Reliable Principles Research Articles

STEPPING UP THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING: HOW CAN NATION’S FOUR-STRANDS PRINCIPLE HELP?

Certainty in the world of language teaching can seem illusive in these ‘post-method’ times. Theories come and go, policy initiatives and education buzz words (e.g., 21st Century skills, Industry revolution 4.0, Deep Learning, Design Thinking) ebb and flow like waves on the shore, and technology is expanding the possibilities available to teachers and learners faster than ever before. Where can language educators turn for reliable principles to guide and enhance their understanding and practice? In this article, I argue that Nation’s (2007) four-strands principle offers a coherent, theoretically sustainable and highly practical answer to this question, and one that deserves more attention in the field.

Faith, Spirituality, and Character: An Overview of The Qur’ānic Principles of a Successful Life

From Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics to modern psychologists such as Martin Seligman (b.1942), it has been an old-age human quest to know the principles of success, happiness, and fulfillment. In the rapidly changing modern world, defining the concept of a ‘successful and happy life’ through the teachings of various philosophies has become an important and popular study. A great number of self-help books and research articles are being published to teach the principles and practices of success. Different ideologies and philosophers suggest different principles of success. Some of which may be effective while some may not be. It is important to explore the most authentic and reliable principles of success. For this article, the literature review of the Qur’ānic verses has been conducted under a governing question: What is true success, and how to attain it in the light of Qur’ān? The goal of this study is to identify the Qur’ānic view and principles of success and examine their validation for immediate socioeconomic success as well as the ultimate bliss. This article has attempted to define the concept of true success, explore the best pathway to success, and elaborate on the essential principles of fulfillment in the light of Islam. The researchers have used the qualitative method to analyze Qur’ānic verses with deductive reasoning as their research methodology.

An empirical support of Schopenhauer's ethics: A dynamic panel data analysis on developed and developing countries

This paper covers all main theoretical features of Schopenhauer's ethics (i.e., life satisfaction arising from art, compassion based on virtue of justice or virtue of loving, and compassion leading to asceticism) in an analytical model, it translates this analytical model into a statistical model by referring to empirical variables (i.e., household expenditures in recreation and culture for art, the Gini index for compassion based on virtue of justice; percentages of people nationally defined as poor for compassion based on virtue of loving; percentages of believers in Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism; governmental enrolments and expenditures in primary, secondary and tertiary education; and inter-generational equal access to Earth resources for compassion leading to asceticism), and it estimates this statistical model by using panel data at a country level for 99% of the world's population (i.e., 18% in 34 OECD developed countries and 81% in 128 non-OECD developing countries) from 2000 to 2020. Statistical results about reliability show that Schopenhauer's ethics is supported by observations (i.e., all predictions are confirmed within an each individual perspective with reliable variables depicting compassion based on virtue of justice, Christianity, and primary education) and it can explain the observed decreasing life satisfaction within an average individual perspective (i.e., believers in developed countries are showed to be decreased from 86% to 73% and compassion based on virtue of justice, art, and tertiary education turn out to be reliable). Mathematical results about feasibility show that some reliable principles of Schopenhauer's ethics can compensate for the decreasing life satisfaction at a cultural individual level (i.e., compassion based on virtue of justice, Christianity) and some of its reliable principles can compensate the decreasing life satisfaction at a representative individual level (i.e., compassion based on virtue of justice, art). Therefore, the methodological contribution of this paper is twofold. First, it provides an example of interdisciplinary science (i.e., contextual rather than topical, abductive rather than inductive, observational rather than experimental). Second, it highlights (theoretical and empirical) synergies between social (behavioural) sciences and (moral) philosophy: Schopenhauer's ethics turn out to be not only a normative philosophy (i.e., it suggests individual behaviours) but also a positive philosophy (i.e., it explains individual behaviours), within its virtue approach; Schopenhauer's ethics can explain the observed dynamics of life satisfaction at global level, if an utilitarian rather than a virtue approach is adopted.

