographically diverse convenience sample of 195 adults recruited online from the US general population completed the T-KAB scale and measures to assess scale validity. Factor analyses revealed a 22-item, 3-factor measure representing: acceptance of the gender spectrum, social tolerance, and comfort and contact related to transgender people. The scale demonstrated strong internal consistency (α = .97) and evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Additionally, members of the general population were found to have moderate levels of transgender acceptance overall and across the three subscales. The T-KAB scale is a valid and reliable psychometric tool. Future application of the scale should seek to identify socio-demographic, cultural, and geographic factors driving lower T-KAB scores in order to identify subpopulations that would benefit from interventions to improve transgender-related knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in the general population.

The Canine Frustration Questionnaire-Development of a New Psychometric Tool for Measuring Frustration in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris).

Introduction: Psychometric tools have been developed for the assessment of behavioral and affective traits in non-human animals. Frustration can be defined as an emotional reaction experienced after a given expectation is violated. Frustration is a negative emotional state and whilst it probably plays a key role in certain behavior problems in dogs (e.g., aggressive behaviors), there appears to have been little attempt to scale this affective tendency. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to develop a tool to assess frustration tendencies in dogs.Materials and Methods: An online owner survey was developed. Items covered demographics, the training/behavioral history of the dog, and 33 frustration related items scored using a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was disseminated via on-line channels over a 5-month period. Two thousand three hundred forty-eight respondents completed the questionnaire. Of these, 273 respondents completed it a second time 6 weeks later, and a separate 276 respondents completed it a second time 1 year later. Additionally, 92 paired responses were collected where two carers completed the questionnaire independently about the same dog. Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were assessed prior to structuring the items using principal component analysis (PCA) with a Varimax rotation. Items were retained if they loaded > 0.4 on at least one of the components extracted using the Kaiser criterion.Results: Twenty-two items were deemed to be reliable enough to be used in the PCA and 21 items loaded on a biologically meaningful 5-principal component solution. There was a significant positive correlation between each principal component and the owners' general perception of their dogs' frustration tendencies, alongside other expected correlates.Conclusion: This is the first reliable psychometric tool for the assessment of frustration in dogs—the Canine Frustration Questionnaire (CFQ). Further validation with behavioral tests and physiological measures is ongoing.

Development and Preliminary Validation of the "Teacher of Physical Education Burnout Inventory" (TPEBI) in Arabic Language: Insights for Sports and Occupational Psychology.

Background: Burnout is an inappropriate response to chronic work stress, leading to emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (D), and low personal accomplishment (PA). Burnout can affect workers in the helping professions. To quantitatively assess the burnout level among teachers, Maslach has adapted the “Maslach Burnout Inventory” (MBI) to the educational environment (the so-called MBI Educators Survey version or MBI-ES). Among teachers, sports and physical education teachers may suffer from burnout due to high workload.Aims: No reliable psychometric tool in Arabic language exists that can be used to measure the burnout level among sports and physical education teachers. The objective of the present study was to develop a burnout measurement scale according to the Maslach’s three-dimensional theoretical model for physical education teachers in Tunisia and to test its factor structure, in terms of internal consistency/reliability, predictive validity, and sensitivity.Methods: A total of 525 Tunisian teachers teaching in secondary schools from different Tunisian governorates volunteered to participate in this study. The sample comprised of 285 males (54.3%) and of 240 females (45.7%). More in detail, 327 were teachers of primary school of physical education (62.3%) and 198 teachers of secondary school (37.7%). Teachers were administered both the ad hoc developed “Teacher of Physical Education Burnout Inventory” (TPEBI) and the MBI-ES. Both exploratory [principal component analysis (PCA)] and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were performed.Results: The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were excellent (0.93, 0.94, and 0.91 for EE, D, and PA, respectively). The correlation matrix indicated significant correlations between the TPEBI and MBI-ED dimensions. However, CFA fit indices were not completely satisfactory.Conclusion: Given the good PCA factor loadings, the correlation matrix, the sensitivity analysis, and the excellent internal consistency, it can be concluded that the TPEBI is a reliable psychometric tool that can be used to quantitatively assess the burnout level among teachers of physical education in the Arabic-speaking world. However, considering the CFA fit indices, further modifications to fully support the model are warranted.

The Validity and the Reliability of Turkish Version of the Self-Stigma of Depression Scale

In this study, we aimed to the Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS), which evaluates self-stigmatization that can prevent both treatment consultation and compliance by depressed patients run Turkish adaptation, validity and reliability study of. The study included a total of 173 subjects consisting of 131 outpatients of the Psychiatry Polyclinic with past or recent major depression disorder (MDD) diagnosis and 42 non-depressed outpatients consulting the Geriatrics Polyclinics for other medical complaints. Each participant was evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), the Standardized Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Turkish Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS-TR) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The MDD patients were further evaluated with the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale. Test-retest reliability of the SSDS-TR was assessed with 27 participants 8-12 weeks after the first test. All analyses were carried out using the IBM-SPSS Statistics version 25 and the IBM SPSS AMOS version 25. In the exploratory factor analysis, the factor structure of SSDS TR differed from the original form. The structural validity of the 4-factor model formed after excluding one problematic item was tested by confirmatory factor analysis and proven to meet the goodness of fit criteria. The Cronbach's α coefficient of the SSDS-TR was 0.847, and a moderate correlation (r=0.436 p=0.023) was obtained by the test-retest analysis. The SSDS-TR scores moderately correlated with the ISMI scores (r=0.485, p<0.001) and weakly correlated with the BDI scores (r=0.246, p<0.001). The SSDS-TR formed by excluding one item from the original scale was demonstrated to be a valid and reliable psychometric tool and is expected to fill a gap in the assessment of self stigmatization of MDD patients in Turkey.