The truth and dispute in TNM staging, standardized care and evidence-based medicine in cancer management

Current clinical management of cancer is based on a three-pillar system: TNM staging, standardized care and evidence-based medicine. Together, they support the entire system of cancer management. In the system, there are more than 30 million cancer patients, more than a million medical workers taking care of these patients, and millions more research scientists looking for ways to conquer cancer, the emperor of all maladies. Everyone in this system is supposed to follow a number of principles derived from these three pillars. The net result, after decades of building and polishing, is the presence of a global system with massive infrastructure, advanced technologies, tremendous funding, monopolized discoursing platform of public opinion and talented people, all together to strengthen the few principles derived from the three pillars. It is almost impossible to doubt or challenge the correctness and usefulness of these three pillars and thus the principles derived from them, less to say to replace them with something different. Yet going back the history of these pillars, one may ask some very reasonable questions about their correctness. For example, patients with the same TNM staging do not have similar clinical outcome when treated by the same therapy. If they are same, why they respond differently to the same therapy? And if they are truly different, why are they treated by the same therapy? What makes the difference among them? What do results from clinical trials comparing groups of different patients really mean? Evidence-based medicine emphasizing “evidence”, but there is no evidence to show that putting every one with similar TNM staging to the same treatment plan is the best option for them. Medicine, like other branches of science, should emphasize reasoning, but this has not been the case in cancer management in which one only needs to pay attention to data but not why it is the way it is. On the other hand, we have findings from animal tumor models translated to clinical study in a totally unmatched way in which findings from individualized animal model are translated to a mixed group of patients. This always yielded failures. There is nothing wrong to do individualized research in human cancer patients as long as we realize its limitation and applicability to other cases. With this approach, we have accumulated some very interesting observations, developed some reliable principles from these individualized studies and have put these principles into a novel guiding system that helps to derive individualized treatment plans for any patient at any stage in their disease course. Here we present logic arguments that the three pillars of the current clinical practice in cancer management have severe shortcomings that need to be replaced with a more reasonable and individualized management system.

The truth and dispute in TNM staging, standardized care and evidence-based medicine in cancer management

Current clinical management of cancer is based on a three-pillar system: TNM staging, standardized care and evidence-based medicine. Together, they support the entire system of cancer management. In the system, there are more than 30 million cancer patients, more than a million medical workers taking care of these patients, and millions more research scientists looking for ways to conquer cancer, the emperor of all maladies. Everyone in this system is supposed to follow a number of principles derived from these three pillars. The net result, after decades of building and polishing, is the presence of a global system with massive infrastructure, advanced technologies, tremendous funding, monopolized discoursing platform of public opinion and talented people, all together to strengthen the few principles derived from the three pillars. It is almost impossible to doubt or challenge the correctness and usefulness of these three pillars and thus the principles derived from them, less to say to replace them with something different. Yet going back the history of these pillars, one may ask some very reasonable questions about their correctness. For example, patients with the same TNM staging do not have similar clinical outcome when treated by the same therapy. If they are same, why they respond differently to the same therapy? And if they are truly different, why are they treated by the same therapy? What makes the difference among them? What do results from clinical trials comparing groups of different patients really mean? Evidence-based medicine emphasizing “evidence”, but there is no evidence to show that putting every one with similar TNM staging to the same treatment plan is the best option for them. Medicine, like other branches of science, should emphasize reasoning, but this has not been the case in cancer management in which one only needs to pay attention to data but not why it is the way it is. On the other hand, we have findings from animal tumor models translated to clinical study in a totally unmatched way in which findings from individualized animal model are translated to a mixed group of patients. This always yielded failures. There is nothing wrong to do individualized research in human cancer patients as long as we realize its limitation and applicability to other cases. With this approach, we have accumulated some very interesting observations, developed some reliable principles from these individualized studies and have put these principles into a novel guiding system that helps to derive individualized treatment plans for any patient at any stage in their disease course. Here we present logic arguments that the three pillars of the current clinical practice in cancer management have severe shortcomings that need to be replaced with a more reasonable and individualized management system.

Mistake, misprediction, and risk-taking in tax-avoidance

Abstract Three recent decisions of the High Court concerning decisions with serious tax consequences have illuminated the continuing difficulty in identifying a principled distinction between mistakes as to present fact or law justifying rescission on the one hand, and mispredictions or ‘risk-taking’, which are afforded no remedy, on the other. This article examines the differing approaches to misprediction and risk-taking in relation to tax, and considers whether any reliable principles emerge for the benefit of those wishing to advise clients in the future.

Anion-Centered Polyhedron Strategy for Strengthening Photon Emission Induced by Electron-Phonon Coupling.

Electron-phonon coupling emerges as a growing frontier in the heart of condensed matter from physical symmetry to the electronic quantum state, but its quantitative strength dependence on the chemical structure has not been assessed. Here, we originally proposed the anion-centered polyhedron (ACP) strategy for elaborating the electron-phonon coupling interaction in rare-earth (RE) materials comprising three chemical factors, RE-O bond length, the effective charge of the coordinated atom, and structural dimensionality. Using Gd3+ cation with 4f7 configuration as a fluorescence probe, we found that the "free-O"-centered polyhedron is the most crucial motif in strengthening the phonon-assisted energy transfer and photon emission. The temperature-dependent Huang-Rhys S factors were calculated to identify the electron-phonon coupling intensity based on the fluorescence spectrum quantitatively. Finally, beyond conventional wisdom, a series of structural criteria were presented, serving as useful guidelines for discovering strongly coupled rare-earth optical materials. Our study breaks the long-time "blind"-searching diagram and provides reliable principles for many functional materials associated with electron-phonon coupling, such as superconductors, multiferroics, and phosphors.

Forensic Accounting: A Novel Paradigm and Relevant Knowledge in Fraud Detection and Prevention

ABSTRACT Forensic accounting is a new trend that goes beyond normal audit approaches and procedures for fraud identification. The practice applies reliable principles and methods to obtain sufficient facts or data that provide basis for prosecution in the law court. Forensic accountants characteristically need adequate know-how and skills for investigation and proactive audit to control fraud. With globalization of the economy, fraudsters can be found in any organization. These criminals take advantage of loopholes such as suspicious financial statement, defective internal controls, and poor corporate governance. Hence, there is a great need for skilled forensic accountants to detect, prevent and expose the weak system. The professionals can exercise their mandate by reporting the obvious cases of fraud committed to a law court for prosecution.

PHARMACEUTICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF PRODUCTION AND THE USE OF INFUSIONS IN ANESTHESIOLOGY (FOR EXAMPLE, CARDIOPLEGIC SOLUTIONS)

The use of various infusion solutions in anesthesiology and intensive care involves certain risks due to the complexity of the supervised cases and the uniqueness of the interventions. Nevertheless, today reliable principles and approaches have been developed at the state level to minimize the threats associated with the quality of infusion solutions. These include the requirements for mandatory registration of all new combined solutions, including those made from already known components, as well as the rules for the production of sterile infusions according to the standard of good manufacturing practice (GMP – good manufacturing practice). Mandatory compliance with these requirements is a guarantee of the safety of infusion therapy from the standpoint of the quality of the infusion solution that is injected into the patient՚s body. On the example of cardioplegic solutions, the safety problems and contradictions in the existing system of providing high-tech field of medicine – cardiac surgery are shown.

What linguistics advice on teaching English as a foreign language learning using blended learning system

Although many studies on blended have been done, very few have studied what linguists advise about teaching English as a foreign language using blended learning-based teaching methods and systems. So, we have collected as much data as possible and began to study it with a phenomenological approach. We get the data by searching electronic engines in well-known journals that discuss the issue of Learning English with a blended teaching system. Because this is a data review study, we focus on the field data evidence published between 2010 and 2021. The data sources include Elsevier journal publications, Google Books, Sage, ERIC, and other national publications. After a series of studies involving in-depth evaluation and coding systems, we can finally conclude our findings with valid and reliable principles, which include, among other things, that mixed teaching allows students to learn all English skills, including writing, listening, speaking, and reading. It is divided into face-to-face and online stages, and both practices listening well to each other, and they can balance the two learning models.

Why English teaching truth on digital trends as an effort for effective learning and evaluation: opportunities and challenges: analysis of teaching English

This study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of why foreign language teaching, especially English, believes in using digital trend applications to improve learning effectiveness and evaluation validity in the perspective of current opportunities and challenges. So, for this purpose, the step we take is to examine hundreds of scientific reports on teaching English in many international contexts to answer the questions above with valid and reliable principles. Because Indonesia is currently in the process of implementing restrictions on public movements to respond to Covid-19, we have decided that this study will depend on secondary data through a Google search engine on scientific journals such as Willey, Taylor & France, Google Book, ERIC, Sagepub, and other international journals. Our data is analyzed with an unusual approach: coding, evaluation, interpretation, and drawing of results that answer the problem of the study. Discussing the results, we found that teaching English believes in digital applications to improve teaching and evaluation effectiveness because these applications have proven to be very innovative and effective in increasing the world's productivity globally. Hopefully, this finding helps develop future teaching studies.

Why english teaching truth on digital trends as an effort for effective learning and evaluation: Opportunities and challenges: Analysis of teaching english

This study aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of why foreign language teaching, especially English, believes in using digital trend applications to improve learning effectiveness and evaluation validity in the perspective of current opportunities and challenges. So, for this purpose, the step we take is to examine hundreds of scientific reports on teaching English in many international contexts to answer the questions above with valid and reliable principles. Because Indonesia is currently in the process of implementing restrictions on public movements to respond to Covid-19, we have decided that this study will depend on secondary data through a Google search engine on scientific journals such as Willey, Taylor & France, Google Book, ERIC, Sagepub, and other international journals. Our data is analyzed with an unusual approach: coding, evaluation, interpretation, and drawing of results that answer the problem of the study. Discussing the results, we found that teaching English believes in digital applications to improve teaching and evaluation effectiveness because these applications have proven to be very innovative and effective in increasing the world's productivity globally. Hopefully, this finding helps develop future teaching studies.

854 Modified Millard Forked-flap for Complete Nasal Stenosis After Smoking While on Home Oxygen

Abstract Introduction Nasal stenosis is an uncommon burn scar deformity which can result in breathing obstruction. The reconstruction of nasal stenosis secondary to burns can be challenging due to the limitation of localized tissue, rate of recurrence, and burn injury to the surrounding areas. A vascularized composite flap of local composite tissue (forked flap) from the lip can reliably reconstruct the nasal vestibule and nasal sill diminishing the risk of recurrent nasal stenosis. We describe our use of a modified Millard forked flap, a cleft lip repair technique. Methods A 52-year-old female presented with complete stenosis of the right nares secondary to burn contracture of the nostril, vestibule, and upper lip. She had suffered a flash burn to her face while smoking on home oxygen requiring prolonged ventilatory support and only received topical dressings. Three months after her burn injury she was referred for the reconstruction of her contractures. A lateral rhinotomy was performed to define the nasal floor defect. Scar release of the remaining vestibule and ala and the aesthetic units of the lip were defined. A supple unburned area of the upper lip was harvested as a vascularized composite forked flap and rotated into the vestibule defining the vestibule floor. The ala was rotated outward and full-thickness skin grafts was used to resurface the vestibular portion. The lateral aesthetic subunit of the lip was then resurfaced as a complete unit with a full-thickness skin graft. She later required fabricated nasal splint for nighttime stenting and serial daytime nostril dilatation with Hegar dilators. Results At nine months post-reconstruction, the patient maintains a patent nasal airway with limited vertical lip contraction, resolution of her initial symptoms of sinus congestion, and no further difficulty breathing. Conclusions In 1955, Ralph Millard presented the rotation-advancement technique for cleft lip repair. The Procedure was designed to create a softer, more natural-looking reconstructed lip. In the cleft lip repair, he suggested preserving the prolabial tissue lateral to the central segment as forked flaps that were rotated and banked on the nasal vestibule floor. Had that principle not been appreciated, that tissue might have been discarded in order to respect the aesthetic unit of the lip. The surgeon must utilize reliable principles to restore and retain form and function. The use of this modified forked flap incorporated composite vascularized tissue for the nostril floor reconstruction while respecting the subunit reconstruction of the lip. Applicability of Research to Practice Reconstruction of the injury needs to restore both functional and aesthetic deformities. Utilization of a local vascularized composite graft, taken from an area to be discarded within the upper lip subunit, provided quality tissue that significantly reduces the risk of secondary nasal contracture.

Free Speech and Justified True Belief

Law often prioritizes justified true beliefs. Evidence, even if probative and correct, must have a proper foundation. Expert witness testimony must be the product of reliable principles and methods. Prosecutors are not permitted to trick juries into convicting a defendant, even if that defendant is truly guilty. Judges’ reasons, and not just the correctness of their holdings, are the engines of precedent. Lawyers are, in short, familiar with the notion that one must be right for the right reasons. And yet the standard epistemic theory of the First Amendment—that the marketplace of ideas is the “best test of truth”—has generally focused on truth alone, as if all true beliefs must be treated equally. This thin account leaves the epistemic theory vulnerable to withering criticism, especially in a “post-truth” era. This Article suggests that the epistemic theory of the First Amendment might be reframed around a different value: not truth alone, but knowledge. Beginning with the tripartite definition of knowledge as justified true belief, philosophers from Plato until the present day have tried to account for what makes knowledge distinct and distinctly valuable. And in many ways law, too, already accounts for the existence and value of justifications, not just true beliefs. Identifying and exploring those threads of constitutional theory and doctrine can help provide a richer account of the cognitive First Amendment at a time when it is sorely needed. Doing so can also help resolve thorny doctrinal problems like those involving professional speech and institutional deference.

Serving as Expert Witness: Risk Management Issues

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Legal NewsFull AccessServing as Expert Witness: Risk Management IssuesKristen Lambert,J.D., M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W.Kristen Lambert,Search for more papers by this authorJ.D., M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W.Published Online:27 Apr 2018https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2018.5a19AbstractKristen Lambert, J.D., M.S.W., L.I.C.S.W., is vice president of the Psychiatry and Professional Lines Group of AWAC Services Company, a member company of Allied World.You may have considered or have served in the role of an expert witness in a legal matter. There are a few scenarios in which this can occur: you are a treating physician and a lawsuit develops in which you are asked to provide an expert opinion by virtue of your role as the treating psychiatrist; you are a treating psychiatrist who either treats a parent or a child involved in a child custody matter and are asked to provide your expert opinion regarding custody, visitation, or a parent’s fitness; or you are retained by a plaintiff or a defendant in a lawsuit to opine on the standard of care. In any of these roles, there may be payment for your time and expenses, court involvement, and considerable time away from your ongoing practice. The Federal Rules of Evidence has legal requirements concerning qualifications and testimony of an expert witness, which are the following:The expert’s scientific, technical, or other knowledge will help the judge/jury to understand the evidence or determine a fact in the matter.Testimony must be based on sufficient facts or data.Testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods. The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.When contacted by an attorney on a legal proceeding to potentially serve as an expert, although the issue may be interesting and the payment may be significant, a number of issues should be considered. They include the following:Is this a matter in which you want to be involved?Do you have sufficient education, training, and experience in the area?Is this an issue that could impact your patients and/or practice? Will testifying create problems in the future?Have you previously provided conflicting testimony on another matter?Does your malpractice policy cover you for your role and/or testimony on the matter? Be aware of the ethical rules when serving as an expert witness. It is important to review the AMA, APA, and, if applicable, the Code of Ethics of the American Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. It is always best to have as much information as possible about the care that was provided. In addition, you may likely be asked to examine testimony provided during the legal proceeding that may or may not affect your opinion. You may begin to review a case and determine that you are not able to support the position of the hiring party. Once this is determined, continuing to do so could certainly be problematic. The attorney who sought your expert opinion may examine your opinion to determine the strength or weakness of the case. In that instance, the attorney may decide not to “disclose” your opinion to the other side or the court as it may weaken the attorney’s position. There are many issues to consider when asked to serve as an expert. Be sure to determine your obligations and role when considering whether to review a case. Know whether you may be expected to provide deposition or court testimony. It is also equally important to determine whether you have a professional liability policy that covers your role. If you have questions regarding this, it is important to contact your professional liability insurer. ■This information is provided as a risk management resource and should not be construed as legal, technical, or clinical advice. This information may refer to specific local regulatory or legal issues that may not be relevant to you. Consult your professional advisors or legal counsel for guidance on issues specific to you. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without the express, written permission of Allied World Assurance Company Holdings, GmbH, a Fairfax company (“Allied World”). Risk management services are provided by or arranged through AWAC Services Company, a member company of Allied World. ISSUES NewArchived

Research on the Performance of Land Transfer Based on GIS System

Rural land circulation is a hot topic of land resource management and research. It involves the nature of land use changes, land changes, cadastral ownership relations change and many other content, with the aid of GIS technology can be efficient, high-quality completion of these work. Based on the scientific, practical and reliable principles, this paper realized a visible system of abstract data about rural land circulation by coupling the comprehensive performance evaluation model of rural land circulation with GIS Technology. According to this system, we are able to analyse the impact of land transfer on society. Furthermore, the analysis mentioned above affords strong theoretical foundation for agricultural sector to make decisions. Finally, based on the rural land circulation data of specific township, the system is applied to analyse the impact of land transfer on this town then change the allocation of land resources for better in the future.

Expert Witness Testimony: Fed.R.Evid. 702-705 Primer; Hypothetical Question Discretionary Use

Expert Witness Testimony: Fed.R.Evid. 702-705 Primer; Hypothetical Question Discretionary Use

Investigation of strain-induced phase transformation in ferroelectric transistor using metal-nitride gate electrode

In this work, we report a ferroelectric memory with strained-gate engineering. The memory window of the high strain case was improved by ∼71% at the same ferroelectric thickness. The orthorhombic phase transition (from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric transition) plays a key role in realizing negative capacitance effect at high gate electric field. Based on a reliable first principles calculation, we clarify that the gate strain accelerates the phase transformation from metastable monoclinic to orthorhombic and thus largely enhances the ferroelectric polarization without increasing dielectric thickness. This ferroelectric strain technology shows the potential for emerging device application.

Evidentiary Reliability, Valuation Standards, and Rules of Thumb

The Daubert standard of evidentiary reliability codified in Federal Rule of Evidence 702 defines the admissibility of expert testimony based on the following:If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise, if (1) the testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

Effectiveness of entropy-based functions in the analysis of ecosystem state and development

Following the advances in the field of the thermodynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems, several ecological orientors (indicators able to describe the stage and orientation of ecosystem development) incorporating entropy terms have been proposed. Although most of the proposed functions have a good theoretical basis and have proved to perform adequately as ecological indicators, their suitability as ecological orientors has yet to receive a full confirmation in real case studies. The aim of the present contribution is to examine how several entropy-based indicators (exergy, structural information, entropy production, specific entropy production and the Eco-exergy index) perform as orientors when applied to a special case of ecological succession, i.e. eutrophication, in a homogeneous set of shallow lakes lying along a trophic gradient, from oligotrophy to hyper-eutrophy. The results show that a coherent pattern of response emerge, which is also consistent with the classical ecological theory. In particular, the maximisation of storage and the minimisation of specific entropy production are confirmed as the most reliable principles of ecosystem development, whereas the maximisation of dissipation (as entropy production) appears as a debatable criterion of development.